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  • Electronic Resource  (519)
  • 1985-1989  (519)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1986  (519)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (519)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment: “Dry” enzymes (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 2-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteins and peptides in water-restricted environments (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 4-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: membrane biomimetic system ; reverse micelles ; interfacial water ; myelin proteins ; solid enzyme activity ; organic solvents ; biotechnology ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The design, synthesis, and crystallization of an alpha-helical peptide (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 16-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein design ; alpha-helical bundle ; x-ray crystallography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twelve- and sixteen-residue peptides have been designed to form tetrameric alphahelical bundles. Both peptides are capable of folding into amphiphilic alpha-helices, with leucyl residues along one face and glutamyl and lysyl residues along the opposite face. Four such amphiphilic alpha-helices are capable of forming a noncovalently bonded tetramer. Neighboring helices run in antiparallel directions in the design, so that the complex has 222 symmetry. In the designed tetramer, the leucyl side chains interdigitate in the center in a hydrophobic interaction, and charged side chains are exposed to the solvent. The designed 12-mer(ALPHA-1) has been synthesized, and it forms helical aggregates in aqueous solution as judged by circular dichroic spectroscopy. It has also been crystallized and characterized by x-ray diffraction. The crystal symmetry is compatible with (but does not prove) the design. The design can be extended to a four-alpha-helical bundle formed from a single polypeptide by adding three peptide linkers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The design and production of semisynthetic ribonucleases with increased thermostability by incorporation of S-peptide analogues with enhanced helical stability (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: peptide helix ; protein stability ; framework model of folding ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent work has shown that, with synthetic analogues of C-peptide (residues 1-13 of ribonuclease A), the stability of the peptide helix in H2O depends strongly on the charge on the N-terminal residue. We have asked whether, in semisynthetic ribonuclease S reconstituted from S-protein plus an analogue of S-peptide (1-15), the stability of the peptide helix is correlated with the Tm of the reconstituted ribonuclease S. Six peptides have been made, which contain Glu9 → Leu, a blocked α-COO- group (—CONH2), and either Gln11 or Glu11. The N-terminal residue has been varied; its charge varies from +2 (Lys) to -1 (succinyl-Ala). We have measured the stability of the peptide helix, the affinity of the peptide for S-protein (by C.D. titration), and the thermal stability of the reconstituted ribonuclease S.All six peptide analogues show strongly enhanced helix formation compared to either S-peptide (1-15) or (1-19), and the helix content increases as the charge on the N-terminal residue changes from +2 to -1. All six peptides show increased affinity for S-protein compared to S-peptide (1-19), and all six reconstituted ribonucleases S show an increase in Tm compared to the protein with S-peptide (1-19). The Tm increases as the charge on residue 1 changes from +2 to -1. The largest increment in Tm is 6°.The results suggest that the stability of a protein can be increased by enhancing the stability of its secondary structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of λ repressor against thermal denaturation by site-directed Gly→Ala changes in α-helix 3 (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein stability ; helix-coil ; mutant ; calorimetry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis has been used to replace α-helical glycines in the N-terminal domain of λ repressor with alanines. Since alanine is a significantly better helix-forming residue than glycine, these changes were predicted to have a stabilizing effect. We show that the Gly46→Ala substitution, the Gly48→Ala substitution, and the double substitution increase the melting temperature of the N-terminal domain by 3-6°.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein folding kinetics by combined use of rapid mixing techniques and NMR observation of individual amide protons (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 34-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: hydrogen exchange ; BPTI ; folding pathway ; protein dynamics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method to be used for experimental studies of protein folding introduced by Schmid and Baldwin (J. Mol. Biol. 135: 199-215, 1979), which is based on the competition between amide hydrogen exchange and protein refolding, was extended by using rapid mixing techniques and 1H NMR to provide site-resolved kinetic information on the early phases of protein structure acquisition. In this method, a protonated solution of the unfolded protein is rapidly mixed with a deuterated buffer solution at conditions assuring protein refolding in the mixture. This simultaneously initates the exchange of unprotected amide protons with solvent deuterium and the refolding of protein segments which can protect amide groups from further exchange. After variable reaction times the amide proton exchange is quenched while folding to the native form continues to completion. By using 1H NMR, the extent of exchange at individual amide sites is then measured in the refolded protein. Competition experiments at variable reaction times or variable pH indicate the time at which each amide group is protected in the refolding process. This technique was applied to the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, for which sequence-specific assignments of the amide proton NMR lines had previously been obtained. For eight individual amide protons located in the β-sheet and the C-terminal α-helix of this protein, apparent refolding rates in the range from 15s-1 to 60 s-1 were observed. These rates are on the time scale of the fast folding phase observed with optical probes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Focusing of electric fields in the active site of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase: Effects of ionic strength and amino-acid modification (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein electrostatics ; substrate diffusion ; Poisson-Boltzmann ; electrostatic potentials ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this paper we report the implementation of a finite-difference algorithm which solves the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation for molecules of arbitrary shape and charge distribution and which includes the screening effects of electrolytes. The microcoding of the algorithm on an ST-100 array processor allows us to obtain electrostatic potential maps in and around a protein, including the effects of ionic strength, in about 30 minutes. We have applied the algorithm to a dimer of the protein Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and compared our results to those obtained from uniform dielectric models based on coulombic potentials. We find that both the shape of the protein-solvent boundary and the ionic strength of the solvent have a profound effect on the potentials in the solvent. For the case of SOD, the cluster of positive charge at the bottom of the active site channel produces a strongly enhanced positive potential due to the focusing of field lines in the channel - a result that cannot be obtained with any uniform dielectric model. The remainder of the protein is surrounded by a weak negative potential. The electrostatic potential of the enzyme seems designed to provide a large cross-sectional area for productive collisions. Based on the ionic strength dependence of the size of the positive potential region emanating from the active site and the repulsive negative potential barrier surrounding the protein, we are able to suggest an explanation for the ionic strength dependence of the activity of the native and chemically modified forms of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A domain of the klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I has polymerase but no exonuclease activity (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 66-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein domain ; polymerase ; 3′-5′ exonuclease ; artificial gene ; expression vector ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli has two enzymatic activities: DNA polymerase and 3′-5′ exonuclease. The crystal structure showed that the fragment is folded into two distinct domains. The smaller domain has a binding site for deoxynucleoside monophosphate and a divalent metal ion that is thought to identify the 3′-5′ exonuclease active site. The larger C-terminal domain contains a deep cleft that is believed to bind duplex DNA. Several lines of evidence suggested that the large domain also contains the polymerase active site. To test this hypothesis, we have cloned the DNA coding for the large domain into an expression system and purified the protein product. We find that the C-terminal domain has polymerase activity (albeit at a lower specific activity than the native Klenow fragment) but no measurable 3′-5′ exonuclease activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that each of the three enzymatic activities of DNA polymerase I from E. coli resides on a separate protein structural domain.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010111
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PseqIP: A nonredundant and exhaustive protein sequence data bank generated from 4 major existing collections (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 60-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: computerized data bank ; sequence comparison heuristics ; databank access ; data bank merging ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Four major protein sequence data collections (NBRF-PIR, PSD-Kyoto, PGtrans, and NEWAT) have been merged into a single nonredundant data bank called PseqIP. The data bank entries were automatically matched by a heuristic computer program relying on the fast computation of the number of tetrapeptides shared by two sequences. PseqIP 1.0 includes 6,068 different protein sequences for a total of 1,357,067 residues, representing most of the available sequence information to date. During the course of this work, we found about 600 occurrences course of a protein sequence recorded with a one-amino-acid variation in at least two different data banks. A flat file (ASCII computer-readable format) version of PseqIP 1.0, well-suited for exhaustive homology searches and statistical sequence analysis, is available from our laboratory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010110
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The galactan-binding immunoglobulin Fab J539: An x-ray diffraction study at 2.6-Å resolution (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: antibody ; crystal structure ; anti-galactan ; J539 ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The crystal structure of the Fab of the galactan-binding immunoglobulin J539 (a mouse IgA,κ) has been determined at a resolution of approximately 2.6 Å by X-ray diffraction. The starting model was that obtained from the real space search described previously (Navia, M.A., Segal, D.M., Padlan, E.A., Davies, D.R., Rao, D.N., Rudikoff, S. and Potter, M. “Crystal structure of galactan-binding mouse immunoglobulin J539 Fab at 4.5 Å resolution.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:4071-4074, 1979). This Fab structure has now been refined by restrained least-squares procedures to an R-value of 19% for the 11,690 unique reflections between 8.0 Å and 2.6 Å. The rms deviation from ideal bond lengths is 0.025 Å. The overall structure differs from McPC603 Fab, another mouse IgA,κ antibody, in that the elbow bend, relating the variable and constant parts of the molecule, is 145° vs. 133° for McPC603. The region of the molecule expected to be the antigen binding site contains a large cavity with two clefts leading away from it. This has been fitted with a model of an oligo-galactan.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010112
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reciprocal control of retinal rod cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase by its γ subunit and transducin (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 90-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: visual excitation ; rhodopsin ; enzyme regulation ; cyclic nucleotide cascade ; G-proteins ; inhibitory subunit ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The switching on of the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) in retinal rod outer segments by activated transducin (Tα-GTP) is a key step invisual excitation. The finding that trypsin activates PDE (αβγ) by degrading its γ subunit and the reversal of this activation by γ led to the proposal that Tα-GTP activates PDE by relieving an inhibitory constraint imposed by γ (Hurley and Stryer: J. Biol. Chem. 257:11094-11099, 1982). We report here studies showing that the addition of γ subunit also reverses the activation of PDE by Tα-GTP-γS. A procedure for preparing γ in high yield (50-80%) is presented. Analyses of SDS polyacrylamide gel slices confirmed that inhibitorya activity resides in the γ subunit. Nanomolar γ blocks the activation of PDE by micromolar Tα-GTPγS. The degree of activation of PDE depends reciprocally on the concentrations of γ and Tα-GTPγS. γ remains bound to the disk membrane during the activation of PDE by transducin. The binding of γ to the αβ subunits of native PDE is very tight; the dissociation constant is less than 10 pM, indicating that fewer than 1 in 1,700 PDE molecules in rod outer segments are activated in the absence of Tα-GTP.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010114
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutant forms of staphylococcal nuclease with altered patterns of guanidine hydrochloride and urea denaturation (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein stability ; protein denaturation ; denatured state ; structural intermediates ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eleven mutant forms of staphylococcal nuclease with one or more defined amino acid substitutions have been analyzed by solvent denaturation by using intrinsic fluorescence to follow the denaturation reaction. On the basis of patterns observed in the value of m-the rate of change of log Kapp (the apparent equilibrium constant between the native and denatured states) with denaturant concentration - these proteins can be grouped into two classes. For class I mutants, the value of m with guanidine hydrochloride is less than the wild-type value and is either constant or increases slightly with increasing denaturant; the value of m with urea is also less than wild type but shows a marked increase with increasing denaturant concentration, often approaching but never exceeding the wild-type value. For class II mutants, m is constant and is greater than wild type in both denaturants, with the increase being consistently larger in guanidine hydrochloride than in urea. When double or triple mutants are constructed from members of the same mutant class, the change in m is usually the sum of the changes produced by each mutation in isolation. One plausible explanation for these altered patterns of denaturation is that chain-chain or chain-solvent interactions in the denatured state have been modified - interactions which appear to involve hydrophobic groups.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010113
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010201
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel method for selective isolation of C-terminal peptides from tryptic digests of proteins by immobilized anhydrotrypsin: Application to structural analyses of the tail sheath and tube proteins from bacteriophage T4 (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 100-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: affinity chromatography ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; bacteriophage T4 tail sheath protein ; bacteriophage T4 tail tube protein ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A novel method useful for selective isolation of the C-terminal peptide from a tryptic digestion mixture of a protein has been developed by taking advantage of a unique property of anhydrotrypsin, which has a strong specific affinity for the peptides containing arginine or lysine at their C-termini. Briefly, peptides produced by tryptic digestion of a protein are fractionated by affinity chromatography on a column of immobilized anhydrotrypsin. The C-terminal peptide is recovered in a breakthrough fraction, which the remainders are adsorbed on the column (unless the protein ends in arginine or lysine). The breakthrough fraction is then subjected to reversed-phase high-perfomance liquid chromatography in order to purify the C-terminal peptide. Using this method, we have successfully isolated the C-terminal peptides from tryptic digests of the sheath protein (gp 18) and the tube protein (gp 19) of bacteriophage T4. The analytical results on these peptides, together with the information on the N-terminal structures of the original proteins and on the nucleotide sequences of genes 18 and 19, allowed us to establish the complete primary structures of the two proteins.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010115
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein fluorescence quenching by small molecules: Protein penetration versus solvent exposure (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: proteins ; protein dynamics ; tryptophan exposure ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Experiments were done to test the thesis that acrylamide and similar small molecules can penetrate into proteins on a nanosecond time scale. The approach taken was to measure the pattern of fluorescence quenching exhibited by quenching molecules differing in molecular character (size, polarity, charge) when these are directed against protein tryptophans that cover the whole range of tryptophan accesibility. If quenching involves protein penetration and internal quencher migration, one expects that larger quenchers and more polar quenchers should display lesser quenching. In fact, no significant dependence on quencher character was found. For proteins that display measurable quenching, the disparate quenchers studied display very similar quenching rate constants when directed against any particular protein tryptophan. For several proteins having tryptophans known to be buried, no quenching occurs. These results are not consistent with the view that the kinds of small molecules studied can quite generally penetrate into and diffuse about within proteins at near-diffusion-limited rates. Rather the results suggest that when quenching is observed, the pathway involves encounters with tryptophans that are partially exposed at the protein surface. Available crystallographic results support this conclusion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010202
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translational repression in vitro by the bacteriophage T4 regA protein (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 116-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: translational repressor ; in vitro transcription-translation ; gene expression ; protein purification ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The bacteriophage T4 translational represor regA protein has been purified from an overproducing strain, and its activity has been studied in simple in vitro protein synthesis reactions. RegA protein was found to inhibit the translation of T4 genes 44, 45, and ORF45-1 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Expression of two other T4 genes which are insensitive to regA protein in vivo, genes 32 and 43, was unaffected by the presence of regA protein. Specific inhibition of synthesis of genes 44, 45, and ORF 45-1 proteins was achieved with 5-20 μM concentrations of regA protein, without the addition of any other T4 encoded proteins or cofactors. When in vitro protein synthesis was performed in two steps, uncoupling translation from transcription, regA protein had an inhibitory effect regardless of whether it was added at the initiation of transcription or only at the translation step. This indicates that regA protein functions during the translation step of protein synthesis in vitro in agreement with previous in vivo studies of regA protein.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010203
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of livR, the repressor for high-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport in Escherichia coli (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: regulation ; prokaryotic bacteria ; leucine uptake ; leucyl tRNA corepressor ; cell physiology ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The livR gene encoding the repressor for high-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport in Escherichia coli has been cloned from a library prepared from the episome F106. The inserted DNA fragment from the initial cloned plasmid, pANT1, complemented two independent, spontaneously derived, regulatory mutations. Subcloning as well as the creation of deletions with Bal31 exonuclease revealed that the entire regulatory region is contained within a 1.1-kb RsaI-SalI fragment. Expression of the pANT plasmids in E. coli minicells showed that the regulatory region encodes one detectable protein with an apparent molecular weight of 21,000. DNA sequencing revealed one open reading frame of 501 bp encoding a protein with a calculated MW of 19,155. The potential secondary structure of the regulatory protein has been predicted and it suggests that the carboxy terminus may fold into three consecutive alpha helices. These results suggests that the livR gene encodes a repressor which plays a role in the regulation of expression of the livJ and the livK transport genes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010204
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptide and ester synthesis in organic solvents catalyzed by seryl proteases linked to alumina (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: enzymatic transesterification ; peptide synthesis ; trypsin ; chymotrypsin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Trypsin and α-chymotrypsin were immobilized to alumina-phosphocolamine complex, activated by glutaraldehyde. The immobilized enzymes show a great stability toward organic solvents miscible or immiscible with water. In the presence of a low concentration of water, the immobilized enzymes catalyzed transesterification reactions as well as peptide synthesis. The synthesized peptides were stable toward the immobilized enzymes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010205
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of native human renin derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: hypertension ; renin production ; mammalian expression ; affinity chromatography ; genetic engineering ; prorenin secretion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a plasmid containing the cDNA for human preprorenin has provided cell lines that secrete 15 mg of native prorenin per liter of culture medium. Tryptic activation of the prorenin occurs by selective cleavage of the Arg66-Leu67 bond (numbering as in preprorenin). The renin product, purified in a single step and in high yield by affinity chromatography, is fully stable for as long as 8 months when stored in solution at 4°C and pH 6.5. Purity of the renin was judged to be greater than 95% by gel electrophoresis, compositional and N-terminal sequence analyses, and specific enzyme activity. An important aspect of the present work is the development of a direct assay for renin which permits accurate and reproducible evaluation of enzyme units and kinetic parameters. Application of methods described herein, combined with appropriate scale-up fermentation capabilities, provides the means for generating gram quantities of human renin and its zymogen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010206
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    Electronic Resource
    An algorithm for determining the conformation of polypeptide segments in proteins by systematic search (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 146-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein conformation ; energy calculations ; protein modeling ; loop conformation ; surface area ; homologous proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The feasibility of determining the conformation of segments of polypeptide chain up to six residues in length in globular proteins by means of systematic search through the possibles conformations has been investigated. Trial conformations are generated by using representative sets of φ, ψ, and χ angels that have been derived from an examination of the distributions of these angles in refined protein structures. A set of filters based on simple rules that protein structures obey is used to reduce the number of conformations to a manageable total. The most important filters are the maintenance of chain integrity and the avoidance of tooshort van der Waals contacts with the rest of the protein and with other portions of the segment under construction. The procedure is intended to be used with approximate models so that allowance is made throughout for errors in the rest of the structure. All possible main chains are first constructed and then all possible side-chain conformations are built onto each of these. The electrostatic energy, including a solvent screening term, and the exposed hyrophobic area are evaluated for each accepted conformation. The method has been tested on two segments of chain in the trypsin like enzyme from Streptomyces griseus. It is found that there is a wide spread of energies among the accepted conformations, and the lowest energy ones have satisfactorily small root mean square deviations from the X-ray structure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010207
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    pH Dependence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding to human hemoglobin Ao at 21.5°C (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 164-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: DPG ; organophosphates ; ligand interactions ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rate equilibrium dialysis was used to measure the binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) to human oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin AO over the range pH 5-9, at 21.5°C. This approach yielded an accurate, precise, and self-consistent set of model-independent association constants. These data were successfully fitted to a thermodynamic model which is fuctionally similar to a Hill equation. The isotherms generated by this fitting procedure appear to intersect at low pH and converge at high pH. This apparent convergence at high pH is consistent with results obtained by oxygen equilibria studies performed under conditions of saturating DPG. These calculated isotherms were used to determine the enhancement of the Bohr effect as a function of pH. These results are consistent with data obtained by pH stat measurements by other investigators.This paper presents the first in a series of studies that will provide a systematic characterization of the interaction between hemoglobin and DPG.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010208
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The restoration of electron micrographs blurred by drift and rotation (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 176-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: drifted micrographs ; rotational blur ; thin sections ; Wiener filtering ; image analysis ; sickle hemoglobin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the restoration of electron micrographs exhibiting blurring due to drift and rotation. Blurring due to drift arises in micrographs taken of a specimen which is moving relative to the image plane. A related problem is that of rotational blurring which arises in micrographs of thin sections of helical particles viewed in cross section. The twist of the particle within the finite thickness of the section causes the image to appear rotationally blurred about the helical axis.Restoration algorithms were evaluated by applying them to the restoration of blurred model images degraded by additive Gaussian noise. Model images were also used to investigate how an incorrect estimate of the point spread function function describing the blur would effect the restoration. Images were, if necessary, geometrically transformed to a space in which the point spread function of the blur can be considered as linear and space invariant as, under these conditions, the restoration algorithms are greatly simplified. In the case of the rotationally blurred images this procedur was accomplished by transforming the image to polar coordinates.The restoration techniques were successfully applied to blurred micrographs of bacteriophage T4 and crystals of catalase. The quality of the restoration was judged by comparisons of the restored images to undegraded images. Application to micrographs of rotationally blurred cross sections of helical macrofibers of sickle hemoglobin resulted in a reduction in the amount of rotational blurring.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010209
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation of retinal rod cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase by transducin: Characterization of the complex formed by phosphodiesterase inhibitor and transducin α-subunit (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 188-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: G-protein ; phototransduction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The GTP-binding subunit of transducin (Tα) activates the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) of bovine retinal rods by relieving the constraint imposed by the inhibitory subunit PDEγ. We have isolated and characterized the complex Tα.GTPγS-PDEγ formed when Tα is activated by the nonhydrolyzable analog GTPγS. Sedimentation and light-scattering techniques demonstrate that, in contrast to free Tγ.GTPγS, which is soluble, the Tα.GTPγS-PDEγ complex, as well as Tα.GTP-PDEγ, is membrane bound at cytosolic ionic strength. It is eluted from the membrane at low ionic strength as a monomeric and 1:1 stoichiometric complex. The relative affinities of PDEγ for PDEαβ and for Tα.GTP are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010210
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010301
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Set of novel, conserved proteins fold pre-messenger RNA into ribonucleosomes (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 195-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein domains ; oligomeric assembly ; RNA splicing ; multiple binding sites ; RNP core proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010302
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of the ribonuclease S-peptide α-helix by trifluoroethanol (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein folding ; α-helix stabilization ; peptide structural stability ; circular dichroism ; protein electrostatics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of trifluoroethanol (TFE) on the stability of the α-helix formed by ribonuclease S-peptide, residues 1-19 of ribonuclease A, were studied by measuring circular dichroism as a function of TFE concentration, pH, and temperature. The S-peptide forms an unusually stable α-helix, which is known to be stabilized by TFE. The magnitude of the effect of charged groups on the peptide, manifested by the change in α-helix stability as a function of pH, was not altered significantly by either TFE concentration or temperature, indicating that the lower dielectric constant of TFE is not important in the stabilization of this α-helix. This suggests that the α-helix might be stabilized by many interactions in addition to the effects of charges. The titration curve of circular dichroism vs. TFE concentration appears to be cooperative at 0°C, but becomes progressively less cooperative at temperatures between 25 and 75°C. The properties of the TFE stabilization indicate that TFE might be a useful probe with which to measure the stability of marginally stable peptides and small proteins.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010303
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The DNA replication inhibitor microcin B17 is a forty-three-amino-acid protein containing sixty percent glycine (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 230-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: microcins ; peptide antibiotic ; protein processing ; HPLC ; protein secretion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Microcin B17 is a low-molecular-weight protein that inhibits DNA replication in a number of enteric bacteria. It is produced by bacterial strains which harbor a 70-kilobase plasmid called pMccB17. Four plasmid genes (named mcbABCD) are required for its production. The product of the mcbA gene was identified by labelling minicells. The mcbA gene product was slightly larger when a mutation in any of the other three production genes was present. This indicates that these genes are involved in processing the primary mcbA product to yield the active molecule. The mcbA gene product predicted from the nucleotide sequence has 69 amino acids including 28 glycine residues. Microcin B17 was extracted from the cells by boiling in 100 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA, and purified to homogeneity in a single step by high-performance liquid chromatography through a C18 column. The N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition demonstrated that mcbA is the structural gene for microcin B17. The active molecule is a processed product lacking the first 26 N-terminal residues. The 43 remaining residues include 26 glycines. While microcin B17 is an exported protein, the cleaved N-terminal peptide does not have the characteristic properties of a “signal sequence,” which suggests that it is secreted by a mechanism different from that used by most secreted proteins of E. coli.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010305
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of a second sensory receptor protein in Halobacterium halobium phototaxis (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: halobacteria ; photosensory receptor ; retinal ; slow-cycling rhodopsins ; sensory rhodopsins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A second slow-cycling retinylidene protein, in addition to slow-cycling (sensory) rhodopsin (SR), can be bleached with hydroxylamine and regenerated with all-trans retinal in photosensory signaling Halobacterium halobium membranes. Flash photolysis shows this protein undergoes a photochemical reaction cycle characterized by photoconversion of its ground state (λmax 480 nm) to a species with λmax ≤ 360 nm, which thermally regenerates the 480-nm species with a t½ of 260 msec at 25°C, under conditions in which SR photocycles at 650 msec in the same membranes. Mutants characterized with respect to their phototaxis behavior are identified which contain SR and the 480-nm pigment, the latter ranging from undetectable to a concentration equal to that of SR. Receptor mutants lacking all phototaxis sensitivity lack both of the photochemically reactive proteins. The mutant properties contribute to an accumulation of behavioral and spectroscopic evidence that the 480-nm pigment is a second sensory photoreceptor in H. halobium. NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]retinal-labeled membrane proteins from the mutants indicates SR and the 480-nm pigment contain distinct chromophoric polypeptides differing in their migration rates. The data implicate polypeptides of 25,000 Mr and 23,000 Mr as retinal-binding polypeptides of SR and the 480-nm protein, respectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010306
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  • 31
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    A very short peptide makes a voltage-dependent ion channel: The critical length of the channel domain of colicin E1 (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 218-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: colicin E1 ; site-directed mutagenesis ; ion channel ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cleavage of colicin E1 molecules with a variety of proteases or with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) generates COOH-terminal fragments which have channel-forming activity similar to that of intact colicin in planar lipid bilayer membranes. The smallest channel-forming fragment obtained by CNBr cleavage of the wild-type molecule consists of the C-terminal 152 amino acids. By the use of oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, we have made nine mutants along this 152 amino acid peptide, in which an amino acid was replaced by methionine in order to create a new CNBr cleavage site. The smallest of the CNBr-cleaved C-terminal fragments with channel-forming activity, in planar bilayer membranes, was generated by cleavage at new Met position 428 and has 94 amino acids, whereas a 75 amino acid peptide produced by cleavage of a new Met at position 447 did not have channel activity. The NH2-terminus of the channel-forming domain of colicin E1 appears therfore to lie between residues 428 and 447. Since, however, the last six C-terminal residues of the colicin can be removed without changing activity, the number of amino acids necessary to form the channel is 88 or less. In addition, the unique Cys residue in colicin E1 was replaced by Gly, and nine mutants were then made with Cys placed at sequential locations along the peptide for eventual use as sulfhydryl attachment sites to determine the local environment of the replaced amino acid. In the course of making 21 mutants, eight charged residues have been replaced by uncharged Met or Cys without changing the biological activity of the intact molecule.It has been proposed previously that the conformation of the colicin E1 channel is a barrel formed from five or six α-helices, each having 20 amino acids spanning the membrane and two to four residues making the turn at the boundary of the membrane. Our finding that 88 amino acids can make an active channel, combined with recently reported stoichiometric evidence that the channel is a monomer excludes this model and adds significant constraints which can be used in building a molecular model of the channel.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010304
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  • 32
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    Kinetic characterization of early intermediates in the folding of E. coli tryptophan-synthase β2 subunit (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein folding ; domain interactions ; fluorescence transfer ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report describes the use of fluorescence energy transfer between an intrinsic energy donor (tryptophan 177) and two chemically added acceptors to study intermediates in the folding of the β2 subunit of E. coli tryptophan-synthase. Two early folding steps are thus identified and characterized. One is very rapid (its rate constant at 12°C is 0.02 sec-1) and corresponds to the folding of the N-terminal domain into a structure whose overall features approximate well those of the native domain. The second step is somewhat slower (its rate constant at 12°C is 0.008 sec-1) and involves a conformational rearrangement of the N-terminal domain brought about by the interactions between the N-and C-terminal domains within a monomeric β chain. This brings to five the number of intermediates which have been identified and ordered on the folding pathway of the dimeric β2 subunit.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010307
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  • 33
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    Preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of HhaII endonuclease-DNA cocrystals (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 263-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein-DNA interaction ; overproducer clone ; sequence-specific recognition ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: HhaII restriction endonuclease purified from an overproducing recombinant E. coli clone has been cocrystallized with a heptanucleotide duplex, d-GGAGTCC:GGACTCC. The cocrystals are monoclonic and belong to the space group C2. The unit cell dimensions are a = 199.0±1.0 Å, b = 100.0±0.5 Å, c = 80.3±0.4 Å, and β = 101.0±1.0°. There appear to be two dimers per asymmetric unit and the crystals diffract to 4-Å resolution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010309
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  • 34
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    Calculating three-dimensional changes in protein structure due to amino-acid substitutions: The variable region of immunoglobulins (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: molecular model building ; energy minimization ; homology modeling ; site-specific mutagenesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A procedure (coupled perturbation procedure, CPP) is introduced as a specific method for calculating the detailed three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule which has a nummber of amino-acid substitutions relative to some previously determined “parent” protein structure. The accuracy of the procedure is tested by calculating the conformation of a region of the human immunoglobulin fragment Fab Kol based on the analogous region of the human immunoglobulin fragment Fab New. Both structures have previously been determined crystallographically. The calculated model is accurate to the extent that both of the sequence differences in the region are modeled correctly and that conformational changes in a number of nearby residues are correctly identified. CPP is shown to give better results than other commonly used modeling procedures when applied to the same problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010310
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteolytic dissection of a hapten binding site (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 256-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: FV fragment ; space filling hapten ; reconstitution ; scratched analysis ; equilibrium dialysis ; contact residues ; hypervariable loops ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: IgG Gar, a human myeloma protein that binds riboflavin with a high affinity, was used to derive variable region fragments from the heavy chain and the light chain. Riboflavin binding ability of the active site generated by V(H) and light chain and the active site generated by V(H) and V(L) was compared to riboflavin binding by the F(ab) fragment. The riboflavin binding ability of the F(ab) fragment is the same as the intact molecule, while the binding ability of the active site formed by V(H) and light chain is lowered by two to three orders of magnitude, indicating that the removal of C(H1) domain decreases the interaction between riboflavin and the amino acids that is important in tight binding of riboflavin. Removal of the third hypervariable region and the constant region domain from the light chain further lowers the binding constant by one order of magnitude. The results indicate that the V(H) and V(L) segments of IgG Gar can reconstitute a riboflavin binding site. The decrease in affinity probably reflects a decrease in the rigidity with which the hypervariable loops are held together to place the contact amino acid residues in optimal contact with the hapten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010308
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  • 36
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    Affinity of nonhomologous amphiphilic peptides toward a monoclonal antibody raised against apolipoprotein A-I (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: antibody affinity ; ELISA ; β-endorphin models ; melittin model ; amphiphilic α-helix ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibodies against human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) were generated by the hybridoma technique. Clone G-10 was selected on the basis of its highest titer. The affinity of this antibody toward a series of synthetic peptides differing in length, amino acid composition, and amphiphilicity was tested by using both the indirect and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent techniques (ELISA). From these measurements we calculated dissociation constants of the complexes of the antibody with apoA-I bound to the surface of the microtiter plate, apoA-I in solution, and any of the several peptides in solution. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the immobilized apoA-I/anti-apoA-I-complex, Kd = 2 × 10-9 M, was significantly lower than that of the complex resulting from the interaction between anti-apoA-I and either apoA-I in solution or any of the several amphiphilic helical peptides in solution. Peptides devoid of amphiphilic secondary structure were inert. These data are consistent with the proposal that monoclonal G-10 recognizes in antigenic peptides an α-helical secondary structure of defined hydrophilic-lipophilic balance and comparatively less the specific amino acid side chains. We propose that the highest contribution to the free energy of binding (8 Kcal/mole) is derived from the docking of the helix to the antibody. It follows that in probing the specificity of a monoclonal antibody the conformation and the physical environment of the interacting antigen must be taken into account.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010311
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010401
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  • 38
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    Editorial (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010402
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  • 39
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    Isolation and analysis of arc repressor mutants: Evidence for an unusual mechanism of DNA binding (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 302-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: mutant proteins ; protein stability ; operator binding ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have isolated 64 different missense mutations at 36 out of 53 residue positions in the Arc repressor of bacteriophage P22. Many of the mutant proteins with substitutions in the C-terminal 40 residues of Arc have reduced intracellular levels and probably have altered structures or stabilities. Mutations in the N-terminal ten residues of Arc cause large decreases in operator DNA binding affinity without affecting the ability of Arc to fold into a stable three-dimensional structure. We argue that these N-terminal residues are important for operator recognition but that they are not part of a conventional helix-turn-helix DNA binding structure. These results suggest that Arc may use a new mechanism for sequence specific DNA binding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010404
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure and evolution of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 287-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: primary sequence homology ; primary structure ; secondary structure ; quaternary structure ; gene cloning ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010403
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    Primary structure of the reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 312-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: membrane proteins ; nucleotide sequence ; evolution ; photosynthesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reaction center is a pigmentprotein complex that mediates the initial photochemical steps of photosynthesis. The amino-terminai sequences of the L, M, and H subunits and the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of the L and M structural genes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides have previously been determined. We report here the sequence of the H subunit, completing the primary structure determination of the reaction center from R. sphaeroides. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the H subunit was determined by the dideoxy method after subcloning fragments into single-stranded M13 phage vectors. This information was used to derive the amino acid sequence of the corresponding polypeptide. The termini of the primary structure of the H subunit were established by means of the amino and carboxy terminal sequences of the polypeptide. The data showed that hte H subunit is composed of 260 residues, corresponding to a molecular weight of 28,003. A molecular weight of 100,858 for the reaction center was calculated from the primary structures of the subunits and the cofactors. Examination of the genes encoding the reaction center shows that the codon usage is strongly bviased towards codons ending in G and C. Hydropathy analysis of the H subunit sequence reveals one stretch opf hydrophobic residues near the amino terminus; the L and M subunits contain five such stretches. From a comparison of the sequences of homologous proteins found in bacterial reaction centers and photosystem II of plants, an evolutionary tree was contructed. The analysis of evolutionary relationships showed that the L and M subunits of reaction centers and D1 and D2 proteins of photosystem II are descended from a common ancestor, and that the rate of change in these proteins was much higher in the first billion years after the divergence of the reaction center and photosystem II than in the subsequent billion years represented by the divergence of the species containing these proteins.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010405
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  • 42
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    Sequence conservation and region shuffling in an endoglucanase and an exoglucanase from Cellulomonas fimi (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: cellulases ; active sites ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cellulomonas fimi produces an endoglucanase and an exoglucanase which bind strongly to cellulose. Each enzyme contains three distinct regions: a short sequence of about 20 amino acids containing only proline and threonine (the ProThr box); an irregular region, rich in hydroxyamino acids, of low charge density, and which is predicted to have little secondary structure; and an ordered region of higher charge density which contains a potential active site, and which is predicted to have secondary structure; and an ordered region of higher charge density which contains a potential active site, and which is predicted to have secondary structure. The Pro-Thr box is conserved almost perfectly in the two enzymes. The irregular regions are 50% conserved, and the conserved sequences include four Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sites. The ordered regions appear not to be conserved, but the potential active sites both have the sequence Glu-Xaa7-Asn-Xaa6-Thr; they occur at widely separated sites in the two regions. The order of the regions is reversed in the two enzymes: irregular-Pro-Thr box-ordered in the endoglucanase; ordered-Pro-Thr box irregular in the exoglucanase. The genes for the two enzymes appear to have arisen by shuffling of two conserved sequences and either one or two other sequences.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010407
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  • 43
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    Proteases of enhanced stability: Characteization of a thermostable variant of subtilisin (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 326-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: thermal stability ; protein engineering ; mutagenesis ; plate assay ; thermophilic enzymes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A Procedure has been developed for the isolation and identification of mutants in the bacterial serine protease subtilisin that exhibit enhanced thermal stability. The cloned subtilisin BPN'gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was treated with bisulfite, a chemical mutagen that deaminates cytosine to uracil in single-stranded DNA. Strains containing the cloned, mutagenized subtilisin gene which produced subtilisin with enhanced thermal stability were selected by a simple plate assay procedure which screens for esterase activity on nitrocellulose filters after preincubation at elevated temperatures. One thermostable subtilisin variant, designated 7150, has been fully characterized and found to differ from wild-type subtilisin by a single substitution of Ser for Asn at position 218. The 7150 enzyme was found to undergo thermal inactivation at onefourth the rate of the wild-type enzyme when incubated at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the midpoint in the thermally induced transition from the folded to unfolded state was found to be 2.4-3.9°C higher for 7150 as determined by differential scanning calorimetry under a variety of conditions. The refined, 1.8-Å crystal structures of the wild-type and 7150 subtilisin have been compared in detail, leading to the conclusion that slight improvements in hydrogen bond parameters in the vicinity of position 218 result in the enhanced thermal stability of 7150.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010406
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  • 44
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    Predicting antibody hypervariable loop conformations II: Minimization and molecular dynamics studies of MCPC603 from many randomly generated loop conformations (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 342-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: antibodies ; immunoglobulins ; conformation prediction ; energy minimazation ; random stranting conformations ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We describe a method for predicting the conformations of loops in proteins and its application to four of the complementarity determining regions [CDRs] in the crystallographically determined structure of MCPC603. The method is based on the generation of a large number of randomly generated conformations for the backbone of the loop being studied, followed by either minimization or molecular dynamics followed by minimization starting from these random structures. The details of the algorithm for the generation of the loops are presented in the first paper in this series (Shenkin etal.[submitted]). The results of minimization and molecular dynamics applied to these loops is presented here. For the two shortest CDRs studied (H1 and L2, which are five and seven amino acids long), minimizations and dynamics simulations which ignore interactions of the loop amino acids beyond the carbon ture closely. This suggests that these loops fold independently of sequence variation. For the third CDR (L3, which is nine amino acids), those portions of the CDR near its base which are hydrogen bonded to framework are well replicated by our procedures, but the top of the loop shows singificant conformational variability. This variability persists when side chain interactions for the MCPC603 sequence are included. For a fourth CDR (H3, which is 11 amino acids long), new low-energy backbone conformations are found; however, only those which are close to the crystal are compatible with the sequence when side chain interactions are taken into account. Results from minimuzation and dynamics on single CDRs with all other CDRs removed are presented. These allow us to explore the extent to which individual CDR conformations are determined by interactions with framework only.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010408
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple conformations of amino acid residues in ribonuclease A (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 370-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: enzyme structure ; disorder ; refinement ; high resolution ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The highly refined 1.26 Å structure (R = 0.15) of phosphate-free bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A was modeled with 13 residues having discrete multiple conformations of side chains. These residues are widely distributed over the protein surface, but only one of them, Lys 61, is involved in crystal packing interactions. The discrete conformers have no unusual torsion angles, and their interactions with the solvent and with other atoms of the protein are similar to those residues modeled with a single conformation. For three of the residues-Val 43, Asp 83, and Arg 85-two correlated conformations are found. The observed multiple conformations on the protein surfaces will be of significance in analyzing structure-function relationships and in performing protein engineering.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010410
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Structural features of ribonucleotide reductase (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 376-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: ribonucleotide reductase ; unique N-terminal domain ; nucleotide binding site ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a ribonucleotide reductase which comprises two polypeptides with sizes of 136,000 (RR1) and 38,000 mol. wt. (RR2). We have determined the entire DNA sequence specifying HSV-1 RR1 and have identified two adjacent open reading frames in varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which have homology to HSV RR1 and RR2; the predicted sizes for the VZV RR1 and RR2 polypeptides are 87,000 and 35,000 mol. wt. respectively. Amino acid comparisons with RR1 and RR2 polypeptides from other organisms indicate that HSV-1 RR1 contains a unique N-terminal domain which is absent from other RR1 polypeptides apart from HSV-2 RR1. These N-terminal amino acid sequences are poorly conserved between HSV-1 and HSV-2 in contrast to the remainder of the protein which shows greater than 90% homology. Polypeptide structural predictions suggest that the HSV-1 N-terminal domain may be separated into two regions, namely, a β-sheet structure followed by a nonstructured area. Across the remainder of RR1 and RR2, comparisons also reveal blocks of amino acids conserved between the different ribonucleotide reductases, and these may be important for enzyme activity. From predictions on the structure of these conserved blocks, we have proposed that the location of a substrate binding site within RR1 is centered on three conserved glycine residues in a region which is predicted to adopt a β-sheet/turn/α-helical structure;this approximates to the structure for ADP nucleotide binding folds. Finally, we propose that the promoters for the HSV and Eptein-Barr virus (EBV) RR2 transcripts have evolved by separate evolutionary routes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010411
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Primary structure of a precursor to the asprartic proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei shows that the enzyme is synthesized as a zymogen (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 1 (1986), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: cDNA library ; disulphide bridges ; prosegment homology ; mRNA structure ; N-glycosylation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to characterize the zymogen of the milk-clotting enzyme from Rhizomucor miehei, we constructed a cDNA library on pBR327 in Escherichia coli. Aspartic proteinase-specific recombinants were isolated by colony hybridization to a specific oligonucleotide mixture, and the cDNA sequence corresponding to a precursor form of the enzyme was determined.The decuced amino sequence shows that this secreted fungal proteinase is synthesized as a precursor. The first 22 amino acid residues in this precursor constitute a typical signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of the following 47-amino-acid-long prosegment shows homology to the prosegments from both the extracellular and intracellular vertebrate aspartic proteinases, and to the prosegments from the yeast and Mucor pusillus aspartic proteinases as well. These observations suggest that all aspartic proteinases are synthesized with a prosegment and that this prosegment is essential for the correct folding of all the mature enzymes. The active Rhizomucor miehei enzyme consists of 361 amino acide residues with a total molecular weight of 38,701. Clusters of idendtities around the active site cleft support the assumption that these proteinasess have a common folding of their peptide chains. The disulphide bridges were localized in the fungal enzyme, and 2 N-glycosylation sites were identified.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340010409
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  • 48
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    Monitoring of protein product formation during fermentation with fast protein liquid chromatography (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) for the monitoring of protein formation during fermentation. The procedure consists of centrifugation to recover the cells, sonication of the cells, centrifugation to remove cell debris, and analysis of supernatant on a column of Mono Q (a strong anion exchanger). Analysis of peak areas provides quantitative determination of product concentration. Maintenance and life of the Mono Q column is discussed. We find that FPLC is a convenient method for measuring products in cell homogenates because it gives rapid, highly resolved separations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280104
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  • 49
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    Performance evaluation of an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system: Effects of mean cell residence time and anoxic hydraulic retention time (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory investigation has been undertaken to asses the effects of two operating parameters, mean cell residence time (MCRT) and anoxic hydraulic retention time (HRT), on the performance of an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system. The performance of the system was evaluated in terms of its COD, nitrogen, and biomass characteristics. An activated sludge system is capable of producing a better effluent, in terms of COD and nitrogen characteristics, when it is operated in an anoxic/oxic fashion. A longer MCRT and an adequate anoxic HRT are desirable in the operation of an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system. For the wastewater used in this investigation, the anoxic/oxic unit was capable of producing an effluent with the following characteristics when it was operated at MCRT = 20 days, total system HRT = 10 h, and anoxic HRT = 3-5 h: COD = 15 mg/L; VSS = 10 mg/L; TKN = 1.30 mg/L; NH3 - N = 0.60 mg/L; and NO2 + NO3 - N = 5.0 mg/L. A uniform distribution of biomass is achievable in an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system because of the intensive recirculation/convection maintained. The provision of an anoxic zone in the aeration tank promotes a rapid adsorption of feed COD into the biomass without an immediate utilization for cell synthesis. This, in turn, results in a high microbial activity and a lower observed biomass yield in the system. A tertiary treatment efficiency is achievable in an anoxic/oxic activated sludge system with only secondary treatment operations and costs. A conventional activated sludge system can be easily upgraded by converting to the anoxic/oxic operation with minor process modifications.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280103
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  • 50
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    The production of cellulase in a spouted bed fermentor using cells immobilized in biomass support particles (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cellulase production by Trichoderma viride QM 9123, immobilized in 6 mm diameter, spherical, stainless steel biomass support particles, has been achieved using a medium containing glucose as the main carbon source. Experiments were carried out in a 10-L spouted bed fermentor. In this type of reactor-recycled broth is used to create a jet at the base of a bed of particles, causing the particles to spout and circulate. During the circulation, particles pass through a region of high shear near the jet inlet. This effectively prevents a buildup of excess biomass and thus enables steady-state conditions to be achieved during continuous operation. Continuous production of cellulase was achieved at significantly higher yield and productivity than in conventional systems. At a dilution rate of 0.15 h-1 (nominal washout rate for freely suspended cells is 0.012 h-1), the yield of cellulase on glucose was 31% higher than that measured during batch operation, while the volumetric productivity (31.5 FPA U/L· h) was 53% greater than in the batch system. The specific cellulase productivity of the immobilized cells was more than 3 times that of freely suspended cells, showing that diffusional limitations can be beneficial. This offers significant opportunity for the further development of biomass support particles and associated bioreactors.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280107
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  • 51
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    Urokinase bound to fibrocollagenous tubes: An in vitro kinetic study (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Urokinase (UK) has been immobilized to the inner surfaces of fibrocollagenous tubes (FCT) in an attempt to develop a fibrinolytic biomaterial which may be suitable for use as a small diameter vascular prosthesis. The enzyme was bound by adsorption followed by glutaraldehyde crosslinking. An in virto kinetic study of immobilized urokinase was conducted by employing the tubular material as a flow through reactor operated in a batch recycle mode in which the esterolysis of the model substrate, N-α-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester (ALME), was monitored as a function of substrate concentration, recycle flow rate, and temperature. Results were compared with data from the soluble enzyme reaction, which was conducted in the presence and absence of 10% swine skin gelatin, in order to identify the specific effects of a collagenous microenvironment. Observed rates for the UK-FCT catalyzed reaction were observed to be dependent on recycle flow rates below 12 mL/min (Re = 107). Apparent Michaelis-Menten rate parameters were determined by a nonlinear search technique for two flow rates: one above the critical point for external diffusion effects (Re = 282) and one within the mass-transfer-limited region (Re = 71). When the latter data were corrected for external diffusion by applying the Graetz correlation for laminar flow in tubes to estimate themass transfer coefficient, the corrected Km of 6.45 ± 0.38 mM agreed very closely with the diffusion free parameter (i.e. 6.13 ± 0.63). Furthermore, this value was observed to be an order of magnitude higher than that of the soluble enzyme but approximately equal to the Km of the soluble enzyme in a 10% gelatin environment (8.13 ± 1.53 mM). It is postulated that the difference in kinetic parameters between soluble and collagen immobilized UK is due to an inherent interaction between collagen and enzyme rather than to mass transfer effects. Such aninteraction is supported by the effects of collagen on thermal stability and energy of activation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280109
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  • 52
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    Membrane separation of protein precipitates: Unstirred batch studies (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The study examines the use of ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes for concentrating isoelectric soya protein. Experiments with an unstirred batch cell indicate that the flux is limited by the protein which remains in solution after precipitation of the major proportion. The porosityof the precipitate cake formed is shown to be a second important factor. A significant improvement in flux can be obtained by using membranes which permit passage of the soluble protein and by increasing the precipitate particle size. The results are shown to be within the range predicted theoretically by the two limiting cases of a particulate model and a soluble protein model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280112
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  • 53
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    Effects of immobilization on growth, fermentation properties, and macromolecular composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae attached to gelatin (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 73-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on crosslinked gelatin were found to be substantially different from those of the suspended yeast. Batch fermentation experiments conducted in a gradientless reaction system allowed comparison of immobilized cell and suspended cell performance. The specific rate of ethanol production by the immobilized cell was 40-50% greater than for the suspended yeast. The immobilized cells consumed glucose twice as fast as the suspended cells, but their specific growth rate was reduced by 45%. Yields of biomass from the immobilized cell population were lower at one-third the value for the suspended cells. Cellular composition was also affected by immobilization. Measurements of intracellular polysaccharide levels showed that the immobilized yeast stored larger quantities of reserve carbohydrates and contained more structural polysaccharide than did suspended cells. Flow cytometry was used to obtain. DNA, RNA, and protein frequency functions for immobilized and suspended cell populations. These data showed that the immobilized cells have higher ploidy than cells in suspension. The observed changes in immobilized cell metabolism and composition may have arisen from disturbance to the yeast cell cycle by the cell attachment, causing alterations in the normal pattern of yeast bud development, DNA replication, and synthesis of cell wall components.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280111
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  • 54
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    The polymeric p- and o-quinones as the reactive supports for the enzymes immobilization (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 110-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280116
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  • 55
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    A method for the determinations of the activity and optimal pH of glucose oxidase in an unbuffered solution (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280115
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  • 56
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    Simultaneous saccharification/fermentation with zymomonas mobilis (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280118
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  • 57
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    An automatic and sterilizable sampler for laboratory fermentors: Application to the on-line control of glucose concentration (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 119-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absract.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280119
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  • 58
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    The release of fermentable carbohydrate from peat by steam explosion and its use in the microbial production of solvents (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 176-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steam treatment of peat at 200°C for 3 min, followed by instantaneous decompression (steam explosion), solubilized up to 28% of the dry matter. Seventy-five percent of the solubilized material was carbohydrate, 33% of which was composed of mono- and disaccharides, including galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, and cellobiose, in order of decreasing concentration. The solubilized materials served as the sole source of carbohydrate for growth and solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. butylicum which utilized up to 40% of the carbohydrate. Of the saccharides in this mixture, galactose was the least readily utilized. Approximately 30% of the fermentable carbohydrate used was converted to fatty acids and solvents, with the primary fermentation product being butyrate. Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum was able to utilize ca. 50% of the carbohydrate, and simultaneously produced slightly more than 1 mol ethanol/mol saccharide metabolized. This organism, like other strains tested, used galactose less readily than the other sugars. The residue from the steam explosion process contained 24% cellulose, but it could not serve as a source of carbohydrate for the growth of either Bacteroides succinogenes or Clostridium thermocellum, suggesting that inhibitors were released during the steam treatment.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280205
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  • 59
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    Immobilization of enzyme onto poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) membrane (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 198-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase was ionically bound to the poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) membrane surface modified with two aminoacetals with different molecular length, 2-dimethyl-aminoacetoaldehyde dimethylacetal (AAA) and 3-(N, N-dimethylamino-n-propanediamine) propionaldehyde dimethylacetal (APA). Immobilization conditions were determined with respect to enzyme concentration in solution, pH value, ionic strength in immobilization solution, and immobilization time. Various properties of immobilized invertase were evaluated, and thermal stability was found especially to be improved by immobilization. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km, was smaller for invertase bound by APA with longer molecular lengths than for invertase bound by AAA. We attempted to bind glucoamylase of Rhizopus delemar origin in the same way. The amount and activity of immobilized glucoamylase were much less than of invertase.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280208
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  • 60
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    Stability of alginate-immobilized algal cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 210-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Investigations were carried out using immobilized Chlorella cells to determine the diameter, compressibility, tolerance to phosphate chelation, and ability to retain algal cells during incubation of various alginate beads. These physical bead characteristics were found to be affected by a variety of interactive factors, including multivalent cation type (hardening agent) and cell, cation, and alginate concentration, the latter exhibiting a predominant influence. The susceptibility of alginate beads to phosphate chelation was found to involve a complex interaction of cation type, concentration, and pH of phosphate solution. A scale of response ranging from gel swelling to gel shrinking was observed for a range of conditions. However, stable calcium alginate beads were maintained in incubation media with a pH of 5.5 and a phosphate concentration of 5μM. A preliminary investigation into cell leakage from the beads illustrated the importance of maintaining a stable gel structure and limiting cell growth to reduce leakage.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280210
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    High algal production rates achieved in a shallow outdoor flumeHawaii Institute of Marine Biology contribution No. 698. (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mass culture of Tetraselmis suecica grown in seawater enriched with only inorganic nutrients and CO2 in a shallow outdoor flume containing foil arrays to effect systematic vertical mixing achieved average daily production rates of over 40 g ash-free dry wt (AFDW)/m2 over periods as long as one month when grown on a three-day dilution cycle. Photosynthetic efficiencies associated with these high production rates averaged 8-11% based on visible irradiance. Operation of the system in a one-, two-, or four-day dilution cycle resulted in lower photosynthetic efficiencies of 6-7%. A remarkable feature of the three-day dilution cycle results was the fact that production on the third day after dilution averaged 60-70 g AFDW/m2, and corresponding photosynthetic efficiencies averaged 13-19%. The high production rates and photosynthetic efficiencies achieved on the third day after dilution may have reflected the nonequilibrium nature of the production cycle and, in particular, the fact that the adaptation of the cells to changing light condition lagged behind light condition in the culture.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280207
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    Effect of amino acid supplement on cell yield and gene product in Escherichia coli harboring plasmid (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 204-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli harboring a recombinant plasmid was cultivated in fed-batch culture to enhance production of a gene product. Expression of the leucine gene from Thermus thermophilus in the recombinant plasmid was examined by the assay of β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity at 75°C. When E. coli was cultivated in medium without leucine, biomass concentration reached 15 g/L and the specific activity became 0.082 U/mg protein. When leucine was fed in the medium throughout cultivation, although biomass concentration reached 63 g/L, the specific activity decreased to 0.016 U/mg protein. When E. coli was cultivated in medium containing 1 g leucine/L, the specific activity remained virtually constant (about 0.13 U/mg protein) and biomass concentration reached 32 g dry cells/L. In these cultivations, growth yields of several amino acids and glucose were examined. When leucine was not added to the medium, growth yields except for histidine were lowest. When leucine was fed throughout the cultivation, growth yields of glucose and tryptophan were highest. The pH-stat was useful for feeding amino acids.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280209
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    Application of immobilized heparins for isolation of human antithrombin III (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized heparins were prepared by six different methods, and these were utilized for affinity purification of human antithrombin III (AT-III). Affinity support capacities (mg AT-III/g support) were strongly influenced by immobilized active heparin concentrations. In the temperature range 5-37°C, colder temperatures favored affinity adsorption of AT-III as well as nonspecific interactions of all proteins. For representative human-plasma-derived feed solutions the selectivity for AT-III on the affinity support was dependent on relative concentrations of non-AT-III proteins as well as the specific mode of adsorption and elution (batch/continuous).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280211
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    Oxygen supply to immobilized cells: 5. Theoretical calculations and experimental data for the oxidation of glycerol by immobilized Gluconobacter oxydans cells with oxygen or p-benzoquinone as electron acceptor (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical calculations of reaction kinetics were done for one-step reactions catalyzed by cells immobilized in spherical beads. The reactions catalyzed by free cells were assumed to obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics for a one-substrate reaction. Both external (outside the beads) and internal (inside the beads) mass transfer of the substrate were considered for the immobilized preparations. The theoretical calculations were compared with experimental data for the oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by Gluconobacter oxydans cells immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Glycerol was present in excess so that the reaction rate was limited by oxygen. The correlation between experimental data and theoretical calculations was quite good. The calculations showed how the overall effectiveness factor was influenced by, for example, the particle size and the cell density in the beads. In most cases the reaction rate was mainly limited by internal mass transfer of the substrate (oxygen). As shown previously, p-benzoquinone can replace oxygen as the electron acceptor in this reaction. The same equations for reaction kinetics and mass transfer were used with p-benzoquinone as the rate-limiting substrate. Parameters such as diffusivity, maximal reaction rate, and K were, of course, different. In this case also, the correlation between the model and the experimental results was quite good. Much higher production rates were obtained with p-benzoquinone as the electron acceptor compared to when oxygen was used. The reasons for this fact were that p-benzoquinone gave a higher maximal reaction rate for free cells and the solubility of p-benzoquinone was higher than for oxygen. Different methods of increasing the rate of microbial oxidation reactions are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280212
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    Some consideration on plasmid number in a proliferating cell (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plasmid as an extrachromosomal genetic element is an important vehicle to support the recombinant DNA technology. A picture on plasmid number per cell as a basis of expecting the gene dosage effect is worthy of drawing from the application to practice. The purpose of this communication is to present an overall and stochastic picture on the dynamics of plasmid number per cell in relation to the specific growth rate of the host cell.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280303
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    Effects of chemical modification on enzymatic activities and stabilities (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 256-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of chemical modification on the initial specific activity, residual activity, and deactivation kinetics of various enzymes is analyzed using a series mechanism. This straightforward multistate sequential model presented is consistent with the enzyme deactivation data obtained from different fields. The enzymes are placed in five different categories depending on the effect of chemical modification on initial specific activity and residual activity or stability. Wherever possible, structure-function relationships are described for the enzymes in the different categories. The categorization provides one avenue that leads to further physical insights into enzyme deactivation processes and into the enzyme structure itself.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280216
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    Protein separation by potential barrier chromatography (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 432-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Potential barrier chromatography (PBC) is a liquid chromatographic method in which the adsorption and desorption of proteins are controlled by modifications of repulsive double-layer and attractive van der Waals interactions between the proteins and the adsorbent through changes in mobile phase composition. In this review PBC is compared and contrasted to the more traditional chromatographic methods, namely, ion exchange, gel permeation, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity chromatography. The physical forces that underlie PBC (as well as the other methods) are discussed in terms of their effects on chromatographic behavior. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the use and simplicity of the method.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280317
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    Immobilization of hydrogenase in nylon gel containing electron mediator and application to an artificial photosystem (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 456-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrogenase of Desulfovibrio vulgaris was immobilized in nylon gel containing an electron mediator. With the immobilization, the stability for storage and repeated use increased and the optimal pH was shifted to the acidic side. Photoinduced hydrogen production was observed in an artificial photosystem consisting of the hydrogenase gel, metal porphyrin, and mercaptethanol.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280319
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    A novel method of determination of the internal enzyme distribution within porous solid supports and the deactivation rate constant (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 486-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents a method for determining the rate constant for deactivation and the internal distribution of immobilized enzyme. This method makes use of the parallel deactivation process in a diffusion-controlled regime, in which the internal activity profile behaves like a penetration front. This front basically traces through the initial active enzymatic profile, and one can determine the internal profile and the rate constant for deactivation from the experimentally observable bulk concentration versus time. This method is applied to the experimental data of the system of hydrogen-peroxide-immobilized catalase on controlled pore glass and Si-Al particles.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280404
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    An integrated microprocessor-based fermenter control system (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 494-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An integrated microprocessor-based fermenter controller was developed in 1980 for an operational environment at Cetus Corp. The main goals in the design and construction of the system were (1) to facilitate scale-up; (2) to provide flexibility and high performance for optimizing fermentation processes; and (3) to be cost-effective for 15 in-house systems. It was also developed to work in conjunction with a laboratory minicomputer for on-line optimization experiments. The controller controls temperature, agitation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and foam throughout each fermentation run without manual intervention. The feedback control parameters have been optimized to provide very accurate control over a wide range of setpoint conditions and under rapidly changing metabolic conditions such as induced during an Escherichia coli batch run. The controller has also been configured to monitor, display, and record each of the controlled variables; support the interactive operator console; and communicate with the laboratory computer. In over 4 years of operation, these systems have met the design goals and have proven to be very reliable. The controller is described, its operational performance presented, and a typical fermentation run delineated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280405
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    Studies on the thermal inactivation of immobilized enzymes (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 511-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermal inactivation of a great number of immobilized enzymes shows a biphasic kinetics, which distinctly differs from the first-order inactivation kinetics of the corresponding soluble enzymes. As shown for α-amylase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin covalently bound to silica, polystyrene, or polyacrylamide, the dependence of the remaining activities on the heating time can be well described by the sum of two exponential terms. To interpret this mathematical model function, the catalytic properties of immobilized enzymes (number of active sites in silica-bound trypsin, KM and Ea values in silica-bound α-amylase and chymotrypsin) at different stages of inactivation and the influence of various factors (coupling conditions, addition of denaturants or stabilizers, etc.) on the thermal inactivation of silica-bound α-amylase were studied. Furthermore, conformational alterations in the thermal denaturation of spin-labeled soluble and silica-bound β-amylase were compared by electron spin resonance (ESR) studies. The results suggest that the biphasic inactivation kinetics reflects two different pathways according to which catalytically identical enzyme molecules are predominantly inactivated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280407
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    Membrane separation of protein precipitates: Studies with cross flow in hollow fibers (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 422-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hollow fiber ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes are examined for the processing of isoelectric soya protein precipitate suspensions. A model based on the various resistances to permeate flux is used to describe membrane performance. The main resistance to permeate flux is due to the interaction between the active membrane and the soluble and precipitated protein; that is, as compared with resistances due to the active membrane itself or the membrane support structure, or arising from concentrated soluble or precipitated protein layers over the membrane surface. Soluble protein rejection and precipitate mean particle diameter are correlated with observed values of this main resistance.In contract to the ultrafiltration of soluble proteins, the flux rates observed when processing protein precipitate suspensions under a similar range of operating conditions do not approach a limiting value with increased transmembrane pressure. At high protein concentrations, greater flux rates may be achieved for precipitated as compared with soluble proteins. The use of a microfiltration membrane does not give further improvement in flux rate; this may be attributed to problems of pore fouling with precipitate particles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280316
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    Pressure drop in a packed bed with a liquid of variable viscosity: The case of dextrin hydrolysis by immobilized glucoamylase (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 452-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The activity of an immobilized enzyme in a packed bed is monitored for the change in a substrate conversion with time. But pressure drop in the packed bed with immobilized glucoamylase can serve as an indirect indicator for the changes in the conversion and activity of the immobilized enzyme. The method is simple and the change can be monitored continuously. This method can be generally applicable to systems where the viscosity of a substrate changes with its conversion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280318
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280401
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    Analysis of batch nitrification using substrate inhibition kinetics (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 461-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280320
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    The adsorption of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on coal surfaces (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 467-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to coal surfaces has been studied. Adsorption experiments were conducted on coal samples from eight different Eastern coal fields. In all cases the adsorption process was at least 90% complete within the first two minutes following inoculation. The results of these experiments were used to test the validity of two proposed adsorption models. The first model assumes that bacterial adsorption follows second-order irreversible kinetics of the second kind with respect to the concentration of bacteria and substratum surface area in the system. The second model allows for the contribution of reversible adsorption detected in desorption experiments. It was found that the combined reversible-irreversible model more accurately describes the initial stages of adsorption. Rate constants in both models were calculated for each coal sample. The relation of each of these constants to the pyrite concentration in coal is presented and the significance of these relations is discussed.Scanning electron micrographs of inoculated coal samples sho that Thiobacillus ferrooxidans selectively adsorb to exposed pyrite phases dispersed throughout the organic coal matrix. Preferential attachment was also observed along topographical faults in the caol surface. Mercury contact angle measurements on coal indicate that the selective adsorption of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans may be attributable to the lower surface free energy of pyrite relative to the organic coal matrix.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280402
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    Alkali-explosion pretreatment of straw and bagasse for enzymic hydrolysis (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 480-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw were subjected to alkali treatment at 200°C for 5 min and at 3.45 MPa gas pressure (steam and nitrogen), followed by an explosive discharge through a defibrating nozzle, in an attempt to improve the rate and extent of digestibility. The treatment resulted in the solubilization of 40-45% of the components and in the production of a pulp that gave saccharification yields of 80 and 65% in 8 h for bagasse and wheat straw, respectively. By comparison, alkali steaming at 200°C (1.72 MPa) for 5 min gave saccharification yields of only 58 and 52% in 48 h. The increase in temperature from 140 to 200°C resulted in a gradual increase in in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for both the substrates. Also, the extent of alkalinity during pretreatment appears to effect the reactivity of the final product towards enzymes. Pretreatment times ranging from 5 to 60 caused a progressive decline in the IVOMD of bagasse and wheat straw by the alkali explosion method and this was accompanied by a progressive decrease in pH values after explosion. In the alkali-steaming method, pretreatment time had no apparent effect with either substrate. An analysis of the alkali-exploded products showed that substantial amounts of hemicellulose and a small proportion of the lignin were solubilized. The percentage crystallinity of the cellulose did not alter in either substrate but there was a substantial reduction in the degree of polymerization. The superiority of the alkali-explosion pretreatment is attributed to the efficacy of fiber separation and disintegration; this increases the surface area and reduces the degree of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280403
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    Hexokinase activity as marker to assess time of harvest of foot-and-mouth disease virus in BHK21 Cl13 cell cultures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 613-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hexokinase (B.C. 2.7.1.1) activity as a marker enzyme during FMD viral infection has been observed spectrophotometrically in a system coupled with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, in supernatants of BHK21Cl13 suspension as well as anchored cell culture at a minimum of 104 infective virus particles/ml. Specific activity increased with virus concentration in culture supernatants and abruptly decreased with a fall in virus titer, as has been noted by TCID/50,146 S concentration, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) readings.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280420
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    Immobilization of trypsin on alginic acid-poly (glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin was immobilized onto alginic acid-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (AAGMA). The resulting immobilized enzyme showed 65% of the soluble enzymatic activity. The temperature optimum was shifted by 5°C to a higher value. The pH optimum of immobilized enzyme has also been shifted by 0.5 units toward the alkaline side when compared to that of soluble enzyme. The pH stability and thermal stability are better than that of soluble enzyme.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280419
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    Effect of pectin on anaerobic digestion of cattle dung (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 624-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280423
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    Immobilized phenylalanine hydroxylase through the SH groups (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 620-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purified rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase [L-phenylalanine:tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.1] was immobilized with activated thiol-Sepharose 4B via disulfide bond formation, which is expected to immobilize the enzyme in its activated form through the SH modification. This immobilized enzyme was more stable against thermal denaturation than the free enzyme. When tetrahydrobiopterin was used as the natural cofactor, the Km value for phenylalanine was decreased and that for the cofactor was increased. Constant conversion from phenylalanine to tyrosine was demonstrated continuously for over 8 h at 25°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280422
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    On-line adaptive control of a fed-batch fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 631-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of applying an adaptive control technique to a fermentation process is investigated. The nonlinear, time-variant parameters of a fermentation process were estimated on-line as a series of linearized describing matrices. The matrices were used to update a suboptimal feedback law which controlled the process in real time over the linear region. Experiments were performed on a small-scale fully instrumented fermenter with the online, real-time adaptive control package. Results are presented for both single- and multivariable control, and indicate successful control of yeast cell growth.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280502
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  • 83
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    Analysis of exponential growth data for yoghurt cultures (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 895-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Obtaining accurate estimates of maximum specific growth rate, growth yield, and product yield is important for many fermentation processes. A systematic procedure is presented to select the exponential growth region and estimate the maximum specific growth rate using the covariate adjustment method with all the available measured variables (i.e. biomass, substrate, and product). The procedure is applied to data collected during growth of pure and mixed cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus on 3% dry milk under anaerobic conditions. The estimation procedure gives good estimates with relatively narrow confidence intervals even though biomass concentration is measured by an indirect method. The estimated values of maximum specific growth rate range from 0.2805 h-1 for S. thermophilus (ATCC-19258) to 0.4672 h-1 for S. thermophilus (Microlife). Growth and product yields are estimated using regression analysis and the data for the exponential growth region. The growth yields are compared to their theoretical maximum values.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280617
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  • 84
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    Electronic Resource
    Elimination of bicarbonate interference in the binding of U(VI) in mill-waters to freeze-dried chlorella vulgaris (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 764-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280519
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  • 85
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    Morphology of yeast cell wall as affected by genetic manipulation of β(1 → 6) glycosidic linkage (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 769-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The morphology of yeast cells as it is affected by the glycosidic linkages of constituent glucan was studied. Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. A cell wall matrix particle representing the intact original morphology and composed entirely of β-glucan was prepared. Using prepared cell wall glucan particles, the morphology and cell wall matrix structure were examined. Genetic modification of the cell wall structure during growth results in the alteration of the shape and hydrodnamic volume of the intact cell wall particles. The shape and hydrodynamic volume of the cell wall particles can also be modified by in vitro chemical and enzymatic treatment. The shape factor and hydrodynamic volume of the whole glucan cell wall matrix particles were evaluated quantitatively using a rheological analysis. An increased degree of β(1 → 6) cross-linking in the cell wall matrix induces a nearly 2-fold increase in the shape factor and a 10-fold increase in the compression modulus of the glucan particles. The disruption of β(1 → 6) glycosidic cross-linking causes the particles to swell by up to 18% of their original volume. This was used as a strategy to isolate a yeast mutant with a high β(1 → 6) glycosidic content in the cell wall glucan.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280602
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  • 86
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    Steam-explosion pretreatment of wood: Effect of chip size, acid, moisture content and pressure drop (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 792-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Material balances for pentosan, lignin, and hexosan, during steam-explosion pretreatment of aspenwood, showed almost quantitative recovery of cellulose in the water-insoluble fraction. Dilute acid impregnation resulted in more selective hydrolysis of pentosan relative to undesirable pyrolysis, and gave a more accessible substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. Thermocouple probes, located inside simulated aspenwood chips heated in 240°C-saturated steam, showed rapid heating of air-dry wood, whereas green or impregnated wood heated slowly. Small chips, 3.2 mm in the fiber direction, whether green or airdry gave approximately equal rates of pentosan destruction and solubilization, and similar yields of glucose and of total reducing sugars on enzymatic hydrolysis with Trichoderma harzianum. Partial pyrolysis, destroying one third of the pentosan of aspenwood at atmospheric pressure by dry steam at 276°C, gave little increase in yield of reducing sugars on enzymatic hydrolysis. Treatment with saturated steam at 240°C gave essentially the same yields of glucose and of total reducing sugars, and the same yields of butanediol and ethanol on fermentation with Klebsiella pneumoniae, whether or not 80% of the steam was bled off before explosion and even if the chips remained intact, showing that explosion was unnecessary.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280604
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  • 87
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    Behaviors of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a mild sulfuric acid hydrolysis (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 811-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal and modification of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a 0.05%(w/v) sulfuric acid hydrolysis were investigated. The hydrolysis profile was to raise the reaction from room temperature to 150°C for in 38 min and to extend the hydrolysis at 150°C for 1 h. At the end of the hydrolysis, 25.5% of red oak components were dissolved, of which 58% was xylose and 17% lignin. As the hydrolysis proceeded from room temperature to 150°C, a part of red oak xylan was removed to yield an oligomer fraction having maximal yield and average molecular weight of 3460 at 150°C. This fraction and the bulk xylan extracted during the first 30 min at 150°C were further degraded to give a lower molecular weight oligomer fraction, of which the yield and average molecular weight (2610) were highest at the end of the bulk removal of xylan. Red oak lignin, syringyl and guaiacyl units in particular, was increasingly removed with the progress of the hydrolysis. Lignin derivatives and a part of red oak extractives soluble in the hydrolysate were identified.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280606
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  • 88
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    Diffusion coefficients of glucose and ethanol in cell-free and cell-occupied calcium alginate membranes (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 829-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The diffusivities of glucose and ethanol in cell-free and cell-occupied membranes of calcium alginate were measured in a diffusion cell. The lag time analysis was used. Diffusivities decreased with increasing alginate concentration and were comparable with those in water for a 2% alginate membrane. Glucose and ethanol concentrations had no effect on the respective diffusion coefficients. The ratio of ethanol diffusivity to glucose diffusivity in 2 and 4% alginate agreed closely with the inverse ratio of the hydrodynamic raii for the two molecules in water, indicating that the hydrodynamic theory of diffusion in liquids may be applicable to diffusion in dilute alginate gels. Also, the presence of 20% dead yeast cells had no effect on the diffusivities. The data reported can be used to study reaction and diffusion in immobilized cell reactors and cell physiology under immobilized conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280609
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  • 89
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    Kinetics of batch fermentations for ethanol production with Zymomonas mobilis growing on Jerusalem Artichoke juice (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 850-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flocculent strain of Zymomonas mobilis was used for ethanol production from Jerusalem Artichoke juice containing 113-245 g/L sugar in batch fermentation. The kinetic and yields parameters are calculated using a new method based on polynomial equations for the variation of biomass, ethanol, and sugar concentrations with time. The results show that. Z. mobilis can convert rapidly and efficiently Jerusalem Artichoke juice to ethanol. When a sugar concentration of 248 gL was used, 100 g/L ethanol was formed with an ethanol yield based on sugar utilized of 0.47 g/g (92% of theoretical LP).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280612
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Detailed study of anaerobic digestion of Spirulina maxima algal biomass (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1014-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass of the blue-green alga Spirulina maxima was converted to methane using continuous stirred tank digesters with an energy conversion efficiency of 59%. Digesters were operated using once-a-day feeding with a retention time (θ) between 5 and 40 days, volatile solid concentrations (Sto) between 20 and 100 kg VS/m3, and temperatures between 15 and 52°C. The results indicated a maximum methane yield of 0.35 m3 (STP)/kg VS added at θ 30 days and Sto 20 kg VS/m3. Under such conditions, the energy conversion of the algal biomass to methane was 59%. The maximum methane production rate of 0.80 m3 (STP)/m3 day was obtained with θ= 20 days and S = 100 kg VS/m3. The mesophilic condition at 35°C produced the maximum methane yield and production rate. The process was stable and characterized by a high production of volatile acids (up to 23, 200 mg/L), alkalinity (up to 20, 000 mg/L), and ammonia (up to 7000 mg/L), and the high protein content of the biomass produced a well buffered environment which reduced inhibitory effects. At higher loading rates, the inhibition of methanogenic bacteria was observed, but there was no clear-cut evidence that such a phenomenon was due to nonionized volatile acids or gaseous ammonia. The kinetic analysis using the model proposed by Chen and Hashimoto indicated that the minimum retention time was seven days. The optimum retention time increased gradually from 11 to 16 days with an increase in the initial volatile solid concentration. The kinetic constant K decreased with the improvement in the digester performance and increased in parallel with the ammonia concentration in the culture media.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280712
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Use of hexadecyl fractosil as a hydrophobic carrier for adsorptive immobilization of proteins (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1037-1043 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fractosil, a porous form of silica, has been used for the preparation of a hydrophobically derivatized carrier for protein immobilization. Interaction of a number of arbitrarily chosen proteins with hexadecyl-substituted Fractosil has been investigated. Binding of proteins was found to take place with retention of their native properties. Glutamate dehydrogenase, used as a model allosteric protein, was found to retain its catalytic and allosteric properties upon binding to the adsorbent in the form of suspension or column. Positive cooperative interactions for binding of bovine serum albumin and glutamate dehydrogenase to the matrix were observed. These findings are discussed in terms of hydrophobic interactions occurring between various residues of the protein molecules and the hydrophobic ligands in addition to those interactions which may occur with the unsubstituted gel. Results presented on immobilized glutamate dehydrogenase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, α-amylase, and amyloglucosidase clearly indicate possible potential of the support for continuous catalytic transformations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280714
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis in modulated light: Quantitative dependence of photosynthetic enhancement on flashing rate (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 988-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to predict the potential benefit associated with mixing devices designed to introduce periodic light modulations in dense cultures of microalgae, it is necessary to develop a quantitative understanding of the relationship between the frequency of the modulations and the resulting photosynthetic efficiency enhancement. To explore this relationship, the photosynthetic rate of cells of Phaeodactylum tricornutum from a dense steady state culture was determined as a function of modulation frequency, intensity of light received, and the proportion of the total cycle period during which the cells were illuminated. At high flash frequencies, the photosynthetic rate was determined by the average intensity received by the cells (full light intensity integration), while at low frequencies the cells responded to the instantaneous intensity (no light intensity integration). Full integration was approached asymptotically with increasing flash frequency. The frequency response could be described by a rectangular hyperbola, and the parameters of this hyperbola were nearly independent of the illumination intensity and the flash proportion. The saturation constant of the hyperbola, at which the response is one-half of the maximum, was 0.67 Hz.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280709
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  • 93
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    Analysis of unstable recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth in selective medium (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 996-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Widely applied selection strategies for plasmid-containing cells in unstable recombinant populations are based upon synthesis in those cells of an essential, selection gene product. Regular partitioning of this gene product combined with asymmetric plasmid segregation produces plasmid-free cells which retain for some time the ability to grow in selective medium. This theory is elaborated here in terms of a segregated model for an unstable recombinant population which predicts population growth characteristics and composition based upon experimental data for stable strain growth kinetics, plasmid content, and selection gene product stability. Analytical solutions from this model are compared with an unsegregated phenomenological model to evaluate the effective specific growth rate of plasmid-free cells in selective medium. Model predictions have been validated using experimental growth kinetics and flow cytometry data for Saccharomyces cerevisiae D603 populations containing one of the plasmids YCpG1ARS1, YCpG1ΔR8, YCpG1ΔR88, YCpG1ΔH103, YCpG1ΔH200, pLGARS1, and pLGSD5. The recombinant strains investigated encompass a broad range of plasmid content (from one to 18 plasmids per cell) and probability α of plasmid loss at division (0.05 ≤ α ≤ 0.42). Experimental data for all strains considered is inconsistent with the hypothesis that plasmid-free cells are unable to grow in selective medium. For a given value of a, the fraction of plasmid-containing cells in the population decreases with increasing plasmid content and increases for less stable selection gene products. This conceptual framework and mathematical model will aid in strain development for greater effective stability.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280710
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  • 94
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    Investigations of oxygen transfer into Penicillium chrysogenum pellets by microprobe measurements (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1024-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A microcoaxial needle sensor with a tip diameter of ca. 0.7 μm was used as a microprobe to measure profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) within fixed pellets of Penicillium chrysogenum as a function of the DOT level around the pellet, in the presence and absence of bulk convective flow and turbulence. The investigations indicate that the oxygen transfer mechanism is complex. The results were interpreted by assuming the penetration convective flow into the entire pellet and penetration of turbulence into the outer range. A model was developed which was able to describe the measured DOT profiles very well. The model takes into account molecular and turbulent diffusion as well as convective flow as transfer mechanisms inside of the pellet. Structures of pellets used for microprobe measurements were evaluated by histological investigations. Considerable variations of mycelial density with radius within the pellets were found.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280713
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  • 95
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    Operation and pressure distribution of immobilized cell hollow fiber bioreactors (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1064-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been cited in the literature on hollow fiber systems that pressure gradients persist, and the transmembrane flux of the hollow fiber system is dependent on the pattern of the pressure gradients. The pattern can be used to its advantage in immobilized enzyme systems. However, with immobilized living cell systems, the pressure gradients lead to a nonuniform environment within the hollow fiber cartridge and not necessarily favorable results. This article provides pertinent pressure-drop data on hollow fiber cartridges which are in flow configurations typical of immobilized cell culture work. The results illuminate operational problems that may arise in the culture of either anchorage dependent or independent cells. Possible solutions with crossflow systems are suggested.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280717
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Determination of reactor biomass by acoustic resonance densitometry (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1241-1249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acoustic resonance densitometry (ARD) is reported as a method suitable not only for precise investigations into changes of specific gravity in bioreactor media but also as a technique able to provide an accurate wide range and direct determination of cellular mass in fermentation processes. It is further shown that this method can replace present optical procedures, minimizing dilution errors and operator involvement and is suitable for development as an on-line biomass monitoring system.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280816
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  • 97
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    Characteristics of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil in AOT-isooctane reversed micelles (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1250-1255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida rugosa lipase solubilized in organic solvents in the presence of both surfactant and water could catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides, and kinetic analysis of the lipase-catalyzed reaction was found to be possible in this system. Among eight organic solvents tested, isooctane was most effective for the hydrolysis of olive oil in reversed micelles. Temperature effect, pH profile, Km,app and Vmax,app were determined. Among various chemical compounds, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Fe3+ inhibited lipase severely. But the enzyme activity was restorable partially by adding histidine or glycine to the system containing these metal ions. The enzyme activity was dependent on R (molar ratio of water to surfactant) and maximum activity was obtained at R = 10.5. Upon addition of glycerol to the reversed micelles, lipase activity was affected in a different fashion depending on the R values. Stability of the lipase in reversed micelles was also dependent on R, and it was most stable at R = 5.5.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280817
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  • 98
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    Granulation of biomass in thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors treating acidified wastewaters (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1286-1287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280822
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  • 99
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    Masthead (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280901
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  • 100
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    Deactivation theory (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1277-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general model of enzyme deactivations involving unimolecular processes is introduced. For most mechanisms of this type, the parameters of the general model can be expressed in terms of actual physical parameters. The number of physical parameters that can be determined from the deactivation data cannot exceed the number of independent constants in the general model. When there is an excess of physical parameters, then some parameters must be determined from independent methods of analysis. If this is not possible, then some parameters must be left as lumped parameters or global parameters. The general form of the model can be useful in determining the number of independent, potentially active forms of the enzyme present during deactivation. Some exceptions to the general model are due to higher-order processes such as dissociation, autolysis, and biological contamination.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280821
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