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  • 1955-1959  (13,362)
  • 1920-1924  (7,605)
  • 1890-1899  (12,616)
  • Chemistry  (33,583)
  • General Chemistry  (8,123)
Material
Years
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 706-707 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 727-727 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 728-731 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 734-736 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 739-760 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the causes and progress of aggression due to the attack of corrosive waters on cement mortar and concrete(First Communication)This First Communication presents a comparative synopsis of present knowledge and experience of the causes and progress of aggression, with special regard to recent developments, during the attack of corrosive waters on cement mortar and concrete, in as much as these are relevant to the causal relationship between cause and effect and to the processes during concrete corrosion in the mortar bed. This communication also deals with the different measures to enhance the corrosion resistence in concrete practice, and the influence of these measures on the concrete properties.
    Notes: In der 1. Mitteilung werden die bisherigen Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen über die Ursachen und den Verlauf der Aggression unter besonderer Berücksichtigung neuerer Entwicklungen bei Einwirkung angreifender Wässer auf Zementmörtel und Beton, soweit diese im Hinblick auf den kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen Ursache und Wirkung und die Vorgänge bei der Betonaggression im Mörtelbett wesentlich sind, vergleichend zusammengefaßt und die verschiedenen Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Aggressionsbeständigkeit in der Betonpraxis und deren Einfluß auf die Betoneigenschaften behandelt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 767-769 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Research on the behaviour of copper and brass in diluted mineral acids in the presence and absence of inhibitorsIt is shown how the corrosion -chemical behaviour of copper and brass Ms.70 can be represented by io-PH diagram. The object of the experiments was the investigation of the influence of KH2PO4, SnCl2, naphthoic acid, co-linolate and oleic acid on the corrosion and the corrosion rate of copper and brass Ms 70. In both cases, co-linolate and SnCl2act as inhibitors.
    Notes: In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie sich das korrosionschemische Verhalten von Kupfer und Messing Ms 70 durch i0-pH-Diagramme darstellen läßt. Gegenstand des Experiments war die Untersuchung des Einflusses von KH2PO4, SnCl2, Naphthensäure, Co-Linoleat und Oleinsäure auf Korrosion und Korrosionsverlauf des Kupfers und Messing Ms 70. Als Inhibitoren wirken in beiden Fällen Co-Linoleat und SnCl2.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 788-789 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 784-786 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XXXI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 800-800 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 587-589 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 590-596 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 596-596 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XXIII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 605-608 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent applications of epoxy resins to surface protectionAfter a brief reference to the importance of epoxy resins in the sphere of surface protection, the subject of solventfree epoxy resin/hardener systems is discussed on the strength of the latest practical experience, and illustrated by photographs concerned with laboratory research work and practical applications.
    Notes: Nach einem kurzen Hinweis auf die Bedeutung der Epoxyharze im Oberflächenschutz wird das Gebiet der lösungsmittelfreien Epoxyharz-/Härter-Systeme an Hand neuester Praxiserfahrungen behandelt und mit Abbildungen über Laboruntersuchungen und Anwendungsbeispiele illustriert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Effect of Heat on WoodIn a previous treatise (see WuK 9, 262-265, 1958) the authors reported on the effect of serveral chemicals on wood; the current work gives the result of their investigations of the effect of dry and moist heat on the same series of Indian woods that were the subjects of the previous investigations. Veneer test pieces of these woods were investigated, dry heat being obtained by inserting them in stoves heated to 100°C, and moist heat by insertion in steam heated, boiling water or steam jets at atmospheric pressure. The results are given in tables and illustrations. In accordance with results of other research, the authors find that the loss of strength due to heating in the stove is negligible but can reach considerable proportions with moist heat. Effects on various types of wood vary considerably.The experiments continue with the investigation of the simultaneous application of heat and load.
    Notes: In einer früheren Abhandlung (Werkstoffe u. Korrosion 9/1958/262/5) haben die Verfasser über die Wirkung einiger Chemikalien auf Holz berichtet, die vorliegende Arbeit gibt das Ergebnis ihrer Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von trockener und feuchter Hitze auf eine Reihe indischer Hölzer, die bereits Gegenstand der früheren Untersuchung waren, wieder. Untersucht wurden Furnierproben obiger Hölzer und zwar die Einwirkung trockener Hitze durch Einlegen dieser Furniere in einen auf 100°C erhitzten Ofen, die Einwirkung feuchter Hitze durch Einlegen in durch Dampf erhitztes kochendes Wasser oder durch Erhitzen im Dampfstrom bei Atmosphärendruck. Die Ergebnisse werden in Zahlentafeln und Abbildungen dargestellt. Die Verff. finden in Übereinstimmung mit den Resultaten anderer Forscher, daß der Festigkeitsverlust beim Erhitzen im Ofen zu vernachlässigen ist, dagegen bei feuchter Hitze ein beträchtliches Ausmaß annehmen kann. Die Wirkung ist bei den verschiedenen Holzarten sehr unterschiedlich.In Fortführung der Versuche wurde weiter die gleichzeitige Einwirkung von Hitze und Belastung studiert.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 624-630 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The mechanism of anaerobic microbiological corrosion of metals in soilIn order to investigate the mechanism of anaerobic micro-biological corrosion of iron in the soil, the authors have carried out electro-chemical model tests. These showed that the cathodic depolarisation is accompained by an anodic depolarisation, which has been investigated in detail as to its cause and progress, and its effect on the formation of the protective layers. Moreover, since a potential is set up between those parts of the surface which are affected by anaerobic bacteria and those which are not, long-distance currents are generated which give rise to strong local corrosion at ferrous building components in the soil. Finally, the corrosion of metals in the soil is also decisively influenced by the alternation of oxidizing and reducing conditions and by the mutually complementary activities of oxidizing and reducing micro-organisms.
    Notes: Zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der anaeroben mikrobiologischen Korrosion des Eisens im Erdreich führten die Verfasser elektrochemische Modellversuche durch. Diese ergaben, daß gleichzeitig mit der kathodischen Depolarisation auch eine anodische Depolarisation auftritt, deren Ursache, Verlauf und Auswirkung auf die Ausbildung von Schutzschichten eingehend verfolgt wurden. Da weiter zwischen Oberflächenpartien, die unter dem Einfluß anaerober Bakterien stehen und solchen, die frei von diesen Bakterien sind, Potentiale entstehen, treten Langstreckenströme auf, die zu starken örtlichen Anfressungen an eisernen Bauteilen im Erdreich führen. Schließlich übt auch der zeitliche Wechsel der oxydierenden und reduzierenden Bedingungen und die einander ergänzende Lebenstätigkeit oxydierender und reduzierender Mikroorganismen einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Korrosion der Metalle im Erdreich aus.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 769-771 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 120
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 779-780 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 122
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 461-462 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 123
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 463-464 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 124
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 470-470 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 125
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 470-470 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 126
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 127
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 128
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contact Corrosion between Metals and Non-Metallic Materials in the Atmosphere and in some ElectrolytesContact corrosion is not consistently defined in the technical literature. On the strength of the new definition of corrosion, an attempt is made to arrive at a more precise definition of contact corrosion as well, and to emphasize the importance of studying this type of corrosion.With the aid of a classification of the cases of contact corrosion observed in industry, the causes of such corrosion are clarified and remedial measures suggested.The author describes a number of her own investigations on this subject.
    Notes: Der Begriff der Kontaktkorrosion ist in der Literatur nicht einheitlich definiert. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird versucht, auf Grund der neuen Definition des Begriffes Korrosion auch den der Kontaktkorrosion genauer zu umreißen und die Wichtigkeit des Studiums dieser Korrosionsart hervorzuheben.An Hand einer Klassifikation der in der Industrie beobachteten Fälle von Kontaktkorrosion werden die Ursachen ihrer Entstehung klargelegt und Maßnahmen zum Schutze vorgeschlagen.Über eine Anzahl eigener in dieser Richtung vorgenommener Untersuchungen wird berichtet.
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  • 129
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 512-516 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 130
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 528-535 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 131
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 524-524 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 132
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 133
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 538-539 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 134
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XX 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 135
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 556-563 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The segregation of chromium from complex chromium sulphate solutionsUnder certain conditions of amperage, temperature and pH value, it is possible for chromium to be segregated, in glossy form, from complex chromium tri-sulphate solutions containing urea, at a current utilisation of 10 to 15 per cent. Such coatings can be used as a substitute for decorative chromium, though not for hard-chromium plating, as it is not possible to obtain coatings of major thickness. The method permits the direct chromium plating, zinc and iron. The chromium coatings show fissures which tend to widen at higher amperages.
    Notes: In komplexen Chrom-III-sulfatlösungen, die Harnstoff enthalten, kann Chrom unter bestimmten Bedingungen für Stromstärke, Temperature und pH-Werte in glänzender Form und bei Stromausbeuten von 10 bis 15% abgeschieden werden. Die Überzüge kommen als Ersatz für dekoratives Chrom, jedoch nicht für die Hartverchromung in Betracht, da größere Schichtdicken nicht erhalten werden. Kupfer, Messing, Nickel, Zink und Eisen können unmittelbar in glänzender Form verchromt werden. Die Chromüberzüge weisen Sprünge auf, die bei höheren Stromdichten breiter werden.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 136
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 582-585 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 137
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 585-587 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 138
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 589-590 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 596-602 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 140
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 604-604 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 141
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 142
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 617-621 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The segregation Potential and the reaction mechanism of the segregation of chromium from complex chromium-tri-sulphate solutionsThere is no chromium segregation from pure chromium-trisulphate solutions, but the chromium hydroxide coatings at the copper cathodes are thicker. Chromium segregation only becomes possible with complex formation due to the addition of urea, which calls for very strong negative potentials exceeding EH = -1.06V. The variation of current and potential, as a function of time, gives rise to the assumption that a film acting as a diaphragm is formed on the cathode. This film is a pre-requisite to the segregation of chromium, land is also the cause of the gloss of the coatings. The mechanism of chromium segregation from the complex chromium-tri-sulphate bath is very similar to that from a chromic acid bath.
    Notes: Aus reinen Chrom-III-sulfatlösungen findet keine Chromabscheidung statt, sondern es treten nur dickere Überzüge aus Chromhydroxyd an Kupferkathoden auf. Erst bei einer Komplexbildung durch zugesetzten Harnstoff wird die Chromabscheidung möglich, wobei sehr stark negative Potentiale von mehr als EH = - 1,06 V erforderlich sind. Aus dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Stromstärke und des Potentials wurde auf die Ausbildung eines diaphragmenartigen Filmes auf der Kathode geschlossen, der erst die Voraussetzung für die Chromabscheidung ist. Er bewirkt auch den Glanz der Überzüge. Die Chromabscheidung aus dem komplexen Chrom-III-sulfatbad geht nach einem sehr ähnlichen Mechanismus wie die aus dem Chromsäurebade vor sich.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 143
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 631-638 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 144
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 644-646 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 145
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 651-652 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 146
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 655-661 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 147
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 661-661 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 148
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 664-664 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 149
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cast iron and fuming sulphuric acidIt is well known that the chemical industry is using cast iron reaction chambers for fuming sulphuric acid, although this practice is described as impermissible in the technical literature on corrosion. A scrutiny of the literature shows that this proscription dates back to two early publications which were concerned with a cast iron material in no way comparable to modern cast iron. It is essential to keep the dangerous silicon content low, and this is in fact being taken into account with modern cast iron by the suitable proportioning of carbon and the heat treatment.
    Notes: Es ist bekannt, daß in der chemischen Industrie gußeiserne Reaktionskessel für rauchende Schwefelsäure eingesetzt werden, obwohl dies auf Grund der Empfehlungen der Korrosionsliteratur nicht statthaft sei. An Hand der Literaturhinweise wird gezeigt, daß dieses Verbot sich auf zwei ältere Arbeiten bezieht und daß der Werkstoff dieser Arbeiten, „Gußeisen“, keinesfalls dem modernen Gußeisen entspricht.Es ist wichtig, den Prozentgehalt an dem gefährlichen Silicium tief zu halten, was durch die entsprechende Dosierung des Kohlenstoffes und durch die thermische Behandlung beim modernen Gußeisen auch tatsächlich berücksichtigt wird.
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  • 150
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 694-697 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 151
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 690-694 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 152
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 681-689 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction mechanism in phosphating baths accelerated by nitrates or nitridesA description is given of plant designed for the continuous bonderizing of iron straps with zinc phosphate solutions. The oxidants used are nitrates (with and without oxygen) and nitrides. The stationary formation rate of all reaction products was measured. Nitrates are almost quantitatively reduced to ammonia in heterogeneous reaction. This results in the formation of F‥ only. Curves of the current potential show that the formation of ammonia is independent of the potential. It is limited by the diffusion of hydrogen or nitrate ions on the iron surface. If oxygen is added to the nitrates, a further quantity of iron, corresponding to the diffusion rate of iron is dissolved in the form of Fe‥ At the same time, the bulk of the bivalent iron is oxidized to Fe⃛; in homogeneous reaction. Nitrides have the effect of oxidizing the entire dissolved iron to Fe⃛, forming NO in the process. This is reduced to ammonia on the iron surface while bivalent iron is being dissolved
    Notes: Es wird eine Anlage zum kontinuierlichen Bondern von Eisenband mit Zinkphosphatlösungen beschrieben. Als Oxydationsmittel dienen Nitrate (mit und ohne Sauerstoff) und Nitrite. Die stationäre Bildungsgeschwindigkeit sämtlicher Reaktionsprodukte wird gemessen. Nitrate werden in heterogener Reaktion nahezu quantitativ zu Ammoniak reduziert. Dabei entsteht nur Fe++. Stromspannungskurven zeigen, daß die Bildung des Ammoniaks vom Potential unabhängig ist. Sie wird durch die Diffusion von Wasserstoff- oder Nitrationen an die Eisenoberfläche begrenzt. Bei Zusatz von Sauerstoff zu Nitraten wird soviel weiteres Eisen als Fe++ gelöst, wie der Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Eisens entspricht. Gleichzeitig wird der größte Teil des zweiwertigen Eisens in homogener Reaktion zu Fe+++ oxydiert. Nitrite oxydieren das gesamte gelöste Eisen zu Fe+++ und bilden dabei NO. Dieses wird an der Eisenoberfläche zu Ammoniak reduziert, wobei Eisen zweiwertig in Lösung geht.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 153
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 718-721 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 154
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 727-727 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 155
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XXIX 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 156
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 737-738 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Galvanic series of metals in respect of corrosives encountered in practiceThe well known electromotive series of elements can only to a limited extent be regarded as a criterion for the corrosion of metals. An effort has therefore been made to obtain, for fresh water and sea water,„Practical“ values of a galvanic series by means of measurements. It was found, however, that the open circuit potential cannot serve as the sole criterion for the corrosion performance of metal combinations. It is also essential to know the scope of the current/voltage curve of the electrode in the corrosion agent.
    Notes: Da die bekannte Spannungsreihe der Elemente nur in beschränktem Umfang Aussagen über die Korrosion der Metalle zuläßt, wurden für Wasser und Meerwasser „praktische“ Spannungsreihen durch Messungen ermittelt. Es zeigt sich jedoch, daß die Differenz der Spannungsreihenwerte nicht allein für das Korrosionsverhalten von Metallkombinationen maßgebend ist. Es ist auch wichtig, die Steilheit der Strom-Spannungs-Funktion der Elektrode im Korrosionsmittel zu kennen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 772-775 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 781-783 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 159
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 789-797 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 160
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 161
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 541-544 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Special Aspects of the Corrosion in Refining Plants by Crude OilIn the USA the annual damage of refinery equipment caused by corrosion amounts to 14-18 pct. per barrel crude oil charge. The total damage is estimated to be about $ 400,000,000. A carefully planned maintenance program will be indispensable if reduction of these costs is to be achieved.In 1953-54 American Petroleum Institute investigated the problem of how to determine the pure costs of corrosion damages. The conclusions approved by the majority of the American Petroleum industry consist of four items which are discussed by the author.There is a special treatment on the corrosive effects of crude oil which occur on account of the progress of refining technics especially in the first as well as in laters steps of the process. Chlorides which are hydrolized to hydrochloric acid, acids, water and sulfar which is forming hydrogen sulfade and sulfur dioxide are the chief corrosive agents in the crude oil. An accelerated test of the crude oil before putting in is necessary to enable the corrosion to be estimated. Two methods, the suitable neutralisation agents and the inhibitors are discussed in detail.
    Notes: Die jährlichen Unkosten für Korrosionsschäden in Erdöl-Raffinierungsanlagen in (den Vereinigten Staaten) betragen etwa 14 bis 18% per barrel der rohen Charge und dürften für die gesamte Industrie rd. 400 Millionen Dollar ausmachen. Zur Herabsetzung dieser Unkosten ist ein sorgfältig geplantes Instandhaltungsprogramm für das ganze Jahr unerläßlich.Die Frage, welche Posten als direkte Korrosionsunkosten zu betrachten sind, ist 1953/54 vom American Petroleum Institute eingehend untersucht worden. Die vom größten Teil der amerikanischen Erdölindustrie gebilligten Schlußfolgerungen hierüber umfassen 4 Hauptpunkte, die vom Verfasser diskutiert werden.Insbesondere werden die korrodierenden Wirkungen des Rohöls besprochen, die sich infolge der technischen Fortschritte der letzten Jahre in der Verfahrenstechnik vor allem bei den ersten Stufen des Verarbeitungsganges, aber auch später, bemerkbar machen. Chloride, die im Verlauf der Verarbeitung zu Säuren hydrolysiert werden, Säuren, Wasser und Schwefel, der zu H2S und SO2 umgewandelt wird, sind in der Hauptsache die korrodierenden Bestandteile des Rohöls. Eine Schnelluntersuchung des Rohöls vor der Speisung in die Destillation ist erwünscht, um die zu erwartende Korrosion im voraus abschätzen zu können. Zwei Methoden werden besprochen und die zu verwendenden Neutralisationsmittel und Inhibitoren aufgezählt und kritisch betrachtet.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 417-422 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Corrosion of Soft Steel in Gas Streams Containing SulfurUnder special regard of the conditions of gas soot plants, the authors investigated the corrosion of soft steel in gas streams containing sulfur. In a testing plant commersurate to practical conditions the influences of temperature, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen in a nitrogen atmosphere upon the corrosion of soft steel were investigated. In the gas mixtures of the gas soot processes there is no excess of oxygen, but there are considerable quantities of bydrogen and carbon so that sulfide cinders are formed especially at high temperatures. In case of mechanic tensions the cinder layers come loose so that the corrosive attack is increased.
    Notes: Die Verfasser untersuchten die Korrosion von Weichstahl im schwefelhaltigen Gasstrom unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der bei Anlagen zur Erzeugung von Gasruß herrschenden Bedingungen. In einer auf diese Verhältnisse abgestellten Versuchsanlage wurden eingehend verfolgt der Einfluß von Temperatur, Schwefeldioxyd, Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff in einer Stickstoffatmosphäre auf die Korrosion von Weichstahl. Bei den im Gasrußprozeß auftretenden Gasgemischen ist überschüssige Luft nicht vorhanden, dagegen treten beträchtliche Mengen Wasserstoff und Kohlenoxyd auf, so daß insbesondere bei hohen Temperaturen Sulfidzunder entsteht und bei Vorhandensein mechanischer Spannungen eine typische Ablösung der Zunderschicht und damit starke Korrosion auftritt.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved method is presented for handling isomer groups in the calculation of chemical equilibria in complex hydrocarbon mixtures. The new method reduces the number of simulataneous equations involved and makes practical the rigorous calculation of any hydrocarbon system for which free-energy data are available, no matter how complex.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 164
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work considers the importance of vapor-phase nonideal mixing in high-pressure equilibrium and rate-process calculations. New techniques are presented for calculating vapor-phase fugacity coefficients in nonideal mixtures.The equilibrium properties of gaseous mixtures are represented by a virial equation of state which is adequate for the vast majority of chemical engineering problems. Techniques based on an extension of the corresponding-states theory are given for estimating the various coefficients appearing in the equation of state; these estimates appear to be reliable for a large variety of nonpolar or weakly polar systems. Techniques based on the theory of intermolecular forces are also presented for polar systems and for a limited class of mixtures containing hydrogen-bonding components. The proposed methods of calculation are illustrated by a large variety of problems occurring in common chemical engineering calculations, and it is shown that failure to correct for vapor-phase nonideal mixing can, in some cases, lead to very large errors.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 30-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the application of the root-locus method in the design of a control system for a theoretical stirred-tank reactor. The merits of control by measuring reactor concentration or temperature were considered at both an unstable and stable steady state reactor condition. The modes of control studied were proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-rate.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 54-60 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some characteristics are reported for the fluidization of an air-microspheroidal catalyst system in a 16-in.-diameter bed equipped with baffles. The back-mixing characteristics and retention-time distributions of gas and solids, allowable gas and solids velocities, entrainment rate, and bed density are studied as functions of baffle design.It is shown that the use of baffles narrows the retention-time spectrum and permits either concurrent or countercurrent flow while not seriously reducing gas or solids throughput or solids holdup.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 76-79 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel nitrates from aqueous solution would add to the fundamental knowledge of extraction of metal salts. In experiments performed to determine the extractibility of these metals as nitrates from aqueous solutions by organic solvents, normal butanol was found to be the best solvent and gave equilibrium distribution coefficients K for cobalt or nickel nitrate of about 0.3. The presence of nitric acid tended to decrease these at high metal concentrations.In mixtures of the two metals the K value of either metal was found to depend on the total metal concentration. Low separation factors of about 1.3 were obtained. Very high K values of over 5 were obtained for the equilibrium extraction of the nitric acid in the presence of the metal nitrates by the n-butanol an indication of commercial possibilities.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drying of two highly porous thick textiles is studied and compared. Extremes are chosen in that one package is composed of a Terylene (British form of a polyester fiber) net fabric of open structure and the other of a woolen flannel of close structure. The cloths are wound as bobbins and dried by hot air streaming in a wind tunnel, the air flowing parallel to the axis of the cylinder of material. The weight of water as drying progresses is measured by a balance, and thermocouples within the bobbin provide a temperature record.On investigation of the thermal conductivity of the dry structure, it is found that whereas the coefficient for the wool-air mixture is constant throughout, the coefficient for the Terylene-air mixture applies only in the depths, the apparent thermal conductivity growing larger toward the surface and with increasing air speed, as if the heat transfer through the open structure is assisted by some form of air penetration.As the thick textiles dry, the rate of evaporation falls off, since heat and water vapor have to pass through an increasing layer of dry material. While this is occurring, a constant temperature, the “pseudo-wet-bulb temperature,” is established throughout the wet cloth. This state of equilibrium may be expressed as an equation between the rate of heat conduction inward and that required to produce the vapor diffusion outward. From this equation the pseudo-wet-bulb temperature can be calculated.
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  • 169
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 51-54 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Profiles of mean local velocities have been experimentally determined in a smooth, concentric, horizontal annulus having a radius ratio of 0.331. The test fluid was water at room temperature flowing steadily at Reynolds numbers in the viscous, transition, and lower turbulent ranges. The transitional profiles, obtained by means of an impact probe, are summarized and discussed. Limits of the transition zone are established, and variation of the radius of maximum velocity with Reynolds number is confirmed.
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  • 170
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 73-75 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laminar forced-convection heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel (flat duct) with uniform heat flux at the walls is analyzed. The velocity and temperature distributions, both uniform at the entrance section, develop simultaneously as the fluid flows through the duct. The heat transfer results, obtained for the Prandtl-number range of 0.01 to 50, include the Nusselt-number variation along the channel and the wall-temperature variation corresponding to the prescribed uniform heat flux.
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  • 171
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 122-124 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 172
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapor-phase solubilities of carbon tetrachloride, iso-octane, toluene, and n-decane were measured in compressed hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide at 50° and 75°C. and at various pressures between 20 and 90 atm. The virial equation of state was used to describe the volumetric properties of the vapor mixtures, and the second virial cross coefficients were evaluated from the solubility data. The results indicate that the vapor phase departs from ideality very quickly for these systems as the pressure increases, particularly at pressures greater than 10 atm.
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  • 173
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physical absorption of gas by water in a tower packed with Raschig rings has been investigated. The liquid-side mass transfer coefficient which was separated by dividing the capacity coefficient by the wetted surface area is discussed from the standpoints of the two-film and penetration theories. A new and simpler dimensionless group is presented which correlates about 90% of the data reported, including the author's own, within an accuracy of ±20%.
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  • 174
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 257-262 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and fluid dynamics were studied in columns in which hot mercury was sprayed into a rising stream of water. Volumetric and area heat transfer coefficients are presented which were found to be lower than those reported for heat transfer from fixed spheres.It was observed that considerable water bypassed the stream of drops, while some surrounding the drops flowed downward. This behavior resulted in water temperatures at the base of the column which were considerably higher than the inlet water temperatures. Consequently the outlet mercury temperature did not approach the inlet water temperature as a limit. The very unconventional flow pattern of the water was unexpected and is believed to be an important factor in spray-column heat transfer and mass transfer kinetics.
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  • 175
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 271-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 176
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8J 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 177
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 348-353 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Initiation of the oxidation of hydrocarbons, an important part of many flame systems' remains largely unsolved. This paper reports a study of the oxidation of butane under conditions that yield information on the homogeneous initiation reactions.A sequential reaction mechanism is proposed involving activation of an oxygen molecule followed by attack on a butane. This leads to rate equations which accurately describe the observed butane decomposition rates. Activation energies have been calculated from experimental data with this equation and are found to check values obtained from the literature and from theoretical considerations.The tentative initiation mechanism is used to explain the existence of three classes of products in the exit gases: hydrocarbons other than butene, butene, and oxygenated products.Under some operating conditions periodic cool flame phenomena are observed, and their effect on the course of the reaction has been explained.
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  • 178
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical relationships based on material balance and rate equations have been derived for the study of ion exchange kinetics in a fixed-bed operation. Numerical techniques for the solution of the systems possessing equilibrium relationships of the Freundlich-adsorption isotherm type have been developed, and numerical results have been obtained with the use of a digital computer. The resulting numerical solutions have been found to be dependent on parameters involving time, position, and the relative resistances of the liquid and resion phases. The numerical solutions are presented in both tabular and graphical forms.
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  • 179
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 384-390 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown in a series of illustrative examples how the conversion efficiency of many reactions can be markedly affected by the type of reactor used, even though the temperatures, catalyst, and basic kinetics are already fixed by the chemistry of the process.For such purpose graphical and analytic criteria are developed which permit the selection of a continuous stirred tank or tubular reactor system to obtain the most advantageous conversion of raw material to desired product. When a continuous stirred tank reactor process is preferable, the optimum number of reactor stages for maximum conversion is one. An example is given of a case where a combination of a continuous stirred tank and a tubular reactor is advantageous.A new graphical method of reactor design for simple or complex reactions is also introduced. This method utilizes continuous stirred tank reactor data directly rather than batch data or kinetics analyses.Reactions are classified according to the kinetic and stoichiometric characteristics which determine the allowable design procedures and the differences in the compostions paths occurring in batch, tubular, or continuous stirred tank reactors.The mathematical analysis of continuous stirred tank reactor systems for complex reactions leads to a set of difference equations. For cases of zero- or first-order reactions these are readily solved as illustrated in examples, even when several independent components influence the reaction kinetics.
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  • 180
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 181
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
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  • 182
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 411-411 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 183
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of high concentration gradients and high evaporative velocities on rates of mass transfer was studied by evaporating liquids into low-speed inert gas streams at pressures approaching the vapor pressure of the liquids.Inert gas concentration in some experiments changed nearly fivefold across the boundary layer. The velocity normal to the surface (owing to evaporation), usually neglected in comparison with main-stream velocity, varied from 0.038 to 19 times the main-stream velocity.The data for air-water, air-carbon tetrachloride, air-chlorobenzene, and helium-chlorobenzene systems were represented within experimental error over the Graetz number range of 0.1 to 1,800 by the flat-duct equations of Butler and Plewes (2) and also by the usual dimensionless plots.
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  • 184
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Void fractions (fraction of the flow cross-sectional area occupied by the gas phase) have been measured for steam-water flows in an adiabatic, horizontal test section of 0.484 in. I.D. at 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 1b./sq. in. gauge. A comprehensive survey of void data for two-phase concurrent flow is included in the paper, and the data, including the Martinelli and homogeneous flow model predictions, are compared. System characteristics, involving one- and two-component flows in horizontal and vertical test sections with and without heat transfer over a range of flow ratios, total flow rates, and pressure, are too complex, and the data available are neither extensive nor precise enough to warrant the generation of over-all correlations. Use of the void data in correlating two-phase frictional pressure drops is discussed. A model has been presented for the prediction of critical flows based upon the void data, and calculations have been made for steam-water critical flows over a range of critical pressures from 15 to 2,000 1b./sq. in. abs.
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  • 185
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 467-474 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radiant transfer through fibrous and foamed insulating materials was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Transmission measurements were made under isothermal conditions with a black-body source varying from 200° to 800°F. Bulk density and fiber and pore size were also varied. These data were interpreted successfully in terms of a simple theoretical model. The results provide design information and define the contributions of the several mechanisms of transfer.
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  • 186
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 506-509 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After application of a biochemical technique, size distribution of liquid drops from air bubbles blown through water and a butanol and glycerine solution filled to a certain depth in a glass cylinder 9.6 cm. in diameter and 47 cm. in length was measured.The initial vertical velocity of drops was estimated from the experimental results, with reference to its trajectory.
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  • 187
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory and calibration procedure for a cylindrical falling body viscometer is presented.Experimental viscosity data are given for liquid methane from -150°C. to the critical point and for liquid propane from -185° to +90°C. The maximum experimental error for methane data is ±8% and for propane data ±5%.
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  • 188
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented for two different methods of operating vertical moving fluidized systems of glass spheres and water: free countercurrent fluidization and bottom-restrained nonfed, or batch, fluidization. Data for a lead-shot-and-water system are also reported. A comparison is made of these data with a generalized theoretical analysis of ideal fluidized systems. The validity of a single characteristic holdup vs. slip-velocity relationship is illustrated, and consideration is also given to the prediction of flooding in the free countercurrent systems.
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  • 189
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 111-115 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized computing method is developed to perform mathematical “relaxation” on a Datatron digital computer. The application of the developed relaxation or iteration procedures results in obtaining numerical solutions to several engineering boundary-value problems expressed by elliptic differential equations. The developed digital relaxation routine is found to be effective, fast, and practical in solving numerous steady-state heat and mass transfer problems with arbitrary and quite often complex boundary conditions. While the specific speed and accuracy of the developed digital method is found to depend upon the type of differential equation, the grid size, and computational tolerance requirements, a typical problem indicates that 250 iterations/min. speed and 1% accuracy may be achieved in an average case.The examples presented in this paper are chosen from the more classical heat transfer and temperature and pressure distribution problems in order to indicate some other areas where similar engineering problems can be solved however complex the boundary conditions may be.
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  • 190
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-135 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 191
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer in packed columns has been investigated for a variety of column and packing sizes but at flow rates restricted to fully developed turbulent conditions. The present work was undertaken to investigate mass transfer at flow-rate conditions in the transition and laminar regions.A dual treatment of experimental data required a knowledge of the variation of concentration and velocity with radial position. A tracer-injection technique was employed which consisted in the introduction of a tracer gas into the center of a bulk gas stream and the measurement of the tracer-gas concentration at various radial positions downstream. The velocity distribution for the packed column was determined by means of a five-loop, circular, hot-wire anemometer. The test column was a vertical 4-in, pipe. packed with 1/4-in. spherical, ceramic catalyst-support pellets.Mass transfer diffusivity and Peclet number were determined from two solutions of the differential-diffusion equation applied in previous investigations. An analytical solution in terms of Bessel functions was used to calculate values of average diffusivity and Peclet number and a seminumerical solution in terms of homogeneous linear-difference equations to calculate values of point diffusivity and Peclet number.Variation of diffusivity and Peclet number with radial position is shown, average diffusivity and Peclet number being correlated with Reynolds number. The interaction of molecular and eddy mass transfer mechanisms with decreasing mass velocity is illustrated by defining a molecular and an eddy Peclet number and correlating with Reynolds number. Eddy diffusivity is correlated as a function of local flow conditions.
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  • 192
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
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  • 194
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 136-136 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 195
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 10M 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 196
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The available experimental density data for hydrogen have been complied to produce a reduced density correlation for the liquid and gaseous states. This investigation has utilized fifty-seven sources of data, extending from the early studies of Amagat (1880) to the recent contributions of Johnston, Keller, and Friedman (1954).Based on the concept of a reduced density, a correlation for hydrogen has been developed ranging in temperature from the melting point (14°K.) to 3,300°K. and in pressure as high as 2,550 atm. This correlation provides continuity between the liquid and gaseous phases; whereas existing equations of state fail to describe the experimental behavior in the transitional region, particularly near the critical point.Four hundred and eighty-five experimental points covering the entire region were checked to establish the reliability of this correlation, which reproduced the experimental data to within 0.49%.
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  • 197
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 165-168 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient absorption rates of oxygen into water have been measured by passing a laminar jet through the pure gas for contact times varying from 0.8 to 11.8 msec. The absorption rate is significantly lower than the theoretical value corresponding to no interfacial resistance, if a diffusivity of 2.20 × 10-5sq. cm./sec. at 22.2°C. is used for comparison. The available evidence indicates that this diffusivity is about correct and that the lowered rate may be caused by an interfacial resistance described by an interfacial transfer coefficient equal to 0.6 cm./sec. This resistance is small enough to be neglected in most gas absorbers.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental studies are described concerning the fluid dynamics, particularly in the turbulent region, of dilute solutions of free-draining, nonassociating, linear polymers; sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ammonium alginate, polyisobutylene, and carboxypolymethylene, all of which are pseudoplastic. These solutions were run in laminar, transition, and turbulent flow in a pipeline flow apparatus designed to permit measurement of dynamic pressure drop and impact pressure by radial traverse.Photographic studies with dye injection used at the tube wall and at the tube center showed that turbulent flow of these pseudoplastic fluids has the following characteristics compared to Newtonian fluids: poor over-all radial mixing, thicker nonturbulent layer at the wall, and decreased rate of formation of horseshoe vortices at the wall.
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  • 199
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental technique for the determination of velocity distributions in two-dimensional laminar flow is described. The method utilizes the optical interference patterns observed in flowing doubly refracting liquids when viewed by transmitted polarized light. The fluid shear-stress distribution may be determined from these interference patterns by methods similar to those employed in solid photoelasticity. Methods are presented for the calculation of velocity distributions from the observed stress distributions. Experiments are described in which the technique was applied to determine velocity profiles in parallel-walled, converging and diverging channels and for flow about a cylindrical obstacle. The doubly-refracting liquids employed were aqueous solutions of an organic dye. Independent experimental checks were obtained in most instances, and these are in satisfactory agreement with the calculated results.
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  • 200
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of vapor mixtures and liquid solutions which determine phase equilibria are of special importance in separation processes. They include the vapor-phase imperfections; the liquid-phase activity coefficents; and the excess heat, entropy, and free energy of mixing.Correlation of these properties in nonpolar mixtures is relatively simple, but in mixtures of polar and nonpolar compounds the molecular interactions lead to more complex relations. Semiempirical relations reported earlier (3, 4) have been used to calculate the vapor imperfections and to correlate the liquid-phase activity coefficients.Temperature variations of the activity coefficients can reflect the true heat and entropy effects in solution if sufficient vapor-liquid equilibria are available for a careful and consistent treatment. This is illustrated with binary mixtures of benzene and the n-aliphatic alcohols, methanol to pentanol. The results are compared with calorimetric data available in the literature.The consistent set of cross-correlated coefficients provides a basis for calculating both isothermal and isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria at various conditions for the binaries and for certain ternary and multicomponent mixtures without any additional data.
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