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  • 1955-1959  (589)
  • 1920-1924
  • Chemical Engineering  (583)
  • somaclonal variation  (6)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 30-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the application of the root-locus method in the design of a control system for a theoretical stirred-tank reactor. The merits of control by measuring reactor concentration or temperature were considered at both an unstable and stable steady state reactor condition. The modes of control studied were proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-rate.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 54-60 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some characteristics are reported for the fluidization of an air-microspheroidal catalyst system in a 16-in.-diameter bed equipped with baffles. The back-mixing characteristics and retention-time distributions of gas and solids, allowable gas and solids velocities, entrainment rate, and bed density are studied as functions of baffle design.It is shown that the use of baffles narrows the retention-time spectrum and permits either concurrent or countercurrent flow while not seriously reducing gas or solids throughput or solids holdup.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 76-79 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel nitrates from aqueous solution would add to the fundamental knowledge of extraction of metal salts. In experiments performed to determine the extractibility of these metals as nitrates from aqueous solutions by organic solvents, normal butanol was found to be the best solvent and gave equilibrium distribution coefficients K for cobalt or nickel nitrate of about 0.3. The presence of nitric acid tended to decrease these at high metal concentrations.In mixtures of the two metals the K value of either metal was found to depend on the total metal concentration. Low separation factors of about 1.3 were obtained. Very high K values of over 5 were obtained for the equilibrium extraction of the nitric acid in the presence of the metal nitrates by the n-butanol an indication of commercial possibilities.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although a considerable amount of work has been done on the compressibility of n-hexane, it has been impossible until now to compare or evaluate the work of the various investigators. There has also been a serious lack of information in the region above the critical temperature. It is the purpose of this work to make an extensive study of temperatures of 240° to 300°C. and of pressures up to 225 atm. in order to provide the lacking information and to overlap with the work of other investigators so that a proper evaluation of their work may be made.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 136-136 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particulate fluidization and sedimentation data were taken over the Reynolds number range of 0.005 to 1,800 by means of glass spheres in both water and ethylene glycol. Porosities for each series of measurements varied from about 0.50 to 0.91 and larger. The closely sized samples of spheres used were obtained by grinding between glass plates. The data for Reynolds numbers up to about 0.5 are in excellent agreement with the laminar theory of Ruth and the porosity function from Ruth's theory gave a satisfactory correlation of all the data, both laminar and turbulent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of the transfers of momentum, energy, and material is of ever-pressing concern to the engineer interested in process design. Recently developed facts concerning the transport of momentum which are of particular use in predicting transfers of energy and material are reviewed, as well as the background of thermodynamics associated with transport processes. The more elemental relationships pertaining to thermal and material transfer in flowing streams are considered, and some of the interrelations of the transport processes are presented.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction rate of gaseous acetylene and hydrogen chloride was studied experimentally on a mercuric chloride-activated carbon catalyst at pressures from 1 to 4 atm. and temperatures of 167°, 212°, and 257°F. The measurements were made in a differential reactor packed with mercuric chloride impregnated on activated carbon, the data being taken to obtain the separate effect of the partial pressure of each of the components on the rate.The results indicated that hydrogen chloride was strongly adsorbed on the catalyst and that vinyl chloride was also adsorbed to a significant extent. A rate equation, which well represented the data, was developed from the following postulates: (a) acetylene is adsorbed on the catalyst on one type of site, (b) hydrogen chloride and vinyl chloride are adsorbed on a different kind of site, (c) the formation of vinyl chloride occurs by reaction of adsorbed acetylene and adsorbed hydrogen chloride, and (d) the rates of adsorption and desorption are fast compared with the formation rate of vinyl chloride.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous publications have shown that for solid spheres fluidized in water a unique relationship exists between the slip velocity and the system holdup. With this work as a model a method is now presented for estimating the behavior of the liquid-in-liquid spray column in which droplets of one phase move through a second quiescent phase.Combining the solids fluidization results with information on the single droplet terminal velocity one can obtain a design estimate of the holdup or interphase contact area for the liquid-liquid spray column. This design estimate includes the particular nature of the liquid droplet of being susceptible to internal circulation, oscillation, and distortion.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 412-563 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 551-555 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enthalpy of water in the liquid state has been calculated from 32°F. to temperatures approaching the critical and pressures ranging from saturated conditions to 160,000 lb./sq. in. abs. (approximately 11,000 atm). The results of this study are presented graphically and show that the influence of pressure on enthalpy is significant, particularly in the lower temperature region. At these conditions pressure is found to increase the enthalpy of liquid water by as much as 360 B.t.u./lb. above the corresponding enthalpy of the saturated liquid state.A comprehensive literature search disclosed PVT data for water that permitted the construction of a density correlation. This correlation expressed in reduced coordinates extends from the normal freezing point of water to temperatures of 1,870°F. (TR = 2.0) and pressures ranging up to 10,915 atm. (PR = 50). The recent extensive PVT data of Kennedy reported in 1950 supplemented with the earlier data of Amagat and Bridgman allowed the calculation of enthalpies at these elevated temperatures and pressures. For these calculations basic thermodynamic relationships were adapted which utilized this reduced density correlation. This approach has made possible the extension of the thermodynamic properties of liquid water above the highest pressure reported by Keenan and Keys. Below this pressure of 6,000 lb./sq. in abs. good agreement was found to exist between the enthalpy values presented by Keenan and Keyes and those reported in this investigation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 5D-5D 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The derived thermodynamic properties of acetylene have been determined over a temperature range of 32 to 500°F. and up to pressures of 2,000 lb./sq. in. abs. The data were calculated from vapor pressure, volumetric, and heat-capacity data by the use of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data were found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate within ±1.0 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.001 B.t.u./(lb.)(°R.).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved method is presented for handling isomer groups in the calculation of chemical equilibria in complex hydrocarbon mixtures. The new method reduces the number of simulataneous equations involved and makes practical the rigorous calculation of any hydrocarbon system for which free-energy data are available, no matter how complex.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 46-50 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented for three ternary systems and the quaternary at pressures of 500 and 1,000 1b./sq. in. abs. and at temperatures of -100° and -200°F. These data along with information in the literature were correlated to give charts of equilibrium ratios as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation was performed on the mass transfer by sublimation from the outer surfaces of hollow naphthalene cylinders, 0.75 and 1.00 in. in diam., in parallel air streams at velocities between 20 and 120 ft./sec. Local mass transfer rates on the cylinders were obtained by a profilometric technique consisting of accurate determinations of changes in radii of the subliming surfaces at points along elements of the cylinders.Local coefficients of mass transfer obtained with laminar boundary layers for Reynolds numbers (based on axial length) between 12,000 and 100,000 were found to be up to 8% greater, because of surface curvature, than corresponding values for flat surfaces. Moreover comparison of the mass-transfer data with a theoretical prediction for laminar skin friction on circular cylinders indicates an effect of surface curvature on the Chilton-Colburn anology between momentum and mass transfer amounting to as much as 6% in the range of air velocity employed. For turbulent boundary layers obtained by artificial triggering of turbulence at the leading edges of the cylinders no effect of surface curvature was found. The results obtained for Reynolds numbers of 40,000 to 1,000,000 are lower than previously published correlations of turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transfer, when compared by the Boelter, Martinelli, and Jonassen form of the analogy.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laminar jet method for contracting a liquid with a gas for contact times down to 1 msec. has been developed. A jet is formed with a very thin square-edged orifice to minimize boundary-layer effects, and the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into water is found to depend only upon contact time, an indication that the method is self-consistent.The rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into pure water is 1 to 4% lower than the theoretical rate for absorption into a jet in rodlike flow the surface of which is instantaneously saturated. This indicates that, at most, interfacial resistance in this system is small and justifies the common assumption of interfacial equilibrium.Jets with thick boundary layers were formed with other types of orifices, and the absorption rates into these jets were lower than the theoretical value because of the decreased surface velocity. This effect can be easily mistaken for an interfacial resistance.The presence of a commercial surface-active agent causes an apparent interfacial resistance which is due at least partly to a hydrodynamic effect.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory and calibration procedure for a cylindrical falling body viscometer is presented.Experimental viscosity data are given for liquid methane from -150°C. to the critical point and for liquid propane from -185° to +90°C. The maximum experimental error for methane data is ±8% and for propane data ±5%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drying of two highly porous thick textiles is studied and compared. Extremes are chosen in that one package is composed of a Terylene (British form of a polyester fiber) net fabric of open structure and the other of a woolen flannel of close structure. The cloths are wound as bobbins and dried by hot air streaming in a wind tunnel, the air flowing parallel to the axis of the cylinder of material. The weight of water as drying progresses is measured by a balance, and thermocouples within the bobbin provide a temperature record.On investigation of the thermal conductivity of the dry structure, it is found that whereas the coefficient for the wool-air mixture is constant throughout, the coefficient for the Terylene-air mixture applies only in the depths, the apparent thermal conductivity growing larger toward the surface and with increasing air speed, as if the heat transfer through the open structure is assisted by some form of air penetration.As the thick textiles dry, the rate of evaporation falls off, since heat and water vapor have to pass through an increasing layer of dry material. While this is occurring, a constant temperature, the “pseudo-wet-bulb temperature,” is established throughout the wet cloth. This state of equilibrium may be expressed as an equation between the rate of heat conduction inward and that required to produce the vapor diffusion outward. From this equation the pseudo-wet-bulb temperature can be calculated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 135-136 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 178-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients from 1/2-in. spheres of benzoic and cinnamic acids and 2-napthol to water were measured in the high Reynolds number region of 600 to 140,000. Previous data for liquids extended only to a Reynolds number of 11,000. Three separate and approximately parallel lines of JD vs. Reynolds number were found for the different solutes, and the shape of the curves was found to be similar to the total-drag-coefficient correlation for spheres.Experiments with benzoic acid and 2-napthol showed an effect of driving force and hence flux on the JD values. Mass transfer did occur in saturated solutions having zero driving force. When one subtracted the amount of mass transfer at zero driving force from the values at other driving forces, the corrected JD values at different driving forces were the same for a given solute. Possible explanations may be the effect of extreme turbulence on crystallization or physical attrition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 111-115 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized computing method is developed to perform mathematical “relaxation” on a Datatron digital computer. The application of the developed relaxation or iteration procedures results in obtaining numerical solutions to several engineering boundary-value problems expressed by elliptic differential equations. The developed digital relaxation routine is found to be effective, fast, and practical in solving numerous steady-state heat and mass transfer problems with arbitrary and quite often complex boundary conditions. While the specific speed and accuracy of the developed digital method is found to depend upon the type of differential equation, the grid size, and computational tolerance requirements, a typical problem indicates that 250 iterations/min. speed and 1% accuracy may be achieved in an average case.The examples presented in this paper are chosen from the more classical heat transfer and temperature and pressure distribution problems in order to indicate some other areas where similar engineering problems can be solved however complex the boundary conditions may be.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-135 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 9M 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow characteristics of dense solid-gas mixtures transported through horizontal pipes were studied with glass beads and coal powders of various sizes (0.0028 to 0.0297 in.) in 1/2-, 3/4- and 1-in. glass pipes and a 1/4-in. steel pipe. Fluidized-bed feeders were utilized, thus permitting solid-gas ratios considerably higher (range 80 to 750) than those possible with conventional pneumatic transport. When such high solid-gas ratios are used, the flow of mixtures in transport lines is characterized by a large amount of slippage between gas and solids. The flow pattern is dicussed on the basis of visual observation through glass pipes.A simple and interesting velocity relationship was noted, namely that the average gas velocity is about twice as large as the average solid-particle velocity. The solid-particle velocities and solid loadings in the pipe line were found to be primary factors affecting pressure drops, and the particle sizes and shapes, on the other hand, exerted a very slight effect on the pressure drops. This is apparently due to the fact that the solids move predominantly in the bottom of the pipes as agglomerated masses rather than as individually suspended particles. A pressure-drop correlation for the dense solid-gas mixtures is proposed, and applications and limitations of the correlation are shown.
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  • 29
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 270-271 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 189-204 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis for turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids through smooth round tubes has been performed for the first time and has yielded a completely new concept of the attending relationship between the pressure loss and mean flow rate. In addition, the analysis has permitted the prediction of non-Newtonian turbulent velocity profiles, a topic on which the published literature is entirely silent.To confirm the theoretical analysis, experimental data were taken on both polymeric gels and solid-liquid suspensions under turbulent-flow conditions. Fluid systems with flow-behavior indexes between 0.3 and 1.0 were studied at Reynolds numbers as high as 36,000. All the fully turbulent experimental data supported the validity of the theoretical analysis. The final resistance-law correlation represents a generalization of von Karman's equation for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow and is applicable to all non-Newtonians for which the shear rate depends only on shear stress, irrespective of rheological classification. All the turbulent experimental data for the non-Newtonian systems were correlated by this relationship with a mean deviation of 1.9%.
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physical absorption of gas by water in a tower packed with Raschig rings has been investigated. The liquid-side mass transfer coefficient which was separated by dividing the capacity coefficient by the wetted surface area is discussed from the standpoints of the two-film and penetration theories. A new and simpler dimensionless group is presented which correlates about 90% of the data reported, including the author's own, within an accuracy of ±20%.
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and fluid dynamics were studied in columns in which hot mercury was sprayed into a rising stream of water. Volumetric and area heat transfer coefficients are presented which were found to be lower than those reported for heat transfer from fixed spheres.It was observed that considerable water bypassed the stream of drops, while some surrounding the drops flowed downward. This behavior resulted in water temperatures at the base of the column which were considerably higher than the inlet water temperatures. Consequently the outlet mercury temperature did not approach the inlet water temperature as a limit. The very unconventional flow pattern of the water was unexpected and is believed to be an important factor in spray-column heat transfer and mass transfer kinetics.
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  • 34
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 271-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8J 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 38
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to contribute to knowledge of the nature of the phase behavior of partially miscible liquid systems, a study of the benzene-water system was undertaken. The pressures at liquid- and vapor-phase boundaries of fifteen mixtures of benzene and water were determined within the temperature range of 200 to 357°C. Along with a complete numerical tabulation, these data are presented graphically as pressure-temperature, pressure-composition, and temperature-composition phase diagrams to show the nature of the boundaries.Up to the three-phase critical end point, the benzene-water system develops in a manner usually ascribed to a partially miscible system in which the vapor compositin at a point of univariance lies intermediate to the two liquid compositions. The three-phase critical end point occurs at 1,364 1b./sq. in. abs. and 268.3°C., and the composition of the critical phase is 25.8 weight % water, with the remaining liquid phase 92.8 weight % water.The pressure, temperature, and composition of the critical solution end point are deduced as 2,300 1b./sq. in. abs., 306.4°C., and 59 weight % water, respectively. At temperatures between these two critical points the phase behavior is likened to that of a dense gas or fluid dissolved in a liquid. Definite limiting values of temperature and pressure are assignable to this behavior by the extension of the three-phase curve up to the critical solution end point. This extended curve is not a phase boundary, but the temperature and pressure at a given point on the curve represents in a mixture of fixed composition the limit of mutual solubility of the benzene-rich fluid phase and the water-rich phase. At a temperature above or a pressure below the given point the liquid phase begins to vaporize.Above the critical solution end point the vapor-liquid phase boundaries are like those of a normal binary mixture.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 314-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an investigation of the behavior of an air-fluidized bed of glass spheres under varying interparticle forces, the results obtained are explained by hypothesizing the coexistence of particulate and aggregative fluidization. As interparticle forces are increased, a greater portion of the particles are in aggregative fluidization, resulting in a decrease in bed height. In this study water added to the fluidizing air increased the interparticle forces. Up to 0.5 mass % water was used, with a fluidized bed of glass spheres 0.013 to 0.035 in. in diameter. The resulting decrease in bed height has been correlated by means of a theoretical equation for the increase in interparticle forces due to the added water.
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  • 40
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 411-411 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of high concentration gradients and high evaporative velocities on rates of mass transfer was studied by evaporating liquids into low-speed inert gas streams at pressures approaching the vapor pressure of the liquids.Inert gas concentration in some experiments changed nearly fivefold across the boundary layer. The velocity normal to the surface (owing to evaporation), usually neglected in comparison with main-stream velocity, varied from 0.038 to 19 times the main-stream velocity.The data for air-water, air-carbon tetrachloride, air-chlorobenzene, and helium-chlorobenzene systems were represented within experimental error over the Graetz number range of 0.1 to 1,800 by the flat-duct equations of Butler and Plewes (2) and also by the usual dimensionless plots.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Void fractions (fraction of the flow cross-sectional area occupied by the gas phase) have been measured for steam-water flows in an adiabatic, horizontal test section of 0.484 in. I.D. at 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 1b./sq. in. gauge. A comprehensive survey of void data for two-phase concurrent flow is included in the paper, and the data, including the Martinelli and homogeneous flow model predictions, are compared. System characteristics, involving one- and two-component flows in horizontal and vertical test sections with and without heat transfer over a range of flow ratios, total flow rates, and pressure, are too complex, and the data available are neither extensive nor precise enough to warrant the generation of over-all correlations. Use of the void data in correlating two-phase frictional pressure drops is discussed. A model has been presented for the prediction of critical flows based upon the void data, and calculations have been made for steam-water critical flows over a range of critical pressures from 15 to 2,000 1b./sq. in. abs.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 467-474 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radiant transfer through fibrous and foamed insulating materials was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Transmission measurements were made under isothermal conditions with a black-body source varying from 200° to 800°F. Bulk density and fiber and pore size were also varied. These data were interpreted successfully in terms of a simple theoretical model. The results provide design information and define the contributions of the several mechanisms of transfer.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 379-384 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixtures of hydrochloric and phosphoric acids were extracted from aqueous solution by organic solvents in a study to advance the theories of solvent extraction.Four solvents, t-amyl alcohol, n-butanol, cyclohexanol, and 2-hydroxyethyl, n-hexyl ether, were found to give high distribution coefficients of 0.1 to 0.5 for both acids. In studies using the ether type of solvent an increase of the pH of the aqueous phase from 0 to 10 reduced the distribution ratio of phosphoric acid by a factor of 1,100.The substitution of hydriodic acid for hydrochloric caused a 42% increase in the K of phosphoric acid, which could indicate the importance of internal pressure of the additive in extraction. Measurements of activity coefficients of the hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution showed only a 1% increase in its activity coefficient with addition of large amounts of phosphoric acid. This could not be sufficient to cause up to a 40% increase in the distribution coefficient of the hydrochloric acid with the addition of the phosphoric acid.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 406-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8S 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 436-439 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The current understanding of the macroscopic (bulk) properties of polar substances in terms of molecular theory, or the correlation of them in terms of corresponding-states principles is summarized.
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 446-452 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An open type of reciprocating-plate extraction column was developed, and it is proposed that the scaling up of such a column should be straightforward; that is, the height of an equivalent theoretical stage (H.E.T.S.) and the throughput per unit area should be independent of the diameter of the column.Plates having 5/8-in.-diameter holes and 62.8% free space were selected to minimize the resistance to countercurrent flow in the column. With this design low H.E.T.S. values were achieved at throughputs much higher than those reported for other columns. Thus for two systems the present column was shown to require the lowest volume of column to accomplish a given extraction job. Data were obtained in a 3-in.-diameter column on two systems, methyl isobutyl ketone-acetic acid-water and o-xylene-acetic acid-water. Throughputs studied on the first system ranged from 547 to 1,837 gal./hr./sq. ft., and the corresponding minimum H.E.T.S. values achieved were 4.3 and 7.5 in. respectively. For the second system minimum H.E.T.S. values of 7.7 and 9.1 in. were attained at throughputs of 424 and 804 gal./hr./sq. ft. respectively.Extraction column design procedures are discussed. The fabrication of the reciprocating-plate column is relatively simple, and this should encourage its use first in pilot-scale sizes and ultimately in large-scale columns.
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 483-485 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A brief review is presented of the theoretical solution obtained by the authors to the problem of a rapid second-order reaction in the incompressible laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. An experimental system is described for investigating reactions of this type, specifically the dissolution of plates and cylinders of benzoic and cinnamic acids in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium hydroxide. Experimental data are reported in terms of a reaction factor, that is the ratio of the transfer rate with reaction to that in the absence of reaction. The reaction factor is independent of position. The theory closely predicts the reaction factor for cylinders as well as for flat plates. Data obtained by other investigators for packed beds can also be correlated although less successfully.
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 502-505 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pure liquids were evaporated in a wetted-wall column into flowing streams of air to investigate the thickness and transfer resistance of gas films.It was found necessary to express Reynolds number relative to the liquid surface to correlate transfer with gas flow.Laminar and buffer layers in the gas phase were calculated from fluid-flow principles and compared to the effective film thickness calculated from mass transfer and molecular diffusivity. Good agreement was obtained, indicating applicability of fluid mechanics to mass transfer problems.Eddy diffusivity was indicated to have a negligible effect upon the total resistance to transfer. Consequently it might be concluded that in packed towers where distances in the turbulent phase are shorter transfer between phases depends almost entirely upon molecular diffusivity.
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 539-544 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the reaction rates of mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia over a doubly promoted iron catalyst at 400° and 450°C. and at pressures up to 1,000 atm. In this work particular care has been taken to obtain data representing the true kinetics of the reaction. The reactor used was essentially isothermal, and the effects of diffusion have been reduced to a minimum. The results have been correlated by the use of the mechanism proposed by Temkin and Pyschev (19) with moderate success.
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 566 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 57
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a review of the field of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The three essential steps in the use of this form of thermodynamics are the calculation of the entropy production, the setting up of the linear phenomenological equations, and the use of the Onsager reciprocal relation. The most important applications are to the transport processes, especially to the coupling phenomena which occur when two or more such processes take place in the same system.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is proposed that measurements of reaction rate as a function of position within turbulent flames be the basis of an approach to the problem of turbulent-flame propagation. As a test of the method, measurements of static pressure, impact pressure, and chemical composition were made at several positions within the burning zones of two simulated ramjet combustion chambers. From these measurements a complete mapping of compositions, velocity components, densities, and static pressures could be carried out. By calculation of the appropriate derivatives of the latter quantities, the differential form of the equation of continuity for the species desired could be solved for net reaction rate as a function of position, turbulent diffusion being neglected. By a similar technique the equation of momentum was used to obtain eddy viscosities. The latter results were used to estimate the effect of turbulent diffusion by assuming a turbulent Schmidt number of unity.It is concluded that the method of attack used is a reasonable approach to the problem of turbulent flame propagation, having a special advantage in that it can be used to discover relationships between the rate of reaction and the patterns of the mean flow.
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Part A of this paper is essentially a continuation of a previous paper on the theoretical plate concept in chromatography (4). It deals with some special cases of eluting conditions and zone shapes. A more general equation, which combines both elution and deposition, is derived, and methods for approximating a continuous zone by means of a discontinuous one are discussed.Part B discusses the effect of the finite size of samples and the dead free volume at the bottom of the column on the shape of elution curves. The effect of representative sample volumes is calculated, and the deviation between the experimental and the true elution curves is illustrated.A simple expression for the number of theoretical plates utilizing the ratio between the maximum concentrations at the top and bottom of the column is derived and corrected for the effect of the finite size of samples.
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  • 60
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments of heat and mass transfer from the tube wall to the fluids flowing through the packed beds were carried out separately. In heat transfer air was used as the fluid, and several kinds of solid particles with low and high thermal conductivities were investigated to determine effective thermal conductivities and wall heat transfer coefficients. In mass transfer the dissolution rate of the coated material on the inner wall of the packed tube to the water stream was measured, and wall mass transfer coefficients were analyzed. It was found that a close similarity exists between the JH and JD factor for the wall coefficients in the turbulent-flow region.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 115-122 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 130-133 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From time to time, A.I.Ch.E. Journal presents translations of certain technical articles written by our Japanese colleagues in their own language. These translations are made by Kenzi Etani, who received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1953 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his M.S. in 1955 at M.I.T. He is associated with Stone & Webster and is an associate member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is also a member of the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan, and the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. His offer to help break down the language barrier is acknowledged.The following article was published in Chemical Engineering (Japan), 21, pages 17-25 (1957).Abstracts, notation, literature cited, tables, and figure captions not published here appear in English in the original paper. No figures will be reproduced in these translations.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 7M 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 137-137 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 150-154 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer to a horizontal cylinder from an ordinary fluid containing a volume heat source was studied analytically. The first approach to this problem was to assume that the heat source existed only in the boundary layer surrounding the cylinder. By solving the equations for a vertical flat plate cooling the ambient fluid and applying the results to a horizontal cylinder, one could determine the effect of a volume heat source on the heat transfer coefficient for the cylinder case. The variables studied were volume heat sources from 0 to 300 B.t.u./(sec.)(cu. ft.) and temperature difference across the boundary layer in the range 20° to 100°F.In the laminar-flow region a volume heat source was found to increase the heat transfer coefficient for any given temperature difference across the boundary layer. This increase, due to the decrease in boundary-layer thickness caused by the volume heat source, was moderate, being about 20% for a 1 1/4-in. O.D. cylinder with a heat source strength of 100 B.t.u./(sec.) (cu. ft.) and a temperature difference across the boundary layer of 20°F.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 169-174 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of five operating variables on the uniformity of fluidization in a 4-in.-diameter column were determined by a statistically designed experiment. Density fluctuations inside the bed were measured by a capacitance method. Certain parts of the experiment were repeated in a 24-in.-diameter column for comparison with the 4-in.-column data.In the 4-in. column gas velocity had by far the greatest effect on uniformity, with uniformity generally decreasing with an increase in gas velocity. This is consistent with the theory that most gas introduced in excess of the rate for incipient fluidization passes through the bed in the form of various-sized bubbles. Better uniformity at the lower bed level indicates that bubbles grow in size as they proceed up the column. An entirely different gas-flow pattern was indicated in the 24-in. column.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 204-208 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of pressure drop and mean local fluid velocities have been made in a smooth rectangular duct of large aspect ratio. Data have been taken on the steady, isothermal flow of water at room temperature in the viscous, transition, and lower turbulent ranges of flow. Impact probes were installed in the center of the stream, where flow between infinitely broad parallel plates was closely approximated. The limits of the transition range are discussed, and mean local fluid velocities are correlated. Comparison is made with transitional behavior in smooth tubes.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 223-224 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To obtain numerical answers for the concentration distribution of solute on a chromatographic column or in the effluent, tables and charts of the Poisson distribution are used. Their use however is limited to a small number of theoretical plates. The transformation of the Poisson to the normal distribution enables the calculations to be performed for any number of theoretical plates through the use of the normal distribution tables.Equations derived previously for columns containing a large number of plates and employing elaborate mathematical procedures and approximations have been simply deduced by applying a limit property of the Poisson distribution to the exact equations.A relationship between the Poisson and normal distribution is derived, and charts are drawn which allow the rapid evaluation of the Poisson in terms of the normal values.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Photoggraphic methods have been used to study the behavior of water flowing freely down vertical surfaces under the influence of gravity at Reynolds numbers between 200 and 30,000. The physical appearances of the liquid layers in transitional and fully turbulent flow have been noted. Layer thicknesses have been obtained from high-speed photographs and correlated with liquid Reynolds numbers, the range of experimental data thus being extended into the fully turbulent region. A simple basis of comparison with flow between parallel plates has been developed.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 268-269 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 267-268 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From time to time, A.I.Ch.E. Journal presents translations of certain technical articles written by our Japanese colleagues in their own language. These translations are made by Kenzi Etani, who received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1953 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his M.S. in 1955 at M.I.T. He is associated with Stone & Webster and is an associate member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is also a member of the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan, and the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. His offer to help break down the language barrier is acknowledged.Abstracts, notation, literature cited, tables, and figure captions not published here appear in English in the original paper. No figure will be reproduced in these translations.The following article was published in Chemical Engineering (Japan), 21, pages 17-25 (1957).
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 273-274 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 275-275 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The methods of relating parameters in the Arrhenius rate equation to fundamental molecular properties are briefly reviewed. The limited applicability of purely theoretical methods is noted, the use and limitations of the standard semiemprical method are surveyed, and recent work based on empirical molecular structure and spectroscopy is described in detail. The recent method makes no attempt to calculate activation energy, but within a limited range of cases it does provide a reliable method of estimating the preexponential factor in the Arrhenius equation and calculating the kinetic isotope effect. In this way the method provides a check on the credibility of experimental data and on the assignment of mechanism. If the mechanism is correct, it provides a method of estimating activation energy from rate data taken at only one temperature. Further developments of this method are anticipated.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumetric data on gas mixtures and vapor-phase data for gas-liquid equilibria have been correlated within the framework of the theory of corresponding states. An expression based on the London potential for dispersion forces was used to compute characteristic temperatures for various binary systems, and a correlation was developed relating these temperatures to the polarizabilities, ionization potentials, and critical volumes of the pure components. The correlation shows how the molecular shape of a liquid affects its vapor-phase solubility. With the help of this correlation it is possible to make very good predictions of such gas-liquid equilibria as are required in high-pressure distillation, absorption, and petroleum hydrofining operations.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A further analysis of the second falling-rate period in the drying of thick highly porous textile structures is made, this time in the case of drying wool, special attention being paid to the adsorbed water held by the wool in the air-dry region. As the solid-to-void ratio is low, the quantities of adsorbed water are small and have little effect on the general equilibrium. Values of thermal conductivity are calculated for wet wool.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 354-360 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fundamental knowledge consists of understanding not only the models which correlate and rationalized observations but also the quantity and quality of the observations. The degree of correlation attempted should be consistent with this quantity and quality.The scientist correlates and rationalizes observations primarily to broaden his general understanding of the physical universe, and his efforst at correlation are more often than not a way of speculating on the future experiments which should be undertaken to test his concepts. For this purpose he is often satisfied with accuracy to one order of magnitude. The engineer, faced with the design and operation of expensive equipment, is almost always interested in a much higher accuracy in his correlations.Virtually all existing data in the rate processes are forced into rationalizations based upon either potential-difference or potential-gradient models. The application of these models to systems of even relatively simple geometry gives rise to mathematical complexity beyond present analtic ability. Even so, our ability to measure and observe seems to be far below our ability to analyze. These two models have been used effectively in chemical engineering in the past and have served to organize a great deal of information in the rate processes. Present research efforts appear to be directed primarily toward filling in gaps in available data and in refining the application of the models. We seem to suffer from a lack of models to test and a lack of data designed to test critically the existing models. There is relatively little exploratory research in chemical engineering as compared, for example, to physics.When one views chemical engineering as a chain extending from economics, markets, mechanical design, process design, and process development to process research, the uncertainties inherent in some of the links easily involve variances of 50 to 80%. Under these circumstances it would appear that the present orientation of research is distributed much too heavily toward refinement of existing ideas and not nearly enough toward exploration.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 391-393 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibrium data are presented for the exchange of Fe+++ and H+ on a sulfonated polystyrene exchanger. The data cover solution concentrations from 0.05 N to 2 N in total cation for solutions having either nitrate or perchlorate ion as the common anion. The nitrate system shows irregular behavior because of complex ion formation, but for composition where such behavior is absent the equilibrium data can be correlated by equations based on the law of mass action. Equilibrium compositions for the perchlorate system can be correlated over the entire range studied by a single equation based on the law of mass action. Methods based on the law of mass action are presented for correlating or predicting equilibrium compositions for both systems.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 403-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer coefficients have been obtained for natural-convection film boiling of helium I on single wires with a diameter ranging from 5 to 50 μ. The measurements covered temperature differences of 30° to 1,000 °K. between the heating surface and the saturated liquid under atmospheric pressure. The results are correlated in dimensionless from (Nusselt number vs. the product of the Grashof and Prandtl numbers) and compared with data for nitrogen and measurements of other investigators on film boiling of liquefied gases.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 410-410 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 419-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results are presented for the solid-catalyzed hydrogenation of ethylene in fixed and fluidized beds. The effect of gas velocity, bed height, catalyst activity, particle size, and internal baffles on fluidized reactor efficiency are given, and Equations derived from a simplified mathematical model correlate the data.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 440-445 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental two-phase flow study was made on an air-water system at atmospheric pressure to obtain information on the effect of expansion and contraction of flow area on the relative velocity of the two phases. The data show that the relative velocity and hence the mean void fraction of the air-water mixture changed following either an expansion or contraction; however the magnitude of the change was not great and could be predicted by a semitheoretical equation. The air-water data are also compared with data taken from a steam-water system at 150 to 600 lb./sq. in. In addition, a photographic study was made of the transition zone, and phase distributions were obtained by the use of a radiation attenuation traversing technique.
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 458-466 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The work reported in this paper is an outgrowth of an exploratory investigation of the feasibility of spray drying of materials in solution by using direct-contact heat transfer from a hot liquid rather than a gas to vaporize the solvent from the drops. Unexpectedly, it was found that drops suspended in a hot liquid had to be superheated to a very extreme degree in order to initiate vaporization. This effect was of such interest that the investigation was modified to a fundamental study of the vaporization of drops containing no dissolved solids. The results are closely related to problems of bubble formation in boiling, cavitation, and in the evolution of gases from supersaturated solutions. The experimental technique developed in this study is believed to be unique and capable of giving quite accurate data on homogeneous nucleation in superheated drops. After a discussion of the theory of homogeneous nucleation in pure liquids, the theory is extended to the formation of bubbles in superheated drops. The theoretical predictions were found to be in close agreement with the experimental results.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 486-496 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper concerns a study of radiation as a contributing mechanism in the transfer of heat between discrete solid particles. A theory for transfer in such systems is generalized to include planar-, spherical-, and cylindrical-bed geometries; because of the particulate nature of the system the generalization is given in terms of finite-difference equations. Transfer experiments were performed in a quiescent cylindrical bed with an axial heat source and a cylinderical containing-wall sink. Heat fluxes and radial-temperature profiles were measured. As the experiments were arranged, only modest temprature gradients were established between source and sink, but the ambient sink temperature was taken in steps from 100° to 1,000°C. For a bed of 3.8-mm.-diameter alumina spheres the ratio of heat transferred by radiation to that transferred by conduction was estimated to increase with average bed temperature from the order of 0.1 at 100°C., to 1.2 at 1,000°C. The effects of temperature on bed reflectivity and transmissivity and on apparent boundary-temperature discontinuities are discussed.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 510-513 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were obtained of the interfacial resistance due to thin films of straight-chain higher alcohols and their effect on the evaporation of water. This was done by passing preheated dry air at a constant rate over water in a beaker. Unlike previous studies both phases were stitted. Four alcohols, dodecyl, myristyl, cetyl, and stearyl, were studied. A large reduction in evaporation was observed when 0.00025 gm. of cetyl alcohol was added to 1 liter of water with gas-liquid interfacial area of 0.2015 sq. ft. A much higher amount of stearyl alcohol, 0.0006 g., was needed for commensurate effect. Resistance due to films of dodecyl and myristyl alcohols was neglibible. For the most part cetyl alcohol is the most effective of those tested. Plots are given of the pseudo mass transfer coefficients and interfacial resistances as a function of the amount of the various alcohols.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 545-551 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study on the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide was performed from the critical region to the solid-liquid-vapor region. For seven mixtures individual phase diagrams were determined by the establishment of dew, volume percentage liquid, hubble, critical, and triple points. A splendid study of this system had been reported earlier by Bierlein and Kay (1) for temperatures above 32°F. However from a temperature point of view this earlier work represents about one half of the phase diagram from the critical locus to the locus of triple points. Hence in this study particular attention was devoted to the lower temperature regions.Equilibrium constants were determined from 100 to 1,200 lb./sq. in. abs. Vapor and liquid equilibrium compositions from this investigation were compared with those obtained by Bierlein and Kay (1) at 20, 40, 60, and 80 atm.Solid-liquid-vapor loci were found to meet at a minimum temperature, lower than either of the individual pure component triple points, due to the formation of a eutectic mixture consisting of 12.5 mole % carbon dioxide. Vapor and liquid compositions in equilibrium with solid were established along the vapor-liquid-solid carbon dioxide and vapor-liquid-solid hydrogen sulfide loci.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 561-563 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 81/2 by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost as follows: “Computer Techniques in Chemical Engineering,” $3.00 to members, $4.00 to nonmembers; “Nuclear Engineering Part V,” $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers; “Adsorption, Dialysis, and Ion Exchange,” $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 25 West 45 Street, New York 36, New York.The A.I.Ch.E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes, beginning with volume 55.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 565 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work considers the importance of vapor-phase nonideal mixing in high-pressure equilibrium and rate-process calculations. New techniques are presented for calculating vapor-phase fugacity coefficients in nonideal mixtures.The equilibrium properties of gaseous mixtures are represented by a virial equation of state which is adequate for the vast majority of chemical engineering problems. Techniques based on an extension of the corresponding-states theory are given for estimating the various coefficients appearing in the equation of state; these estimates appear to be reliable for a large variety of nonpolar or weakly polar systems. Techniques based on the theory of intermolecular forces are also presented for polar systems and for a limited class of mixtures containing hydrogen-bonding components. The proposed methods of calculation are illustrated by a large variety of problems occurring in common chemical engineering calculations, and it is shown that failure to correct for vapor-phase nonideal mixing can, in some cases, lead to very large errors.
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer in packed columns has been investigated for a variety of column and packing sizes but at flow rates restricted to fully developed turbulent conditions. The present work was undertaken to investigate mass transfer at flow-rate conditions in the transition and laminar regions.A dual treatment of experimental data required a knowledge of the variation of concentration and velocity with radial position. A tracer-injection technique was employed which consisted in the introduction of a tracer gas into the center of a bulk gas stream and the measurement of the tracer-gas concentration at various radial positions downstream. The velocity distribution for the packed column was determined by means of a five-loop, circular, hot-wire anemometer. The test column was a vertical 4-in, pipe. packed with 1/4-in. spherical, ceramic catalyst-support pellets.Mass transfer diffusivity and Peclet number were determined from two solutions of the differential-diffusion equation applied in previous investigations. An analytical solution in terms of Bessel functions was used to calculate values of average diffusivity and Peclet number and a seminumerical solution in terms of homogeneous linear-difference equations to calculate values of point diffusivity and Peclet number.Variation of diffusivity and Peclet number with radial position is shown, average diffusivity and Peclet number being correlated with Reynolds number. The interaction of molecular and eddy mass transfer mechanisms with decreasing mass velocity is illustrated by defining a molecular and an eddy Peclet number and correlating with Reynolds number. Eddy diffusivity is correlated as a function of local flow conditions.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 10-16 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of equilibrium composition for the hydration of ethylene to form ethanol have been calculated for a series of elevated pressures and temperatures by using equilibrium data available from previous low-pressure studies. To obtain satisfactory agreement between these values and those measured experimentally, it is essential (1) to take into account the formation of ethyl ether and (2) to use available vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary ethanol-water system at elevated temperatures, instead of the standard “mixture rules” often employed.Thermochemical data and low-pressure equilibrium data for both the ethylene hydration and ether formation reactions are critically reviewed. Experimentally measured values for the equilibrium concentrations of ethanol and ether in the liquid phase at 221°C. and 273 atm., with dilute sulfuric acid used as catalyst in a lined rocking-bomb reactor, are presented.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented for two different methods of operating vertical moving fluidized systems of glass spheres and water: free countercurrent fluidization and bottom-restrained nonfed, or batch, fluidization. Data for a lead-shot-and-water system are also reported. A comparison is made of these data with a generalized theoretical analysis of ideal fluidized systems. The validity of a single characteristic holdup vs. slip-velocity relationship is illustrated, and consideration is also given to the prediction of flooding in the free countercurrent systems.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 212-222 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes general methods for the treatment of binary data which are both precise and convenient. In particular a new and accurate graphical method of determining partial molal quantities is presented.
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 240-244 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present investigation is concerned with the dynamic characteristics of a 12-in. diameter continuous agitated-tank reactor vessel. Response of the vessel effiuent temperature to a change in coolant flow rate through an internal cooling surface is the subject of theoretical and experimental study. Experimental data were obtained through the use of frequency and transient response techniques. Studies were made for the passage of vessel-charge fluids with widely differing physical properties. Also data were taken for various conditions of fluid turbulence both inside and outside the internal heat transfer coils. Experimental and theoretical results are graphically compared. Recommendations are presented for the development of theoretical dynamic relationships.
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  • 99
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of back mixing of either phase in an extraction column, which decreases the extraction efficiency, is analyzed theoretically by means of an idealized diffusion model that can be characterized by four dimensionless parameters: a Peclet number of each phase, a mass transfer number, and the usual extraction factor. Calculations for a wide range of these parameters were performed on a digital computer.The principal results, presented in a table, will be useful in the design and scale up of extraction columns and in the interpretation of experimental results from extractors and from some reactors in which a first-order reaction occurs.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on properties which are characteristic of all gases, modifications are developed for an equation of state previously proposed in this journal (1). A specific application of the modified equation is made for the PVT data on carbon dioxide, and considerable improvement over the original equation is shown for densities in the neighborhood of 1.4 times the critical density. The new equation differs from the old equation only by the presence of the A5 and C5 terms, these having originally been taken to be zero.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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