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  • 1975-1979  (1.188)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1975  (1.188)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (723)
  • Chemical Engineering  (390)
  • Ultrastructure  (75)
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1975-1979  (1.188)
  • 1890-1899
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 210 (1975), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Pallidumdegeneration ; Bielschowsky bodies ; Lafora bodies ; Corpora amylacea ; Ultrastructure ; Torsion dystonia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Bei einem 60 Jahre alt gewordenen Mann, mit einer bis in die Kindheit zurückreichenden und extrem langsam progredienten, wahrscheinlich torsionsdystonischen bzw. choreoathetoiden Bewegungsstörung, fand sich eine isolierte Degeneration des äußeren Pallidumgliedes mit intraneuronaler Ablagerung von Bielschowsky-Körperchen und nur geringgradigem Nervenzellausfall. Die Bielschowsky-Körperchen zeigen den gleichen Aufbau wie Corpora amylacea und Lafora-Körperchen. Sie dürften ebenfalls Produkt einer cellulären, vorwiegend den Kohlenhydrat-stoffwechsel treffenden Dysmetabolie sein, die allerdings hier exquisit systembezogen auf die Neurone des äußeren Pallidumgliedes begrenzt ist und erst sehr spät bei fortgeschrittener Stapelung der Metabolite zum Untergang der Nervenzellen führt. Dieser Umstand erklärt den überaus torpiden Verlauf der Erkrankung.
    Notizen: Summary In a 60-year-old man with a very slowly progressive motor disturbance probably of torsion dystonic or choreoathetotic type which started in childhood, we found an isolated degeneration of the exterior pallidum with intraneuronal deposition of Bielschowsky bodies and only slight deficit of neurons. The Bielschowsky bodies show the same structure as corpora amylacea and Lafora bodies. They might also be the result of a cellular disturbance mainly concerning the carbohydrate metabolism. In this case they are localised only in the neurons of the exterior part of the pallidum—in contrast to the organogenitically otherwise deriving (from the nuel. entopeduncularis) intact neurons of the pallidum internum—and they induce, after an excessive accumulation of the metabolites, not till extremely late loss of neurons. This circumstance explains the very torpid progress of this disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1975), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Niemann-Pick ; Liver ; Sural nerve ; Ultrastructure ; Lipids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das klinische, biochemische und ultrastrukturelle Bild einer Sphingolipidose vom Typ Niemann-Pick wurde an Hand eines Patienten mit der infantilen Form (A) dargestellt. Die Diagnose wurde klinisch auf Grund einer rasch progredienten psychomotorischen Retardation mit Hepatosplenomegalie sowie typischen Schaumzellen im Knochenmark gestellt und durch den Nachweis von exzessiver Speicherung von Sphingomyelin in einer Leberbiopsie und das Fehlen der Sphingomyelinase bestätigt. Ultrastrukturell konnte eine Anhäufung von präsumptiven Phospholipiden in den Lysosomen von Leber und peripherem Nerv festgestellt werden. Obwohl weder eine axonale Degeneration noch eine Demyelinisierung im biopsierten Nerv gefunden werden konnte, war die Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit in den peripheren Nerven beim Patienten schon bei der Diagnosestellung deutlich herabgesetzt. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wurde diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type A was made in a 6-month-old boy on the grounds of progressive psychomotor retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, typical foam cells in the bone marrow and a deficiency of sphingomyelinase in a liver biopsy. Typical ultrastructural changes in lysosomes were found in hepatocytes and in Schwann cells. In spite of the absence of gross morphological changes in the axons and in the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve biopsy, the nerve conduction velocity in the patient was greatly reduced. The ultrastructural aspect of the lysosomal inclusion suggested the storage of a phospholipid. Biochemical analysis of the liver biopsy demonstrated an increased content of total phospholipid of which sphingomyelin made up for more than 60%. The significance of these data are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Granulocytopoiesis ; Perihepatic layer ; Mesothelium ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Peritoneal-Überzug und die subkapsuläre Region der Leber von Xenopus laevis wurden mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß in der subkapsulären Region eine zwei bis zehn Zellschichten starke perihepatische Schicht vorhanden ist. Die perihepatische Schicht setzt sich zum größten Teil aus granulocytopoetischem Gewebe zusammen. Es wurden jedoch auch Lymphocyten, Pigmentzellen und Fettspeicherzellen gefunden. Das Vorhandensein einer perihepatischen granulocytopoetischen Schicht bei Xenopus laevis steht im Gegensatz zu der bisherigen Auffassung, daß die perihepatische Schicht ein typisches Merkmal der Urodelen sei. Es werden die phylogenetische Bedeutung einer solchen Schicht bei Anuren sowie die Entwicklungsvorgänge der einzelnen Zelltypen der perihepatischen Schicht diskutiert. Außerdem wird auf die mögliche Bedeutung der perihepatischen Schicht für immun-Vorgänge verwiesen.
    Notizen: Summary The peritoneal cover and the subcapsular region of the liver of Xenopus laevis were examined with electron microscopy. In the subcapsular region a prominent perihepatic layer two to ten cells wide was found. This perihepatic layer is mainly composed of granulocytopoietic tissue. Other cell types found in the perihepatic layer were lymphocytes, pigment cells and fat storing cells. The presence of a perihepatic granulocytopoietic layer in the liver of Xenopus laevis is in contrast to current opinion that such a layer is a characteristic typical of urodeles. The phylogenetic significance of such a layer in anurans and the developmental processes of the individual cell types of the perihepatic layer are discussed. Furthermore the possible participation of the perihepatic layer in the immune response is considered
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1975), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Fixation ; Foetus ; Liver cells ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations of the ability of various fixatives to preserve foetal pig liver tissue (immersion fixed 5 min, 20 min, and 40 min after the death of the mother) gave the following results: 1) Fixation with 4% formaldehyde gives, in all circumstances, an unacceptable tissue preservation. 2) Fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde gives fair tissue preservation in a ca. 130 μ thick zone below the surface. 3) Fixation with a fixative mixture containing 2% formaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde or 2% formaldehyde, 1% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein gives good tissue preservation in a ca. 500 μ thick zone under the surface. 4) The addition of DMSO does not improve tissue preservation. 5) Delayed fixation of liver tissue removed from the foetus after the uterus has been placed in an incubator for 40 min has only a slight effect on tissue preservation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Endometrium ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 245-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Hepatocytes ; Amphibia ; Glycogen ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Leber von Xenopus laevis wurde mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß sie in ihrem Bau stark von der Leber der Säuger abweicht, vor allem in Bezug auf die Morphologie des als typisch zu bezeichnenden Hepatocyten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß eine solche Zelle primär Glykogenspeicherungs-Funktion besitzt und nur geringe Bestandteile an Organellen und anderen Inklusionen aufweist. Da dieser Zelltyp in der Leber unbehandelter Tiere am häufigsten auftritt, wurde er als Normalzelle bezeichnet. Bemerkenswert erschien die Tatsache, daß eine Vielzahl von Zelltypen in der Normalleber vorkommen, die sonst vermehrt unter experimentellen Bedingungen zu finden sind, z.B. Zellen mit stark vermehrtem RER, vergrößertem Golgi-Feld, vermehrten Lipidinklusionen etc. Diese hohe Zahl von abweichenden Hepatocyten und die Tatsache, daß alle Zwischenstufen zwischen den einzelnen Extremen vorhanden sind, die nicht durch die lage der Zelle innerhalb der Leber erklärt werden konnten, wurden als der Ausdruck eines zyklischen Durchlaufens der einzelnen Aktivitätsstadien interpretiert. Spezielles Interesse verdient die Tatsache, daß Glykogen in der Leberzelle vermehrt nur während der Vitellogenese abgebaut wird. Akuter und chronischer Hunger, sowie Kälte-adaptation beeinflussen die Morphologie der Normalzelle, besonders in Bezug auf das Glykogen kaum. Die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The liver of Xenopus laevis was examined with electron microscopy. Its structure was found to be markedly different from that of mammals, particularly regarding the morphology of the hepatocytes to be classified as typical. It was established that the main function of such a cell is the storage of glycogen, and further that it possesses only scant organelles and other inclusions. Since this type of cell was found most frequently in the liver of untreated animals, it was designated as normal cell. The fact appears noteworthy that in the normal liver of Xenopus laevis an abundance of cell types occur which are otherwise found to be proliferated under experimental conditions, e.g. cells with pronouncedly augmented RER, enlarged Golgi complexes, increased lipid inclusions etc. This high number of divergent hepatocytes and the fact that all intermediate stages between the individual extremes are present and not to be accounted for by the position of the cell within the liver was interpreted as being the expression of a cyclic passage of the various stages of activity. It is of special interest that augmented degradation of glycogen in the liver cell takes place only during vitellogenesis. Acute and chronic hunger, as well as adaptation to cold, hardly affect the morphology of the normal cell, especially as far as the glycogen is concerned. The possible causes for this are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 301-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Endocrinology ; Ultrastructure ; Adrenal cortex ; Avian Physiology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the interrenal cell were investigated in the quail and the pigeon after fixation by intravascular addominal perfusion. These is no significant fine structural difference between cells belonging to subcapsular and central regions of the gland. The interrenal cell in both species possesses nuclear bodies, polymorphic mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae and tubular crystalline inclusions, considerable amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, ergastoplasm, a well developed Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, microtubules, filaments, cilia, ribosomes, a profusion of liposomes, dense bodies with varied inner structure, pinocytic invaginations of cell membrane and intercellular attachment devices. The pigoen adrenocortical cell also possesses intranuclear lipidlike inclusions and fibrous bundle (this being never recorded in adrenocortical cell), annulate lamellae, and a variety of cytosomes, probably lipofucsin in nature. The significance and cytophysiological role of various organelles and inclusions have been discussed in the light of earlier data obtained on avian adrenocortical cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Intranuclear Inclusions ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ; Ultrastructure ; Virus-Like Inclusions ; Nuclear Body
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Two types of intranuclear inclusions were described in a brain biopsy from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The first type of intranuclear inclusion was papova virus-like and was observed within 20% of the nuclei of all astrocytes and neurons examined. The particles measured 32 nm in diameter and consisted of a dense core surrounded by a multilayered shell. The second type of intranuclear inclusion was a granulo-fibrillar nuclear body found within the nuclei of astrocytes and neurons. The possible significance of these inclusions to the etiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure ; Chordoma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This report concerns an electron microscopic study of a sacrococcygeal chordoma and its in vitro cultured cells. In vitro, the cells that proliferated in the early phase were predominantly non-vacuolated stellate cells, which were later transformed into vacuolated cells. This suggests that various cell types seen in vivo represent variants of the same cell type at different stages of differentiation and cellular activity. The in vitro tumor cells also show the origin of their vacuoles from both rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. The finding of amorphous and granular material and collagen fibrils in the extracellular spaces of cultured cells seems to suggest that chordoma cells have certain synthetic and secretory activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Fabry's Disease ; Glycolipid ; Anhydrosis ; Pain ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A sural nerve biopsy of a patient with Fabry's disease showed depletion of larger myelinated fibres, but smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibres were intact. Epineurial and to a lesser degree endoneurial vessels revealed abundant lamellar inclusions in the endothelial and perithelial cells. Larger myelinated nerve fibres contained glycogen granules in the vacuoles caused by splitting of the adaxonal membranes. A skin biopsy revealed abundant inclusions in the secretory cells and myoepithelial cells of the sweat glands. The lumen of the gland was packed with inclusions like those in the vessel walls. The pain and anhydrosis might be caused by accumulation of glycolipid in the vasa nervorum and sweat glands and not by autonomic nerve involvement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Hemangiopericytoma ; Leiomyoblastic differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two intracranial hemangiopericytomas revealed subcellular features of the neoplastic elements comparable to those observed in normal and neoplastic smooth muscle. These included intracytoplasmic and submembranous fusiform dense bodies associated with bundles of filaments, tapered configuration of cells with grouping of cytoplasmic organelles at nuclear poles and deposition of intercellular basal lamina-like material. These observations are consistent with the pericytic origin but opposed to the ofttimes postulated meningothelial derivation of the neoplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Dark Neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The lateral vestibular nucleus was studied by light and electron microscopy in normal rats as well as in rats in which the anterior cerebellar vermis was destroyed. Dark neurons were seen in many of the operated rats but were rarely found in normal control animals. The dark neurons were not seen in adjacent nuclei. In additional rats, it was found that anoxia, extra anaesthetic, postmortem rough handling, and sham operations did not increase the frequency of dark neurons. These data indicate that dark neurons might not always be artifactual and that the lateral vestibular nucleus appears to be a focal point for their occurrence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; pregnancy ; B-cell ; granule type ; light (pale) granules ; dark granules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultramicroscopic appearence of the B-cell of the pregnant rat suggests hyperinsulinism of the individual beta cell. In pregnant rats the B-cell contains an increased volume and an increased number of light granules as well as enlarged mitochondria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Coelastrum ; Chlorococcales ; Chlorophyta ; Ultrastructure ; Cell Wall ; Tubules ; Bristles ; Polymorphism ; Buoancy ; Taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La paroi cellulaire de Coelastrum est généralement composée de trois couches. La couche la plus externe a été plus particulièrement étudiée. Elle est composée de tubules dressées, et porte souvent de longues fibrilles dont le rôle serait de stabiliser l'algue dans son milieu. La morphologie de la paroi cellulaire peut se modifier en fonction du milieu.
    Notizen: Abstract The cell wall of Coelastrum is usually composed of three layers. The outermost layer was studied most extensively. It consists of erect tubules which often bear long bristles whose function may be to stabilize the algae in its environment. The cell wall can modify its morphology according to the environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus acidocaldarius ; Spores ; Germination ; Thermophile ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Spores of the thermophilic, acidophilic, Bacillus acidocaldarius were covered by a thick outer coat and a laminated inner coat (5.5 nm periodicity). Small membranous vesicles were present in the spore core and they disappeared as germination proceeded. After depolymerization of the cortex, and a 30% increase in spore diameter, a localized gap appeared in the laminated inner coat only. This inner coat gap was narrow and could be the whole length of the spore. The germ cell appeared to grow, or to be pushed towards the inner coat gap, at which stage the outer coat disappeared in the same localized area. As the vegetative cell grew out the spore coat fell away, with loose cortical material still attached to it. The young germ cell developed a large spherical electron dense inclusion body in the cytoplasm, at the same time as the ribosomal and nuclear areas became distinct.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Protoplasts ; Regeneration ; Wall Structure ; Pullularia ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Splitting ; Aberrant Tubes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract During the process of degradation of the cell wall of the yeast form of Pullularia pullulans by the lytic system of Micromonospora chalcea samples were withdrawn at different times and observed under phase contrast and electron microscope. The progressive lysis of the walls reveals a fibrillar component inside the apparently amorphous wall. Freeze etched preparations of cells during the formation and regeneration of protoplasts show that the cellular membrane is split and this method allows the smooth external face of the membrane and other internal face covered by particles to be seen. The fact that the smooth face of the membrane is only visible during the preparation or the regeneration of protoplasts and very rarely when intact cells are fractured, suggests a strong adherence between cell wall and this external layer of the membrane. During the regeneration which takes place as in most of the yeasts and moulds, a special study of the extension of the cell wall is made and a possible mechanism for this extension of the regenerated cell wall is proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Diazepam ; Benzodiazepines ; Scenedesmus ; Ultrastructure ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Rubidium Uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of diazepam (Valium) on photosynthesis, chlorophyll/photosynthesis ratios, respiration, uptake of rubidium ions, and ultrastructure of Scenedesmus obliquus synchronized by a light-dark regimen of $$14:\overline {10}$$ hrs were determined. 80 and 160 μM diazepam, added to the nutrient medium at the start of the light-dark change (i.e., start of the cell cycle) gradually reduced rates of photosynthesis below the initial rates from the beginning of the experiment. Contents of chlorophyll, however, remained nearly unaffected. Consequently, the diazepam-treated cells had a higher chlorophyll/photosynthesis ratio—also with regard to respiration in order to calculate the gross photosynthesis. The occurrence of photorespiration cannot be assumed. The net influx or rubidium was slightly reduced by 100 μM diazepam 0.5 and 2.0 hrs after the start of the cell cycle and was strongly inhibited after 5 to 14 hrs. 80 and 160 μM diazepam caused separation of thylakoids, formation of giant mitochondria and enlargement of vacuoles. The results are discussed and it is finally suggested that diazepam acts on different membrane systems. Furthermore an ATP deficiency cannot be excluded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Inferior olive ; Spinal afferents ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions. Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 μ plastic sections prior to thin sectioning. The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours. At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. Spinal terminals average 1–2 μ in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4–1.8 μ) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages. The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions. At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli. Afferents from other sources (possibly including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 29-47 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cell cultures ; Fetal ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Dissociated fetal hypothalamic cells mainly taken from 14 day-old mouse fetuses were grown in vitro for increasing time (9 to 60 days). Soon after inoculation the cells partly reaggregated and attached. The small reaggregates were then interconnected by fibers bundles. After the first week the cultures were composed of a continuous basal monolayer of flat and transparent cells, over which various types of refractile cells were lying in discontinuous areas. The ultra-structural study enabled us to identify these cell types, to describe their spatial relationships, and to follow their evolution with time in culture. The basal cell formed several superimposed layers. With increasing age, they displayed typical features of astrocytes and of ependymal cells. The latter exhibited rhythmic ciliary movements in culture. The overlying cells corresponded to three types which were associated in small clumps: primitive neuro-epithelial cells, maturing as well as mature neurons and typical neurosecretory cells. The latter cells were found as early as 9 days of culture of 14 day-old fetal hypothalamic cells and retained their typical features up to two months. Neuronal processes formed very dense networks at the surface of the cultures and terminated within the basal layers. Axon and dendrites were precociously found and were still present after two months. Within axon terminals dense-core vesicles appeared at the same time as neurosecretory cells. Synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions were found later on.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 106 (1975), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Colonial sheath ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The colonial sheath of Microcystis marginata has a definite structure as seen by light and electron microscopy, consisting of a relatively smooth inner surface and densely packed, long fibrils on the outer surface. The sheath initially forms around the single cell and expands by continual deposition of sheath material to accomodate the synchronously dividing cells of the colony.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 281-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease ; Ultrastructure ; Denervation ; Muscle ; Myofibrils ; Centrioles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The authors describe in biopsies from 6 cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, including 2 of the more benign type, the ultrastructural typical aspects of denervation. They compare their findings with those of other workers. The striking points are the great variation in the diameter of the muscle fibres and the myofibrils, the disorganisation of the myofibrils, the sarcomeres and the filaments, with persistance of the relations between thick and thin filaments at various levels, the modifications of the Z-band and the triads in chains. The folds and the basement membrane are examined. Centrioles are present in a muscle fibre and in a satellite. Glycogen is very abundant. The nerves seem normal but some Schwann cells contain π granules which are not observed usually at the age of the patient. The end plates and a muscle spindle are normal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Adult Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ; Polarization Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The findings are described in an adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy examined by light, polarization and electron microscopy. Symmetrical demyelination was found in the cerebral hemispheres, but was moderate in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Early changes in myelin of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated by polarization microscopy. Various metachromatic structures have been described in glial cells and neurons by electron microscopy, indicating disturbances at different metabolic steps of lipid metabolism. There are minor but no essential ultrastructural differences in the disease of different ages.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Mesothelioma ; Pleura ; Metastases ; Brain ; Ultrastructure ; Asbestos
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A malignant fibrous mesothelioma in a 52 year old white man arising from the left parietal pleura associated with lupus erythematosus with metastases to brain and liver is reported. Asbestos bodies were found in digested pulmonary tissue but none in the primary or metastatic lesions. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies suggest that this tumor contains mesothelial or endothelial cells, some of which revealed fibroblastic features while others disclosed epitheloid characteristics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Thiamine Deficiency ; Wernicke's Encephalopathy ; Rhesus Monkey ; Ultrastructure ; Myelin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy, induced in rhesus monkeys with a diet lacking thiamine (vitamin B1), is characterized by cavitary necrosis of the striatum as well as a microvacuolar periventricular lesion of the brain stem such as occurs in man. With high resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy, the primary structural alteration in the brain stem lesion, and probably also in the striatum, appears to be that of widespread “blister” formation due to splitting of myelin at the intraperiod line. Microvascular alterations were minimal, even in the most severely affected regions. It is the myelin blisters which give rise to the spongy texture of the neuropil. A similar splitting of myelin has been deseribed in several other experimental encephalopathies, and it is probable that it also occurs in Wernicke's encephalopathy in man.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle cross ; Myosin ATPase ; Ultrastructure ; Fibre types ; Light chains of myosin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chiekens were transposed and cross-innervated by the mixed, predominantly fast superior brachialis nerve, and investigated 2 to 15 months after the operation. Two months after the operation, myosin ATPase activity of the cross-innervated ALD muscles was still as low as in the control ALD, although the ultrastructure and the histochemical ATPase activity already showed a mixed fibre-type pattern with a predominance of fast-type fibres around the site of nerve implantation. The change of myosin properties of the whole cross-innervated ALD did not occur until the third month after the operation. At that time, the myosin ATPase activity increased about 2.5 times and light chains of myosin of the fast type appeared in the electrophoretic pattern. The myosin ATPase activity attained 62% of the activity found in the control fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscles at three months; subsequently it remained at about this level reaching 68% 18 months after the operation. The results indicate that approximately two thirds of the corss-innervated ALD muscle fibres became changed towards the fast type under neural influence, whereas about one third remained slow, being re-innervated by the slow-type motor fibres of the implanted nerve.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Lathyrism ; Capillaries ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Flavonoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscles ; Blood supply ; Capillaries ; Lymphatic system ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Capillary fenestrae occur in one of about 60 cross-sectioned blood capillaries in normal adult rat skeletal muscles. The fenestrae occur singly or in groups. Fenestrated capillaries are found close to muscle fibers as well as in the perimysial and perineurial connective tissue. Small numbers of lymphatic capillaries are also present, mostly in the perimysial connective tissue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 199-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Proximal to an experimental stenosis of the small intestine of rats and guinea-pigs a remarkable hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops 3–5 weeks after the operation. There is no increase in the length of the intestine but an overall increase in volume of the muscularis externa up to 10 times. This increase is accounted for by an increase in size and in number (by mitosis) of smooth muscle cells of both the longitudinal and circular layers. Bundles of newly-formed smooth cells appear in the serosa and are circularly arranged. In the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells of the circular layer the ratio of surface to volume is 0.80 (0.80 μm2 of cell surface for every μm3 of cell volume) as against 1.4 in the control muscle. The hypertrophic muscle cells have a highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and show a large number of nexuses. The density of innervation (number of axons per given number of smooth muscle cells) is smaller than in controls. Few collagen fibrils are visible in the extracellular space.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 499-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Gonadotrophins ; Testis ; Hypophysectomy ; Ultrastructure ; Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Five-week old Japanese quail held under short daylengths (8L/16D) were injected daily for two weeks with 20 μg/day of purified chicken luteinizing hormone (LH) or with one of two chicken follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fractions. Both intact and hypophysectomized birds were used. After killing, the testes were weighed and fixed for light- and electron-microscopy. Following hypophysectomy testicular weights fell significantly below those of saline-injected controls, indicating that short day conditions are not equivalent to “physiological hypophysectomy”, the pituitary-gonadal axis continuing to function at a low level. Chicken LH stimulated differentiation of the interstitium, producing mature Leydig cells containing the full complement of organelles typical of steroid-secretion. In addition it induced some testicular growth caused by spermatogonial division and partial differentiation of the Sertoli cells. This effect was assumed to be a secondary response to androgen secretion but a direct action of chicken LH on the tubules is not dismissed. LH given to intact quail caused greater testicular growth, presumably due to synergism with endogenous hormones. Both chicken FSH fractions induced testicular growth and development; in intact birds the effects were similar to those observed in intact LH-treated birds. In hypophysectomized quail given FSH the testicular weights were greater than in hypophysectomized LH-treated birds and the seminiferous tubules were larger. Sertoli cells were stimulated and pachytene spermatocytes were numerous. Leydig cell differentiation was minimal in all FSH-treated birds, being less pronounced in hypophysectomized than in intact birds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Liquid SO2 sealed into tubes made of a fluorocarbon copolymer permeates the walls of the tube at a temperature-dependent but accurately reproducible rate. Sulfur dioxide dispensers made in this way are called permeation tubes and are useful for calibrating instruments that measure SO2 concentrations in air. The National Bureau of Standards calibrates SO2 permeation tubes and makes them available as Standard Reference Materials. The permeation rate in a batch of nominally identical tubes varies enough that each Standard Reference Material tube must be individually calibrated. Changes in the length or radial dimensions of the tubes are much too small to explain most of this variation. An excellent (negative) correlation is found between the measured permeation rate and the density of the polymer (or weight per unit length). Since both the measured density and the permeation rate for this semi-crystalline polymer depend upon morphological factors, but in different ways, x-ray diffraction measurements of the thickness and orientation of the lamellar crystals were made and a mathematical model was set up to identify the morphological factors which can cause variations in the permeation rate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A theory for roll coating of a fluid onto a moving sheet is developed utilizing the usual “lubrication approximations.” The effects of fluid and operating parameters on coating thickness and pressure distribution are determined for a Newtonian fluid, and for a purely viscous non-Newtonian fluid obeying the Power Law. The results for these cases are obtained analytically, and are rather straightforward.A viscoelastic fluid is considered, of a type which shows typical non-Newtonian shear behavior observed in polymer melts and solutions and which also exhibits normal stress behavior. Analytical solutions are not possible, but a perturbation method, using a viscoelastic perturbation parameter related to a Deborah number, yields an approximate solution. Only terms to first order in the perturbation parameter are given. Subject to that degree of approximation, the following conclusions are drawn: 1Non-Newtonian shear behavior reduces the pressure distribution, and increases the coating thickness.1Elasticity of the type usually observed in polymer solutions makes only a minor contribution to the roll-separating (load-carrying) force. The contribution is positive, but smaller than the corresponding negative contribution due to the non-Newtonian shear effects.1An increase in load-carrying capacity would require a different viscoelastic fluid than the type considered here - one that is essentially Newtonian in shear but, independently, capable of developing significant normal stresses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: There are two distinct solid conveying theories that can be applied to plasticating screw extruders. One is Darnell and Mol's theory based on a solid-to-solid friction model and the other is Chung's theory based on a viscous shearing model. The two theories predict very different solid conveying performances for a same set of conditions. In this paper, the maximum pressures that can be developed inside plasticating screw extruders by the solid conveying force are calculated using each of the two theories. Comparison of the results may shed some light on the applicability of each theory for a particular extrusion operation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanical properties of a propylene-ethylene copolymer resin depend strongly on the mold temperature employed during injection molding. Average spherulite size correlates well with most physical properties; good impact properties are related to small average size, and high heat distortion temperatures to large average size. Tensile specimens have three distinct regions when viewed through crossed polars. The outer region (Region 1) does not contain spherulites, but Regions 2 and 3 do. The largest spherulites are found in Region 3, the center of the specimen. Region 1 has a molecular weight higher than that of the other two regions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: During the last several years there has been considerable interest in the occurrence of structure in certain bulk polymers normally thought to be structurally homogeneous. Specifically, it has been proposed that polymers produced by emulsion polymerization may retain a particle structure in the bulk state. This has been demonstrated by both rheological measurements and by electron microscopy. In this work we show conclusively that at least part of the particle structure observed by electron microscopy for polystyrene is an intrinsic feature of the fracture surface and is in no way related to the history of the sample.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new type of extrusion rheometer has been designed which employs dual slit geometry with a double valve. The double valve concept allows a change in flow rates through the slits, while the total extruder flow rate remains constant thus leaving extruder operating conditions unchanged. Electronic pressure transducers are mounted along the slit to record axial pressure distribution. Flow rates are measured by weighing polymer output and wall shear stresses are calculated from the axial pressure profiles. Exit pressures are derived from extrapolating the pressure profile to the slit exit and from this information the normal stresses can be determined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 761-773 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The rheological behavior of aqueous solutions of Separan AP-30®, polymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone was studied experimentally. These solutions exhibit non-Newtonian flow behavior in simple shear, and are characterized by one of several 2, 3, or 4 parameter rheological equations. The equations used included the power law, the Ellis model, Spriggs equation, the Herschel-Bulkley equation, and Meter's model. The power law model fits the data for each of the solutions over a limited range of shear rates, whereas the other models, which include either a lower shear rate limiting Newtonian viscosity, and/or an upper shear rate limiting Newtonian viscosity, or a yield stress, fit the data well over a wide range of shear rates from 0.00675 to 1076 sec-1. The pressure drop-flow rate data for the same aqueous solutions flowing through packed beds were correlated well by the Ergun equation using the various rheological models applied in this work to evaluate a modified fluid viscosity. In each case it was found that the rheological model which best fit the viscometric data also gave the best packed bed friction factor correlation, and that no one model, such as the powerlaw, or the Ellis model, is the best one to use in all cases for all solutions. For polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions large deviations between experimental values of friction factor and those from the Ergun equation occurred for modified Reynolds numbers greater than one. A pseudo viscoelastic parameter was used to improve the friction factor correlation empirically at high Reynolds numbers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Recent work is presented on the plastic deformation of linear polyethylenes. This work demonstrates the importance of molecular weight and initial morphology in determining the drawing behavior, and shows that by appropriate choice of these two factors a substantial increase in draw ratio and hence stiffness can be achieved over conventionally-oriented polyethylenes. Under optimum conditions a modulus of approximately 700 Kbar was obtained at a draw ratio of ∼30. These very high modulus materials displayed an extensibility to break of at least 3 percent and a strength of about 4 Kbar. In some cases they also exhibited very high melting points (∼139°C) and exceptionally good thermal stability.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 238-239 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 569-582 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A practically-oriented computer model which computes the temperature, pressure, and velocity fields in a cavity during the mold filling portion of the injection molding process is described. The model is structured so that it can be used for cavities having non-simple shapes and for commonly used molding compounds with complicated viscosity, shear rate, temperature relationships. Predictions from the model are found to be in good agreement with results obtained from exact solutions to special cases. Model predictions in molding problems have been found to correctly describe trends such as an increase in the pressure required to fill molds as injection rate, shot temperature, and mold temperature decrease, and to be reasonably accurate when compared to data for plaque, disc, and telephone housing molds over a wide range of molding conditions. Some illustrative examples of the use of the model in solving real molding problems are provided.
    Zusätzliches Material: 25 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 646-650 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic mechanical properties of a series of thermoplastic urethane elastomers have been studied as a function of molecular composition and temperature. Polymers based on polycaprolactone diol, an isomeric mixture of tolylene diisocyanate and hydrogenated Bisphenol-A as the chain extender were prepared at various relative concentrations of hard and soft segments. The glass transition temperatures of these polymers progressively shifted to higher temperatures as the relative hard segment content was increased. This variation was accurately described by the Fox relationship for amorphous copolymers. These results can be interpreted in terms of the relative degree of segregation between the segment of the block copolymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Elastomeric bearings which consist of cylindrical rubber layers bonded on their inner and outer curved surfaces to metal cylinders are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Emphasis is placed on two asymmetic loading modes, radial loading and bending or tilting moments. An approximate theoretical treatment based on linear elastic behavior is proposed. Experimental spring constants are compared to the theoretical predictions for thin elastomer layers of various lengths. It was found that for highly confined layers, the theoretical spring constants must be modified to obtain agreement with experimental results. The importance of elastomer bulk deformation, shrinkage stresses from elastomer cure, and tension-compression stress-strain behavior is also evaluated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 660-667 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Experimental studies of structure development in melt spinning of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers are described. Emphasis is given to the influence of applied stresses on the rates of crystallization and on the development of crystalline morphology. The relationship of fiber morphology to mechanical properties, especially “hard elastic fibers” is considered. The relevance of such studies to other polymer processing operations such as film extrusion is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 673-678 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Previous studies have evaluated low molecular weight crystalline materials as latent heat sinks for passive thermal protection systems. This study evaluated crystalline polymers as heat storage materials. Differential scanning calorimetry and Instron thermomechanical analysis are applied in dynamic studies of cumulative histories of melting and recrystallization. Commercially available crystalline polymers with melting temperatures Tm ≥ 100°C can provide fully reversible heats of fusion ΔHm ≥ 35 cal/gm under programmed heating-cooling cycles. A linear polyethylene (Marlex 6050) is modified by radiation crosslinking to retain shape stability above Tm with-out loss of heat storage capability. The essentially zero vapor pressure and inherent shape stability of crosslinked crystalline polymers may provide unique advantages as uncontained, non-expendable, heat storage materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 690-695 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: One dimensional transient heat conduction analysis of reactive, unfilled polyesters and epoxies shows that care must be taken during curing to minimize large temperature excursions due to internal heat generation. Isothermal heat generation rates have been shown to underestimate the non-isothermal values by more than an order of magnitude.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 684-689 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mixing of polymers is an important subject which has received considerable and recent attention. This study shows that residence time distribution curves give information on the distribution of material along the primary flow direction, but do not quantify in polymer flow systems. Several polymer processing systems have been analyzed and the degree of mixing has been related to strain in each of these systems. Strain correlates directly with transverse mixing, which is the most important aspect of polymer mixing. Mixer design is shown to influence the amount of strain needed to achieve a specified degree of mixedness.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Theoretical equations for power dissipation and torque for single and multi-section screw extruders for Newtonian or slightly non-Newtonian melts are derived from improved theoretical velocity distributions. Verification of the equations is indicated by experimental data for four single-section screws of constant channel depth. The power equations can be easily programmed on a digital computer for design or evaluation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 731-746 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A composite normally consists of a material forming a continuous matrix and a different material in the form of discrete particles. The composite structure is characterized by the proportions of each component, the shape of the particles and their arrangement in space. A generalized way to characterize a particle shape and its position relative to adjacent particles is shown to describe the various geometrical arrangements of two components in space. The components of a composite often have different transport or related properties, i.e., thermal or electrical conductivity, gas permeability, modulus of elasticity, etc. A given property of a composite is a function of the structure of the composite and the corresponding property of each component. Structure-property analytical relationships are presented and compared. A generalized relationship corresponding to a generalized particle is discussed and shown to be practical and realistic.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 747-756 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Shortages of both energy and materials make it imperative that low cost substances, processed with low energy requirements, be developed as soon as possible. One promising type of materials are the structural thermoplastic foams since they further enhance the favorable strength to weight ratio of plastics while reducing overall material needs. In addition, foam processing also capitalizes on the generally lower energy consumption and manpower-hour requirements for plastics. Finally, the possibility of forming larger and more complex shapes opens up new application areas. The largest deterrent to the use of structural foams is the lack of appropriate basic engineering and scientific knowledge. This paper not only summarizes and extends such understanding, but also shows how appropriate design procedures can be developed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 757-760 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Numerical results are given of calculations of the radial, transverse, and shear stresses in the matrix surrounding a cylindrical inclusion in plane strain perpendicular to the cylinder axis, this being taken as a model of a fiber composite under transverse loading. It is shown that the presence of an interlayer on the fiber at a thickness which is a small fraction of the fiber diameter can significantly affect the stress concentrations in the matrix. The interlayer-fiber ‘composite’ can be ‘matched’ to the matrix by suitable choice of interlayer elastic moduli. In particular, if the shear modulus of the interlayer is smaller than that of the matrix and its Poisson's ratio is very small, the stress concentrations in the matrix are considerably reduced and the composite should be less subject to failure by delamination.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 831-833 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It is now possible to do molecular weight distribution of polymeric material almost as fast as you can put them in solution. μSYRAGEL® has opened a new era in the determination of molecular weight distribution of polymers. With operational efficiencies of 800 plates/min., one can obtain a molecular weight distribution in 15 mins. Combining three of the newest advances in liquid chromatography - solvent delivery, septumless injection, and μSYRAGEL - now makes it possible to use molecular weight distribution as a quality control tool in polymerization and fabrication. The reproducibility of the molecular weight distribution is now good enough that overlays can be done from the raw data. The chromatograms can be used right off the recorder. The reproducibility of the weight average and number average molecular weight is 2-3 percent.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Evidence is presented that singlet oxygen may have an important role in the photo-oxidation of polymers. Increased attention is being paid to singlet oxygen as a possible reactive intermediate in the initiation step of the photodegradation of polymers. Singlet oxygen may be produced by energy transfer either from impurities or internal groups after excitation, e.g. carbonyl groups, which are present in commercial polymers. As a consequence, reactions of singlet oxygen may also be important in the stabilization of polymers, e.g. leading to search for new and more effective antioxidants.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Dynamic elastic modulus and internal friction of a Portland cement (Type I) mortar system impregnated with an epoxy resin system and with methyl methacrylate were measured in the temperature range of 100 to 450°K by use of a free-free resonance technique. Dynamic modulus values were found to increase greatly compared to controls, especially at lower (〈300°K) temperatures. Above 320°K the dynamic moduli of polymer-impregnated mortars exhibited a sharp decrease toward control values. Low temperature damping maxima of the composites differed significantly from those of the constituent phases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 84-89 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Viscous dissipation causes significant temperature increases in polymers while they are flowing through extruder dies. The development of the temperature field has been studied numerically using the dimensionless parameters Na and Gz. With the annular geometry (parameter: ratio of radii κ) the well known developing temperature fields in capillaries could be compared with the developing temperature fields in an annulus and in a plane slit. The shear dependence of the viscosity is described by a “power law” and the temperature dependence by an exponential function. A simple graphical method is suggested for estimating temperature fields in extruder dies, making use of the fully-developed temperature field for very long dies as a reference state. For the demonstration of results, a power law exponent n = 0.4 has been chosen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 129-129 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 150-159 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Graphite has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure which is strong and stiff in the two directions of the basal plane and, in the third direction - perpendicular to the basal plane - is weak and compliant. High-performance carbon fibers must make use of the strong directions while suffering from the poor properties of the third. This paper describes, from fundamentals, the processes used to produce high-performance carbon fibers. The resulting fiber microstructures and the consequences of these structures on properties are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This note illustrates how the development rate for the use of composites as engineering materials has recently increased. Reasons for the expected even larger number of applications of composites in industry is explored. The engineering potential of composites is outlined in terms of properties and design aspects and mainly by pointing out how the proper use of a composite requires a clear knowledge of its application as well as the appropriate design technology. Examples of applications in different fields are reported with the aim of showing the high versatility of composites for a variety of engineering applications. The final part is devoted to cost aspects, which are considered in connection with the effects of composite use upon the total structure. The purpose is to show that a large number of interesting applications are already cost effective.
    Zusätzliches Material: 26 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 211-212 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The program of studies carried out in the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research concerning fundamentals of polymer crystallization and orientation is briefly described. Discussions center on studies of polymer texture formation caused by complex external conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 70-72 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A crosslinked polybutadiene containing a cyclic depsipeptide (Valinomycin) has been synthesized in which there is some possibility of threading to produce a catenated structure (polymeric catenane). Unthreaded rings were removed by extraction with toluene. An elemental analysis indicated the yield of threaded rings to be greater than the calculated expected yield. The total amount of threaded Valinomycin present was 0.37 percent. The rings showed no effect on the calorimetric glass transition temperature, but did result in an increase in the tensile modulus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Tests have been made for use of a high-density polyethylene of ultra-high molecular weight as a gear material. The gears had a diametral pitch of 10 and 30 teeth. They were tested in mesh with a steel gear of the same size in two operating conditions: (1) in still air without lubrication, and (2) in oil with generous lubrication.The effects of speed, temperature, and initial lubrication on the load capacity of the gears were tested and an equation was developed to express the limits of these gears operating without lubrication. In the lubricated conditions, the influence of oil flow and its temperature on the gear teeth temperature were evaluated. The wear of the plastic gear was measured in both operating conditions and wear rate was calculated as a function of the load and gear life. Curves are presented suggesting design limits of the gears in the two operating conditions. There are also recommendations on the center distance setting and the backlash to use.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Allyl fluoride can be copolymerized with vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, or SO2 using free radical types of initiation. The copolymerization of allyl fluorida with vinyl chloride is comparable to the free radical initiated copolymerization of propylene with vinyl chloride. The allyl fluoride-vinyl acetate couple tends to form completely random copolymers, the reactivity ratios of the monomers being close to unity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 132-136 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Theoretical projections, based upon the anisotropic character of the polymer chains and supported by recent fiber technology and composite mechanics developments, indicate that an order of magnitude improvement in bulk polymer properties is both technically possible and achievable. The objective of this discussion is to define and discuss some of the major scientific problems associated with the achievement of the maximum mechanical potential of macromolecular (polymeric) solids. Two material paths to achieve maximum response will be considered in detail.1. Composite Materials. This deals with the reinforcement of bulk polymers by one or more phases providing enhanced mechanical properties, such as high-strength high-modulus graphite, glass, and polymeric fibers. The latter could include high-modulus fibrous polyethylene in a polyethylene matrix-a molecular composite.2. Homogeneous Molecular Composites-Ultra Molecular Orientation. Examined here is the way absolute molecular orientation can be developed in both aromatic and olefinic polymers to produce materials with mechanical properties comparable to the defect-free single crystals of metals. Simultaneously, structure-property relations are examined in traditional bulk polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A variety of macromolecular systems including crystalline and oriented thermoplastics, block copolymers, and flexibilized thermosetting resins can realistically be viewed as composite systems. This paper examines the utility of using predictive methods developed for two-component engineering composites to predict the mechanical properties of macromolecular systems. The concepts presently available for the prediction of stiffness and expansion coefficients of short-fiber rein-forced plastics are reviewed with respect to their engineering accuracy in structural systems design. These techniques are then applied to predict the stiffness of a hybrid polymer system lying midway between an engineering composite and a crystalline polymer. The hybrid consists of a polymer matrix (butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer) reinforced with in-situ crystallized, low-molecular-weight filler (acetanilide). Finally, the composite approach is applied to the prediction of stiffnesses and expansion coefficients of crystalline polyethylene as a function of volume fraction crystallinity and crystallite morphology.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Ultra-high-modulus fibers such as Du Pont PRD-49 (initial modulus up to ∼1000 g/den) and Monsanto X-500 (initial modulus up to ∼600 g/den) are spun from solutions. Both polymers are characterized by a high intrinsic rigidity of individual molecular chains and considerable orientation along the fiber axis. The thermodynamics of solution for rigid and semirigid macromolecules is critically reviewed in order to illustrate conditions under which spontaneous formation of highly oriented fibers is expected. In the case of semirigid polymers, the free energy of (random) mixing pure solvent and parallellized polymer may, according to Flory, become positive for some critical value of a “flexibility parameter.” Formation of an ordered phase for semirigid polymers is not, however, observed by lowering temperature or increasing polymer concentration. In the case of rod-like polymers, still according to Flory, at some critical value of polymer concentration (which decreases with the axial ratio of the macromolecule) the isotropic solution of rods undergoes phase separation with formation of a partly ordered solution. This theoretical prediction is satisfactorily verified by data. While Du Pont fibers are spun from this anisotropic solution, Monsanto's X-500 only yields an isotropic solution at room temperature up to the limit of polymer concentration at which crystallization occurs. This inability of X-500 to form anisotropic solutions at the expected critical concentration is attributed to a partial degree of flexibility. Mechanical properties and orientation of fibers spun from the anisotropic solution appear to be superior to those obtained by spinning from isotropic solution, according to Du Pont's results. When a polymer has a partial degree of flexibility, alteration of physico-chemical variables such as solvent type, solvent composition, temperature, and polymer concentration may still be used in order to increase its rigidity. Theoretical arguments and data supporting this contention are discussed. Moreover, alteration of these variables may also be used to alter the crystallization temperature, allowing formation of the anisotropic solution to occur at a high enough polymer concentration. This expectation was verified in the case of X-500. Finally, the all important role of mechanical orientation of solutions is emphasized. According to Hermans, under high enough shear stress, the difference between the isotropic and the anisotropic solution vanishes. In line with these consideration, drawing techniques are particularly useful in order to achieve almost-perfect orientation and theoretical moduli.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 236-237 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 44-50 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The hydrodynamics of the filling of a rectangular mold cavity by a molten polymer is considered in terms of lubrication theory. Both isothermal and nonisothermal mold filling are analyzed. The relationship of the velocity field to the cavity geometry and temperature dependence of the rheological properties is predicted. Increasing the activation energy of viscous flow increases the tendency for channeling of melt through the center of the cavity. The results are compared to the experimental observations of our previous studies.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 51-62 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A second-generation apparatus was built and used to inflate heat-softened plastic sheets to shapes from hemispheres to large spheroidal bubbles. Three sheet materials, polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene, and cellulose acetate butyrate, were successfully formed beyond the hemispherical shape at temperatures somewhat below industrial levels. Four others, rigid poly-(vinyl chloride), an acrylic-modified PVC, cast poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycarbonate, could not be deformed beyond the hemispherical shape without rupture. Measurements included bubble profiles, thickness distributions and local extension ratios for the final bubbles; two plots of profile growth measured from high-speed motion pictures; and a continuous record of bubble temperatures and blowing pressure from which the meridional temperature distributions were plotted.Fifteen bubbles were measured and analyzed. Profiles and extension ratios were compared with those computed from the equations of isotropic, isothermal elasticity, using several different strain-energy functions with constant material parameters. Agreement over all fifteen bubbles on all properties was about ±10.8 percent (absolute) for the best models considered. Bubble growth occurred over periods of 5 to 8 seconds, with about 90 percent of the final area of the larger bubbles being generated in the final 1.5 seconds. The maximum areal elongations obtained were 18,600 percent for clear polystyrene at 238°F, 14,300 percent for high-impact polystyrene at 224°F, and 1,010 percent for cellulose acetate butyrate at 280°F.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 73-78 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The liquid heat capacities and heats of vaporization of three linear esters of poly(hexamethylene sebacate) with hexylcapped end groups (M(mol. wt.) = 370, 655, and 939) have been determined. The heats of vaporization of the oligomers measured at a mean temperature were corrected to 323.15 to 523.15°K by use of the experimental liquid (melt) heat capacities and the calculated gas heat capacities. The corrected heats of vaporization were fitted to the equation ΔHv = S(T)Mα + I(T), where the temperature dependence of the slope and intercept are represented, respectively, as S(T) = ClnT + Ko and I(T) = a T + bo, and α is an exponent. The results indicate (at corresponding molecular weights and constant temperature) that the ratio of the liquid heat capacities of the oligomer ester and the n-alkane, and similarly the ratio of the heats of vaporization, depend on the number of carboxyl groups in the oligomer ester chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 102-106 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The flow behavior of poly (butylene-terephthalate) (PBT) has been investigated using a capillary extrusion rheometer. The behavior was measured as a function of temperature, moisture content, and residence time of the molten polymer in the rheometer barrel. The temperature and moisture dependence of PBT are compared with polycarbonate. The notched Izod impact strength of injection-molded PBT is also reported as a function of moisture content and residence time at processing temperatures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: High-density polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) were melt-blended in the following percentages of PE by weight: O, 10, 33.3, 40, 50, 66.6, 90, and 100. For these blends we obtained data on shear stress vs shear rate; tensile modulus and strength; density; and rates of water-vapor transmission for films. The shear-rate/shear-stress data at 190 and 210°C are well fitted by the Ellis model with a maximum relative error of 5 percent. At 190°C all the mixtures were found to exhibit flow instabilities at high shear rates except the 90 percent and pure PE compositions. These, however, were unstable at 140, 150, and 160°C.The 10, 33.3, 40, 50, and 66.6 percent PE mixtures ruptured at elongations of less than 15 percent at the maximum tensile stress. The maximum tensile strength and modulus pass through maxima at 10 percent PE. Density is given by the equation ρ = 0.9029 + 0.0544 (wt fraction PE). Water-vapor permeability was measured using wax-sealed permeability cups, according to ASTM E96-66. Valid results were obtained for only a few compositions because of faulty seals that could be detected only during careful dismantling of the specimen dishes. Faulty seals could account for the value, about ten times ours, reported in the literature for linear PE.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 137-149 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The fundamental analysis of the mechanical response of composite media involves investigations on two levels of abstructions: the micro and the macro scale. These areas of study are known as micromechanics and lamination theory. This format is employed to treat a series of problems concerning (1) stiffness, creep, or viscoelastic properties; (2) strength and expansion properties for oriented continuous and short fibers; (3) randomly oriented fibers; (4) injection-molded materials; and (5) particulate reinforcements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 25 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 160-166 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Our preliminary characterization of advanced composite materials has been conducted simultaneously with the development of large-scale primary and secondary aircraft structures. We have demonstrated significant advantages over metal structure on a one-to-one basis. Our efficiency levels gained to date demonstrate that we have extracted about fifty percent of the maximum potential advantage. Recovery of the remaining efficiency will result from understanding material characteristics and development of advanced design concepts. We will develop and demonstrate a summary format for viewing the structural response of monolithic metals and polymers and then document the observed responses of advanced composites within the format. Our data show that the addition of high-modulus fibers into a polymeric matrix produces a physically distinct material with substantial advantage over unreinforced polymers. The unique properties of composite materials yield a significant advantage in physical properties and in design. Full advantage of material orientation has yet to be developed in a practical design but through examples we can illustrate the potential. We develop two examples: (1) stress concentration control through buffer stripping and (2) fracture control through buffer stripping. The impact of composite material characteristics as aircraft materials and design methods is also reviewed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Some general considerations are given concerning the conformational factors affecting the inherent elastic modulus of the macromolecular chains in the crystalline state. In particular, the influence of the size of side groups and that of the chain extension are discussed. Some conformational properties concerning two polymers with different stiffness, both containing amide groups, are clarified.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The general properties of a novel process for producing high modulus polyolefins are discussed. The technique is an extrusion drawing involving a crystal-crystal transformation. The principal tests have been made on polyethylene and the guidelines have been established for extending the technique to other polyolefins. The characterization of such materials is extensively discussed, particularly in the light of the concept of continuous crystals.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 234-234 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: I. Amorphous polymers. The mechanical performance of a glassy amorphous polymer is strongly dependent upon molecular orientation. The pattern of molecular orientation is governed by the kinematics (and temperature) of mechanical forming operations. Three types of controllable orientation are: (a) uniaxial, (b) biaxial, and (c) “crossed.” The optimum pattern of orientation in a part is one which is appropriate for the mechanical stresses encountered in service. For a fiber subjected to tensile and bending loads, uniaxial orientation is appropriate. A shell structure, subjected to multiaxial stresses, requires either biaxial or crossed orientation for maximum performance. As a rule, the maximum achievable multidirectional strength in such a structure is less than the maximum strength of a uniaxially oriented fiber.II. Crystalline polymers. Oriented crystalline polymer structures can be created in two distinct ways. An isotropic polycrystalline polymer can be deformed below the melting point, with extensive reorganization of the crystal morphology, or an oriented amorphous melt can undergo crystallization to yield oriented crystalline polymer. Performance of an oriented semicrystalline polymer depends upon orientation of the amorphous portion as well as orientation of the crystallites. As with amorphous polymers, orientation can be uniaxial, biaxial, or crossed. “Orientation” usually denotes c-axis orientation only, but drawing followed by rolling can result in double orientation - orientation of a-axis, b-axis, and c-axis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 240-240 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 241-241 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 268-271 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Much has been written on the theoretical mechanisms by which the oxidation of polyolefins is believed to proceed and on the role of stabilizers in impeding this process. Relatively little information is available on the effects of some of the interesting, practical considerations - stress, stabilizer stability and the consequences of crystalline content and texture to name a few - which exert a controlling influence on the behavior of these materials in real-life situations. Data are presented on the aging behavior of low- and high-density polyethylenes at temperatues in the range 50-110°C in the presence of copper and on the utility and limitations of oxygen absorption and differential thermal analysis as tools for accelerated prediction of this behavior.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The sorption kinetics and equilibria of n-hexane in glassy polyblends of polystyrene and poly(2,6 dimethyl-1,4 phenylene oxide) were studied as a function of annealing conditions. Cast film samples were annealed 20°C above their respective glass transition temperatures for two hours and twenty-four hours. The rate of relaxation-controlled (Case II) sorption of n-hexane in these films was reduced markedly consequent to annealing. The effect of annealing on the sorption kinetics and the independently determined film densities was more pronounced for the poly(phenylene oxide)-rich samples. Although sorption rates were reduced by as much as a factor of 100, the sorption equilibrium was insignificantly affected by annealing. Super Case II transport was observed for the slow absorbing annealed samples whereas the more rapid sorption in the unannealed samples followed ideal Case II kinetics. The more pronounced effects of annealing for the poly(phenylene oxide)-rich samples on sorption rates and film densities were explained by considering the increasing difference between the film Tg and the drying temperature used in the original film preparation for the poly(phenylene oxide)-rich samples. These results suggest that glassy polymers, cast and dried well below their glass transition temperatures, will be subject to large long-term reductions in absorption rates and specific volume. Moreover, residual, excess free volume significantly affects relaxation-controlled absorption of vapors in partially annealed glassy polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 242-251 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A phenomenological model combining a Weibull distribution function with a kinetic equation for flaw growth has been used to describe the static tensile strengths and fatigue lives of short graphite-fiber reinforced nylon 66 materials. A simple Weibull function of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ P\left( {\sigma _b } \right) = \exp - \left( {{{\sigma _b } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sigma _b } {\hat \sigma }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\hat \sigma }}} \right)^{9.5} $\end{document} described the distribution of static strengths. The scale factor \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\hat \sigma } $\end{document} varies with the annealing treatment and, in general, is a function of environmental variables. The cumulative distribution of breaking times in fatigue can be characterized by a translated three parameter Weibull function \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ P\left( {t_B } \right) = \exp - \left\{ {\left. {\left( {\frac{{\sigma _{\max } }}{{\hat \sigma }}} \right)^{16} + \frac{{t_B }}{{\hat t}}} \right\}} \right.^{0.59} . $\end{document} The average time to break (which is related to the time scale factor \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\hat t} $\end{document}), appears to be a function of the flaw growth rate. The distribution equation has been found to predict the number of half cycle failures and is thus a valid model for the proof testing of large populations. An electrical resistivity method was developed to measure flaw growth rates in prenotched cantilever beams. Experimental data fit the following equation: ln (Δa/Δn) = -88.88 + (12.46 ± 5.68) ln (Keff)max. The correlation coefficient was 0.81. From curve fitting of fatigue data it appeared that flaw growth rate varied with the ninth power of flaw length (Δa/Δn) = Ma9. The direct measure of flaw growth rate using electrical resistance gave Δa/Δn = Ma6.23±2.84 with 90 percent confidence. The two measurements overlap within the 90 percent confidence bands, but predictions of fatigue life using the flaw propagation data were not good. Scanning electron microscope studies showed that specimens with a short fatigue life have glassy, fibrillated fracture surfaces while specimens with a long fatigue life exhibit a high degree of ductility in portions of the fracture surface. These differences are traced to differences in the size and shape of flaws.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 252-260 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: One is faced with an interesting challenge when trying to explain the effect of test frequency on polymer fatigue performance. While hysteretic heating arguments appear sufficient to explain a diminution of fatigue resistance with increasing cyclic frequency in unnotched test samples, the enhancement of fatigue resistance in many polymers with increasing cyclic frequency in notched samples is still not clearly understood. In large measure, this is due to contradictory trends in fre-quency-sensitive material properties which affect the fatigue process. In this paper, a number of proposed fatigue models dealing with the time and strain rate dependence of elastic modulus, yield strength, creep and localized crack tip heating are examined and confronted with available data from the literature. Additional fatigue crack propagation data for poly(methyl methacrylate), poly (vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly-carbonate, nylon 66, poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) were obtained and are reported herein. These data were obtained over a maximum frequency range of 0.1 to 100 Hz and, for selected polymers, with various waveforms. Frequency sensitivity is shown to be greatest in those polymers that show a high tendency for crazing. Relative fatigue behavior is found to reflect a competition between strain rate and creep effects. Where creep effects dominate, the total crack growth rate may be viewed as consisting of the summation of pure fatigue and creep components, respectively. Finally, the β transition appears to have a role, with frequency sensitivity being at a maximum for polymers where the β transition at room temperature occurs in the range of the experimental test frequency.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In order to determine the effect of outdoor aging in various areas of the world, poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, compositions were exposed at test sites in Australia, Canada, England, Germany, South Africa, and in Piscataway, New Jersey. These results are related to the climatological data from the different test sites. The data obtained show the effects of a three-year period of exposure on clear and filled, flexible and rigid PVC compositions. The merits of various types of additives are shown in respect to the outdoor aging properties of PVC compounds. It was observed that the exposure conditions vary from severe for Australia and South Africa to mild for England. However, the general results obtained throughout the world correlate well with those from the exposure site in New Jersey.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It has long been known that interaction of blood with artificial surfaces results in thrombogenic effects. With the increased use of prosthetic cardiovascular appliances, it is becoming more evident that surfaces which are thromboresistant are of utmost importance. A review is presented of the recent research on binding of heparin by ionic, covalent and thermal means, to different polymer surfaces, with the results of in vitro and in vivo tests. Additionally, a survey of theories on the role of heparin surfaces in thromboresistance is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 272-276 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Long-term performance of carbonated plastic beverage bottles depends on a number of critical factors. Testing to predict the effects of these factors is expensive and time-consuming. Many of these factors are interdependent. The presence of more than one critical factor in a given test makes the analysis of data difficult. The separation and prediction of the contribution of any one factor to long-term performance is complex even for the single composition studied, a rubber-modified high acrylonitrile resin. In addition to superior gas barrier properties, the container should exhibit a high degree of creep resistance. Visible manifestations of creep are reflected in gross dimensional changes of the bottle and consequent loss in carbonation. The purpose of this paper is to examine creep deformation of the bottle and its implications on bottle performance. Various factors contributing to the creep are also briefly analyzed. Since the ultimate goal is to predict creep, the merits of relevant short-term tests in this context are discussed. Finally, the data from short-term tests are compared with creep data obtained on bottles that were subjected to long-term tests.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 286-293 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) plastics are one of the most common two-phase commercial polymer systems. They consist of a continuous rigid phase (styrene-acrylonitrile co-polymer) in which the elastomer phase (polybutadiene grafted with styrene and acrylonitrile) is finely dispersed in the form of spherical particles. Because of their properties and relatively low cost compared to other engineering thermoplastics, ABS resins are now being used increasingly in fields of application involving severe aging. The polybutadiene content, however, poses a problem in relation to ABS aging resistance, since it is a prime site for degradative attack at double bonds and tertiary carbon atoms. The present paper presents a concise account of the methods used in our labortory for measuring ABS aging. As an example, ABS degradation during processing and during natural and artificial light aging are discussed in more detail.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 294-298 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Falling Dart Impact, FDI, toughness is used extensively to characterize the response of plastics to potential abuse. A critical study shows FDI toughness is highly variable with only 68 percent of the test pieces of a typical material failing within ±35 percent of the mean break energy, MBE. If no adjustment for this variability is made, the ASTM accepted “up/down” testing procedure leads to erroneous MBE values. A statistical analysis was carried out which defines the confidence which can be placed in measured MBE's as a function of the number of pieces tested. This analysis shows, for example, that 60 pieces must be tested so that a measured 20 percent difference in MBE's will be significant 90 percent of the time; while if 20 pieces are tested, as is suggested by ASTM, a 35 percent difference is needed before the same level of significance is reached.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 308-315 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An experimental study was carried out to investigate the flow behavior and the viscosity of mica flake-filled polypropylene melts and the mechanical properties of mica-polypropylene composites. The properties of the molded composites exhibit moduli which are higher than most filled polymers. Tensile strength values are noticeably improved when a silane coupling agent or a carboxyl-modified polypropylene is employed, although the extent of improvement is not great. A high processing temperature helps to minimize flake damage and to improve flow orientation of the flakes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Degradation of chlorinated polymers takes place via two simultaneous reactions; namely, dehydrochlorination and oxygen absorption. The dehydrochlorination and oxygen absorption of five grades of chlorinated polyenthylenes were studied at temperatures varying between 120 and 180°C. The chlorinated polyethylene grades varied in both molecular weight and chlorine content, the latter being in the range of 24.0 to 45.2 percent chlorine. Dehydrochlorination measurements on the pure polymers in both nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres showed that the rate of dehydrochlorination increases with an increase in the degree of chlorination of the polymer. The oxygen absorption rate, however, showed a decrease with higher chlorine content of the polymer.Dehydrochlorination and oxygen absorption studies were also carried out on chlorinated polyethylene containing dehydrochlorination stabilizers, antioxidants, antimony oxide, and other metal salts and metal oxides. Retardation of both oxygen absorption and dehydrochlorination was observed in the presence of antioxidants. More significant, however, was the observed action of some dehydrochlorination stabilizers as efficient antioxidants in the polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 316-320 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Stress-strain curves of glass bead-filled glassy polymers show a slope discontinuity related to crazing in the matrix. This discontinuity serves as basis for a simple method for determining εp′ the critical strain in the polymer to initiate crazing. The stress at the discontinuity (σD) is governed by the nature of the dispersed particles acting as stress concentrators. The two parameters, εp′ and σD, (neither of which is a function of the filler content) have the following values in ascending order σ = 1540, 1750, 1880, 2390 and 3300 psi for polystyrene, ABS, poly(vinyl chloride), SAN and poly(phenylene oxide) respectively; εp = 0.63, 0.72, 0.81, 1.10 and 1.67 percent for poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, SAN, ABS and poly(phenylene oxide) respectively. In coupled particulate systems, (σD) is increased and apparently vaies with the efficiency of the coupling agent. The modulus of a particulate system can be predicted by a one-parameter equation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 321-338 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Various aspects of polyphosphazene chemistry are reviewed. Stable poly (organophosphazenes) can be prepared from an inorganic precursor, poly(dichlorophosphazene), by careful control of polymerization and substitution reaction conditions. The bulk structure and properties of polyphosphazenes are discussed, and attention is given to those polymers which have promise as useful engineering materials. The successful preparation of stable poly(organophosphazenes) appears to have resulted in a new class of polymers for both specialty and large scale commercial development.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The thermal data needed for the design of heat transfer equipment and distillation columns for the manufacture of a new vinyl monomer, diacetone acrylamide, were rapidly and effectively provided by differential scanning calorimetry. A method has been developed for determining the effects of inhibitors and metals on the polymerization of the vinyl monomer. The latter was an aid in the selection of materials of construction. DSC was used to determine the total inhibitor concentration in the monomer. Selection of inhibitors was facilitated by information derived from thermal analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanical and optical properties have been examined of a series of polyurethane-polystyrene two-phase systems produced by simultaneous polymerization. Torsion pendulum data show two separate glass transitions which are essentially those of the constituent homopolymers. Thus these systems do not from true interpenetrating networks. Phase inversion from a continuous polyurethane to a continuous polystyrene phase occurred at the relatively low styrene concentration of 20 to 25%. Measurements of the stress-optical coefficients supported this finding. When polystyrene formed the continuous phase, straining produced softening at strains below about 15 percent. Birefringence measurements indicated that the rubbery polyurethane domains did not orient in these compositions. The stress-optical coefficients showed no time dependence. The strain-optical coefficients decreased with increasing temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 339-342 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Two component interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of the SIN type (simultaneous interpenetrating networks), composed of a polystyrene network (crosslinked with divinyl benzene) and a polyester-polyurethane network (crosslinked with trimethylolpropane), were made. Electron microscopy and glass-transition measurements showed that phase separation had resulted with some interpenetration, presumably occurring at the boundaries. At a composition of about 75 percent polyurethane, a phase inversion occurred, the continuous phase being polystyrene at polyurethane compositions of less than 75 percent. The stress-strain properties and hardness measurements agreed with these results. Enhanced tensile strength was observed in the IPN's in a concentration range where modulus reinforcement was not evident. A small enhancement in tear strength and thermal stability was also noted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 353-356 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Elongated metal or other conductive particles can be added to a polymer or other poor conductor to produce a composite of enhanced conductivity. Elongated particles are generally more effective than spherical or irregular particles but very slender particles can be dramatically more effective. For example, cylindrical copper particles with length/diameter (L/D) = 20, randomly dispersed in epoxy resin at a loading of 5 percent copper by volume yield a composite with a thermal conductivity about 1.5 times that of the base resin. However, the same volume of copper particles with L/D = 50 can increase the conductivity by a factor of 5 or more.This paper presents a new type of analysis for predicting the thermal conductivity of disperse composites from the properties of the component phases and elementary characterizations of particle shapes and orientation. This analysis successfully predicted the sensitivity to particle shape which was confirmed by experiments also reported in this paper. These results suggest that highly elongated particles may be used to achieve dramatic modifications of thermal conductivity and the analysis presented here may be a useful tool in the design or development of disperse composites of specific thermal conductivity. The analysis may also apply to other properties such as electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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