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  • Digitale Medien  (3.965)
  • Loseblatt
  • 1990-1994  (3.965)
  • 1990  (3.965)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3.965)
Materialart
  • Digitale Medien  (3.965)
  • Loseblatt
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1990-1994  (3.965)
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zur Beschreibung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit der radikalischen Fallungspolymerisation von Acrylsäure in Toluol wurde ein Modell entewickelt. Die experimentelle Überprüfung des Modells erfolgte durch Messungen in einem isotherm betriebenen Reaktionskalorimeter. Das Modell beschreibt die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bis zum vollständigen Umsatz in einem Temperaturbereich von 40 bis 60°C.
    Notizen: A kinetic model for the free-radical precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in toluene was developed and verified experimentally by using an isothermal reaction calorimeter. The model predicts the rate of polymerization accurately up to complete conversion in the temperature range of 40 to 60°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wird über Untersuchungen an Legierungen aus isotaktischem Polypropylen und EPDM-Elastomer berichtet, die mit hochenergetischen Elektronen bestrahlt worden waren. Die Mischungsverhältnisse in den Proben überstrichen sowohl den für elastomermodifizierte Thermoplaste typischen Bereich als auch den der thermoplasticschen Elastomeren. Eine Vernetzung der Komponenten über die Grenzfläche hinweg wurde nachgewiesen. Diese grenzflächenübergreifende Vernetzung bewirkte eine merkliche Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften insbesondere des thermoplastischen Elastomeren.
    Notizen: Blends of isotactic polypropylene and EPDM rubber have been treated by electron irradiation in the composition range of rubber modification and in the thermoplastic rubber composition range as well. Mutual crosslinking of the components through the interface could be detected. This intercrosslinking caused a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties particularly of the thermoplastic rubber.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanisms of photooxidation usually envisaged, are perfected by taking into account photoreactions of peroxy radicals. They involve interaction of a peroxy radical with the polymer to yield a hydroperoxy radical and a pair of macroradicals. After peroxidation, this pair will usually undergo bimolecular termination. The influence of such a reaction on photooxidation kinetics is particularly important for polyethylene. Then, chain termination occurs mainly by interaction of two hydroperoxy radicals or of a hydroperoxy radical with a macroperoxy radical. The reaction does not only affect kinetics of photooxidation but also the nature of the photooxidation products. The latter is more important for polypropylene than for polyethylene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Isothermal Differential Thermal Analysis was used to test the thermooxidative stability of pipes of polybutene during internal pressure tests at 110°C. At low hoop stresses and long testing times pipe failure was exclusively caused by thermooxidative degradation of the polymer.The stabilizer distribution in the initial state and its alteration during the pressure tests could easily be measured by isothermal DTA. Leaching of antioxidants from pipe walls could be detected. The decrease of residual thermooxidative stability was degressive.Degradation of pipe material started from the exterior pipe wall. Molecular weight of polybutene decreased rapidly after stabilizer exhaustion which could be observed by isothermal DTA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A base of experimental data on the ageing of commerial grade plastics is created. In includes assorted physical and chemical properties of plastics and their changes at natural ageing. An automated system for storing and processing of the experimental data is designed. Processing involves mathematical modeling of the changes in properties that aids in empirical prediction. The possibilities of the system are verified with experimental results from a 5-year ageing period of PE-LD and PE-HD. The results show a good agreement between the predicted and real data for selected models.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 35-56 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Morphologie von Polypropylen-Spritzgußteilen mit Bindenaht wurde mit Röntgenweit-und Kleinwinkelstreuung, Lichtstreuung und Polarisationsmikroskopie untersucht. Die erhaltenen morphologischen Daten wurden mit mechanischen Werten aus Zugversuchen korreliert. Es wird gefunden, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten Proben im wesentlichen von der sphärolithstruktur beeinflußt werden. Anhäufungen von Sphärolithen mit Kristallen der hexagonalen β-Modifikation und eine starke Inhomogenität der Sphärolithstruktur senkrecht zur Bindenaht sind der wesentliche Grund für die verschlechterten mechanischen Eigenschaften. Diese Sphärolithstruktur wird durch die Temperatur des Spritzgußwerkzeugs stark beeinflußt. Die Lamellen-Überstruktur hat dagegen einen vernachlässigbar kleinen Einfluß auf das mechanische Verhalten.
    Notizen: The morphology of polypropylene plaques containing a weld line, has been investigated by x-ray wide and small angle scattering, light scattering and polarization microscopy. The results are correlated to mechanical values obtained from tensile tests. While the lamellar morphology is of neglectable influence, it is found, that the mechanical properties of the samples are strongly influenced by the spherulitic structure. Clustering of β-type spherulites and strong morphological inhomogeneities in the vicinity of the weld line are the primary reason for the mechanical weakening of the plaques. The temperature of the mould has a strong effect on the spherulitic structure and thus on the tensile properties of the samples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Füllstoffe für PVC- und PP-Formmassen wurden mit Mikrowellenplasma behandelt. Photoakustische FT-IR-Spektren zeigen, daß die Plasma-Polymerhülle auf der Füllstoffoberfläche —C=C—, —CH2—, CH3— und andere Gruppen enthält. Aus Röntgenelektronenspektren geht hervor, daß zwischen Siliciumdioxid und der organischen Beschichtung chemische Bindungen existieren. Durch Compoundieren von plasmabehandelten Füllstoffen mit PVC und PP werden Materialien mit guten mechanischen Eigenschaften bei niedrigen Kosten erhalten.
    Notizen: Fillers for PVC and PP compounds have been treated by microwave plasma. FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy studies show that the plasma polymer sheath on filler's surface contains —C=C—, —CH2—, —CH3 groups, etc. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that interfacial chemical bondings exist between silica and the organic coating. Application of plasma-treated fillers in PVC and PP compounds gives rise to materials of good mechanical properties and low cost.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Poly-(alkylenadipat)-diole mit Molmassen von 1500, 2000 und 3000 wurden bei Temperaturen von 25 und 60°C in Gegenwart verschiedener Alkohole und unterschiedlicher PUR-Katalysatoren (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (DABCO), Dibutylzinndilaurat (DBTL),Dibutylzinndiethoxid (DBTEO) und Dibutylzinnoxid (DBTO)) in Ethylacetat bzw. Toluol gelagert und die Alkoholyse verfolgt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit dem Alkoholyseverhalten verschiedener Dialkyladipate sowie des Lösungsmittels Ethylacetat unter den selben Bedingungen verglichen. Die Alkoholyse verlauft in Gegenwart der zinnorganischen Verbindungen etwa mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit, ohne daß diese selbst signifikant zersetzt werden, wahrend DABCO praktisch inaktiv ist. Die Aktivitat der Alkohole ist starker von ihrer sterischen Struktur als von ihrer Basizitat abhangig. Die Stabilität der Polyalkylenadipate gegenüber einer Umesterung nimmt mit der Lange der Diolalkyleneinheiten des Polyols zu. Die Umesterung von Adipinsäuredialkylestern findet auch partiell in Anwesenheit eines großen Uberschusses an Ethylacetat statt.
    Notizen: Poly(alkylene adipate)diols having molar masses of 1500, 2000 and 3000 were stored at temperatures of 25 and 60°C in the presence of low amounts of different alcohols and some polyurethane (PUR) catalysts, such as dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL), dibutyltindiethoxide (DBTEO), dibutyltinoxide (DBTO), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Alcoholysis was studied using either ethyl acetate (EA) or toluene as solvent. The results were compared with those obtained by examining the behaviour of several dialkyl adipates and ethyl acetate under identical conditions. The alcoholysis in the presence of the tin catalysts proceeds at the same reaction rate without significant decomposition of the catalyst, whereas DABCO is practically inactive. The nucleophilic activity of the alcohols depends on their bulk size rather than their basicity. The resistance of polyalkylene adipates to transesterification increases with the increasing alkyl chain length of diol units in polyester. A partial transesterification of dialkyl adipates takes place too, in spite of ethyl acetate being present in excess.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 157-171 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurde das Permeations- und Trennverhalten von Alkohol/Wasser-Systemen durch poröse PVA-Membranen untersucht. PVA-Membranen mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl und Große von Poren wurden über Mischungen in Lösung mit verschiedenen synthetisierten Polymeren und Copolymeren, wie Polyacrylsäure, Polyacrylnitril, Polyacrylamid, Poly(Methylmethacrylat-co-Maleinsäureanhydrid) etc., anschließendes Gießen von Filmen und Extraktion der Polymeren oder Copolymeren durch Lösungsmittel hergestellt. Die Abhängigkeit der Durchlässigkeit und Trennwirkung von der Größe und Form der permeierenden Moleköle wurde qualitativ diskutiert. Des weiteren wurde die Selektivität der Trennwirkung in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung von Alkohol/Wasser-Gemischen und von der Größe und Anzahl der Poren untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Selektivität von der Menge und dem Molekulargewicht der in die Membranen eingebrachten Polymeren abhängt. Wenn der Gewichtsanteil des verwendeten Polymeren größer als 0,1 war, permeierte bevorzugt der Alkoholanteil bei methanolischen Msungen, wobei der Trennfaktor mit steigender Methanolkonzentration anstieg. In Gemischen mit anderen Alkoholen zeigten die Membranen andererseits eine selektive Durchlässigkeit für Wasser. Der Einfluß der Versuchsbedingungen wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notizen: The permeation and separation characteristics of alcohol/water systems through porous PVA membranes were investigated. Porous PVA membranes with different pore size and number were prepared by solution blending of PVA with several synthesized polymers or copolymers, such as polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and methylmethacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, etc. Then casting, and finally extracting the blended polymers or copolymers by solvent from the membranes. The dependency of both permeation and separation on the molecular size and shape of the permeating species was dicussed qualitatively. Moreover, the permselectivity was investigated with attention to the feed composition of alcohol/water mixture and the effect of pore size and number. The selectivity was found to depend on the weight ratio and the molecular weight of polymer introduced to the membrane. When the weight ratio of polymer introduced into the membrane was larger than 0.1, methanol was permeated through membrane preferentially in methanol/water system, and the separation factor increased with increasing the methanol feed concentration. On the other hand, membrane had a selective permeability for water in the other alcohol/water systems. The influence of operating conditions was also studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Temperatur des T1-Minimums für die Segmentbewegung in Polypropylen, das einen hohen ataktischen Anteil besitzt, ist niedriger als die in isotaktischem Polypropylen. Ein kurzes T1, T1s, tritt bei beiden Materialien auf. Bei Temperaturerhöhung nimmt T2a (T2 der beweglichen amorphen Bezirke) stark und T2m (T2 der dazwischen liegenden Bezirke) leicht zu, während sich T2c (T2 der steifen kristallinen Bezirke) kaum ändert. T2a in Polypropylen mit hohem ataktischem Anteil ist länger als in isotaktischem Polypropylen.Der Massenbruch der kristallinen Bezirke, Fc, nimmt bei Temperaturerhöhung ab und der der amorphen Bezirke, Fa, zu. Die Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit, 1/ (T1min), steigt linear mit Zunahme des amorphen Anteils an, außer bei der mit siedendem n-Heptan extrahierten Probe. Mit Zunahme der Peaktemperatur von tan δ fällt T2a nahezu linear ab, während die Temperatur des T1-Minimums zunimmt.
    Notizen: The temperature of the T1 minimum for the segmental motion in polypropylene containing a lot of atactic fraction is lower than that in isotactic polypropylene. A short T1, T1s, appears for both materials. As the temperature is raised, there is a large increase in T2a (T2 of the mobile amorphous regions), and a mild increase in T2m (T2 of the intermediate regions), while there is no substantial change in T2c (T2 of the rigid crystalline regions). T2a in polypropylene containing a lot of atactic fraction is longer than that in isotactic polypropylene.The mass fraction of crystalline regions, Fc, decreases and that of the amorphous regions, Fa, increases as the temperature is raised. There is a linear increase in the relaxation rate, 1/(T1min), as the amorphous fraction is increased, except for the sample extracted with boiling n-heptane. With increase of the peak temperature of tanδ, T2a decreases nearly linearly, while the temperature of the T1 minimum increases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1990), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Bestrahlung von PTFE mit Elektronen niedriger Energie führt zur Abspaltung von Fluor und zum Einbau von Sauerstoff in die Polymeroberfläche. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Ausmaß der Oberflächenveränderungen hauptsächlich von der Zahl und kaum von der Energie der Elektronen abhängt, die die Oberfläche erreichen. Änderungen in der Oberflächenenergie resultieren in unterschiedlichem Benetzungsverhalten. Kontaktwinkelmessungen und Kurvenanalysen der C-1s-Peaks aus Röntgenphotonenspektroskopiemessungen zeigen, daß der am wenigsten benetzbare Teil der bestrahlten Oberflächen in den meisten Fällen aus —CF2 —CF-Einheiten besteht. Werden bei der Bestrahlung nahezu alle Fluoratome abgespalten, bleiben nur isolierte —CF2-oder —CF-Gruppen zurück. Die „receding“-Winkel werden mit zunehmender Sauerstoffkonzentration in der Oberfläche kleiner, was auf die Bildung stark oxidierter Bereiche hinweist. Die Unabhängigkeit der Kontaktwinkel von der Alterungsdauer deutet auf eine sehr geringe Beweglichkeit der Makromoleküle hin, was mit einer starken Vernet-zung an der Oberfläche zusammenhängen könnte.
    Notizen: Low energy electron irradiation of PTFE induced fluorine depletion and introduction of oxygen on the surface. The effect on surface chemistry was shown to be dependent mostly on the amount of electrons reaching the sample, rather than on their energy.Changes in surface energy resulted in different wetting behaviors. The measurement of advancing water contact angles and the analysis of XPS C-1s peak shapes showed that the least wettable portion of irradiated surfaces is made in most cases of —CF2—CF — units. When the treatment caused a nearly complete fluorine depletion, only isolated —CF2— or —CF— groups are present. Receding angle values decreased linearly depending on the amount of oxygen introduced on the sample during the treatment, suggesting the formation of strongly oxidized polymer islets. The invariance of contact angles with aging time indicated very low macromolecular mobility, probably related to extensive surface crosslinking.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In aqueous dispersions of anionic polyurethanes containing the triethylammonium salt of 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid as chain extender, triethylamine can be largely replaced by ammonia. For electrostatic reasons, NH4+ is namely more tightly bound in the ion pairs located in the Stern layer than NH(C2H5)3+. Thermal treatment of films leads to a loss of base, whereby ammonia is more rapidly released than triethylamine. Therefore, crosslinking with partially methylated hexamethylolmelamine proceeds the faster the more triethylamine is replaced by ammonia.
    Notizen: In Dispersionen aus anionischen Polyurethanen, die das Triethylammoniumsalz der 2,2-Dimethylolpropionsäure als Kettenverlängerungsmittel enthalten, läßt sich durch Zugabe von Ammoniak eine weitgehende Verdrängung des Triethylamins erreichen. Aus elektrostatischen Gründen ist nämlich in den in der Sternschen Schicht lokalisierten Ionenpaaren NH4+ fester gebunden als NH(C2H5)3+. Bei der thermischen Behandlung der Filme tritt Basenabspaltung ein, dabei erfolgt die Abgabe von Ammoniak deutlich schneller als die von Triethylamin. Die Spannungswerte der mit teilmethyliertem Hexamethylolmelamin vernetzten Proben sind daher um so höher, je mehr Triethylamin durch Ammoniak ersetzt wurde.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 53-66 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Viskoelastizitäts-Parameter von geschmolzenem Polystyrol (PS) wurden mit einem Instron-Kapillarrheometer gemessen.Die Drucknachgiebigkeit B(t) zeigt ein Plateau sowohl im Schmelze (B1)- als auch im Glaszustand (Bg); beide nehmen mit abnehmender Spannung ab. Durch Verschiebung der B(t)-Kurven werden Master-Kurven erhalten, mit denen das Gesamtdruckverhalten (überlagerte elastische und viskose Deformationen) analysiert werden kann. Die stationäre Nachgiebigkeit (Bs) erlaubt eine Beschreibung des elastischen Energieanteils und scheint mit der Extrusions-Strangaufweitung (Bcs/Bds) korreliert zu sein. Die Volumenviskosität (ηk) nimmt mit zunehmender Spannung (P), zunehmender Belastungsgeschwindigkeit (k) und abnehmender Temperatur ab.
    Notizen: Viscoelastic parameters of polystyrene (PS) melt in compression creep have been measured in an lnstron capillary-rheometer.Bulk compression creep compliance B(t) shows plateau regions in the molten state (B1) and the glassy state (Bg), both decreasing with increasing stress. Shifting of B(t) curves provides master curves suitable to analysing the total (superposed elastic and viscous deformations) bulk compression behaviour. The steady-state creep compliance (Bs) allows to describe the recoverable elastic energy (Be) and seems to be related to the extrusion die swell (Bcs/Bds). Volume viscosity (ηk) decreases with decreasing stress (P), increasing compression rates (k) and decreasing temperature (T).
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurden Untersuchungen über Molekulargewichtsänderungen an physikalisch bei Raumtemperatur gealterten isotaktischen Polypropylenfilamenten (iPP) mit Hilfe der Hochtemperaturgelpermeationschromatographie (HTGPC) durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen weist auf eine sehr unbedeutende Änderung des Molekulargewichts des Materials während der Alterung hin.Das Materialgranulat wurde als Bezugsstandard gewählt. Basierend auf der Uneinheitlichkeit D = Mw/Mn des Granulats wurden Filamente der Handelsprodukte GYE 47 und PXC 31399 charakterisiert, deren Alterungsdauer zwischen 2 Wochen und 8 Monaten lag. Bei den Filamenten der Qpe GYE 47 verringerte sich die Breite der Molekulargewichtsverteilung D um durchschnittlich 12%. Andererseits zeigen die Filamente des PXC 31399-vps einen weniger eindeutigen Trend zur Änderung, jedoch im Mittel hat sich die Breite der Verteilung um etwa 20% erniedrigt. Bei letzterem ist die Verteilung iiber die Alterungsdauer stark gestreut. Der GYE 47-Typ zeigt eine nahezu asymptotische Abnahme. Es wird angenommen, daß die Ungleichartigkeit in der Ändenz der Anderung von D zwischen beiden Proben in ihrer unterschiedlichen thermodynamischen Stabilitat liegen ktinnte; PXC 31399 ist weniger stabil.
    Notizen: Experiments on the molecular weight variations of physically, room temperature aged isotactic polypropylene (iPP) filaments were done using the High Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (HTGPC). Evidence emanating from the studies indicates a very marginal change in molecular weight of the materials during aging.The granules of the materials were chosen as the reference standard. Based on the polydispersity D = Mw/Mn of the granules, filaments of commercial grades GYE 47 and PXC 31399 were characterized between an aging period ranging from 2 weeks to 8 months. The filaments of the GYE 47 grade have their distributions D lowered on the average by about 12%. On the other hand, those of the PXC 31399 grade have a less definite trend in change, but on the average, D is lowered by about 20%. The distributions of this latter grade are highly scattered over the period of aging. The GYE 47 grade shows a reduction in the distribution of a near asymptotic nature. It is believed that the disparity in the trend of change of D between the two samples could be attributed to their relative thermodynamic stability with the PXC 31399 grade being less stable.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Photopolymerisation von Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat (EGDMA) mit Methylmethacrylat (MMA) wurde mit Benzoinmethylether (BME) als Initiator in einem Glasrohr durchgeführt, um einen lichtfokussierenden Plastikstab (Radius Rp) mit parabolischer Brechungsindex-Verteilung (Verteilungskonstante A) in der Nähe der Stabachse (bis zum Radius Rc) herzustellen. Die Abhängigkeit von A und Rc/Rp vom Monomerenverhältnis MMA/EGDMA der Ausgangsmischung, der Einfluß der BME-Konzentration auf die Brechungsindex-Verteilung und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Photopolymerisationen wurden untersucht. Das Rc/Rp-Verhältnis stieg mit dem Monomerenverhältnis MMA/EGDMA bei BME = 1,0 Gew.-% und der Geschwindigkeit der UV-Lampe von V = 0,58 mm/min an. Andererseits stieg Rc/Rp bei BME = 0,6 Gew.-% und V = 0,735 mm/min bis zum Monomerenverhältnis von 0,2 an und fiel dann deutlich zwischen 0,20 und 0,25 ab. Die Plastikstäbe, die hier durch Photopolymerisation hergestellt wurden, haben Linseneigenschaften und sind gut reproduzierbar.
    Notizen: The photocopolymerization of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with methylmethacrylate (MMA) containing benzoin methyl ether (BME) as initiator was carried out in a glass tube to fabricate a light-focusing plastic rod (radius Rp) with a parabolic refractive index distribution (distribution constant A) in the region near the center axis (radius Rc). The dependence of A and Rc/Rp on MMA/EGDMA feed ratio, influence of BME concentration on the refractive index distribution, and the reproducibilities of the photopolymerizations were investigated. The Rc/Rp increased with the feed ratio used under BME = 1.0 wt.-% at velocity of UV lamp V = 0.58 mm/min. On the other hand, Rc/Rp increased with the feed ratio to 0.2 and then decreased remarkably with the feed ratio in the range of 0.2-0.25 with BME = 0.6 wt.-% at V = 0.735 mm/min. Plastic rods fabricated in the investigation using photopolymerization have lens characteristics and good reproducibilities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Polystyrol- und Polymethylmethacrylateinzelfäden mit verschiedenen Graden von Doppelbrechung wurden durch die kontinuierliche Änderung der Ziehgeschwindigkeit, der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze und des Molekulargewichts von Polystyrol (PS) und Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) gewonnen. Der “brittle to ductile” Übergangspunkt (Übergang des Polymeren vom spröden zum ziehbaren Zustand) wurde für das optisch reine Polystyrol im Bereich der Doppelbrechungszahlen -0,6 · 10-3 bis -2,6 · 10-3 gefunden. Höhe und Lage dieses Punktes werden durch das Molekulargewicht, die Molekulargewichtsverteilung und die Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beeinflußt. Die Werte des Doppelbrechungsindexes von PS sind um zwei Zehnerpotenzen höher als von PMMA. Bei PMMA wurde der “brittle to ductile” Übergangspunkt nicht beobachtet. Die mechanischen und optischen Eigenschaften hängen nicht nur vom mittleren Wert des durch die Doppelbrechung charakteri-sierten Orientierungsgrades ab, sondern auch davon, welcher Teil des Relaxations-spektrums des Polymeren vorzugsweise orientiert ist. Beim Ziehen der PS- und PMMA-Einzelfäden bilden sich in der Mitte des Fadens Risse (crazes), die jedoch nicht an die Oberflache des Fadens treten.
    Notizen: Monofilaments possessing various degrees of birefringence were obtained by changing the drawing rate, the molten polymer temperature, and the molecular weight of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The “brittle-toductile” transition point of optically pure PS was found in the range of birefringences of -0.6 · 10-3 to -2.6 · 10-3. Both the height and position of this point are influenced by M̄w, molecular weight distribution, and polymer melt temperature. The birefringence of PS is higher by two orders of magnitude than that of PMMA in which this transition point has not been observed. The mechanical and optical properties depend not only on the average amount of orientation characterized by the birefringence but on what portion of the relaxation spectrum of the polymer is preferentially oriented. During the drawing of PS and PMMA monofilaments crazes are formed in the centre of the fibers and do not reach the surface.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The possibility of the application of atactic polypropylene is investigated as graft base for the preparation of graft copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride respectively graft copolymers from vinyl acetate onto polypropylene as graft base for the preparation of graft copolymers of vinyl chloride in relation to the composition of the original mixture.After compounding of the graft products with polyvinyl chloride or ABS/polyvinyl-chloride mixtures selected mechanical properties are presented in relation to the quantity and composition of the incorporated graft copolymers.
    Notizen: Die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes von ataktischem Polypropylen als Pfropfgrundlage zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten des Vinylacetates und Vinylchlorids bzw. von Polypropylen-Vinylacetat-Pfropfprodukten als Pfropfgrundlage zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten des Vinylchlorids werden in Abhängigkeit von der Ausgangsgemischzusammensetzung untersucht.Nach Abmischung der Pfropfprodukte mit Polyvinylchlorid bzw. ABS/Polyvinylchlorid-Mischungen werden ausgewählte mechanische Eigenschaften sowohl in Abhängigkeit von der Menge des enthaltenen Pfropfproduktes als auch von der Zusammensetzung der Pfropfpolymerisate dargestellt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 5-19 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A new spectroscopic method for determining the permeability of ammonia in transparent polymer layers is presented. It is based on the quantitative proof of the ammonia passing the test layer into a sensor layer, containing 4-nitrophenol as an NH3-sensitive probe, which is placed under the test film. The permeability (P) of the test layer is calculated from the slope of extinction with time in the sensor layer. The lag time (t1) gives the diffusion coefficient (D). The suitability of this method is confirmed by comparison with literature values. Diffusion coefficients obtained from t1 correspond well to those obtained by the sorption method.The temperature dependence of P and D in more than five different polymers (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC and different polyvinyl alcohols) demonstrates that peculiarities in the temperature dependence of the permeability result from the behaviour of the NH3-solubility (P/D) which is strongly dependent on the polymer structure.
    Notizen: Es wird eine neuartige spektroskopische Methode zur Messung der Ammoniak-Permeabilität in transparenten Polymerfilmen vorgestellt. Sie beruht auf dem quantitativen Nachweis des den Testfilm durchdringenden Ammoniaks in einer darunter befindlichen Sensorschicht mit Hilfe der NH3-empfindlichen Sonde 4-Nitrophenol. Aus dem Anstieg der Extinktion mit der Zeit (ΔE/Δt) in der Sensorschicht wird die Permeabilität (P) und aus der Verzögerungszeit (lag time (t1)) der Diffusionskoeffizient (D) berechnet. Die Eignung der Methode wird durch Vergleich mit Literaturwerten belegt. Die aus t1 zugänglichen Diffusionskoeffizienten stimmen sehr gut mit denen überein, die mit der Sorptionsmethode gefunden werden.Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten von P und D in mehr als fünf verschiedenen Polymeren (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC und in verschiedenen Polyvinylalkoholen) zeigen, daß Besonderheiten im Temperaturgang der Permeabilität aus dem vom Aufbau des Polymeren stark abhängigen Verhalten der NH3-Löslichkeit (P/D) resultieren.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurde die strahleninduzierte Pfropfung von 4-Vinylpyridin (VP) auf Styrol-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymere (SBS) in Gegenwart von gelöstem Sauerstoff untersucht. Pfropfcopolymer-Membranen mit unterschiedlichen Pfropfgraden wurden durch Gießen aus benzolischer Lösung hergestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften, die Gaspermeabilität sowie der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Gasdurchlässigkeit wurden untersucht. Der höchste Pfropfgrad von 8,4% wurde bei einer Bestrahlungszeit von 15,5 herreicht. Sowohl bei kürzeren als auch längeren Bestrahlungszeiten war der Pfropfgrad  -  bedingt durch Störung durch den vorhandenen Sauerstoff  -  niedriger. Reißfestigkeit und Reißdehnung von SBS-g-VP waren vergleichbar rnit SBS. Die Spannungsrelaxation von SBS-g-VP war langsamer als bei SBS, was auf der Bildung von starren Polyvinylpyridin(DVP)-Mikrophasen beruhen könnte, die als permanente Vernetzungspunkte wirken und die Spannungsrelaxation beeinträchtigen könnten.Da SBS eine hohe Gasdurchlässigkeit und PVP eine hohe O2/N2-Selektivität aufweisen, wurde die Gasdurchlässigkeit der Pfropfmembranen untersucht. Die Selektivitat der SBS-g-VP-Membranen stieg mit steigendem Pfropfgrad, allerdings auf Kosten der Permeabilität, Bei Erhöhung der Temperatur nahm die Durchlässigkeit zu, das Verhältnis O2/N2, aber ab. Die Aktivierungsenergie (Ep) der Gasdurchlässigkeit stieg mit dem Pfropfgrad. Für eine nichtgepfropfte SBS-Membran betrug Ep 5,5 kcal/mol für Sauerstoff und 7,2 kcal/mol für Stickstoff. Für eine SBS-g-VP-Membran mit einem Pfropfgrad von 8,4% waren die Ep-Werte für Sauerstoff und Stickstoff 6,5 bzw. 8,1 kcal/mol.
    Notizen: The grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine (VP) onto styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers (SBS) by homografting irradiation with dissolved oxygen was studied. Homograft membranes of various degree of grafting were prepared from a casting solution of grafted copolymer in benzene. The mechanical properties of membranes, gas permeability, and the effect of operating temperature on gas permeation were investigated.The degree of grafting of 8.4% was the largest at an irradiation time of about 15.5 h. It was smaller at both shorter and longer duration because of the interference of dissolved oxygen. It was found that the tensile strength and elongation of SBS-g-VP were similar to those of SBS. The stress relaxation of SBS-g-VP was slower than that of SBS, and this might be due to the formation of rigid microphase separation domain of poly(4-vinyl pyridine), which acted as permanent crosslinking points to reduce the stress relaxation.Using the properties of high flux of SBS and high O2/N2 selectivity of poly(4-vinyl pyridine), the performance of gas permeation of 4-vinyl pyridine homografted SBS membrane was studied. The selectivity of SBS-g-VP membrane increased with increasing degree of grafting. However, it was done at the expense of a decrease in the gas permeability.When the operating temperature of gas permeation increased, the permeability of oxygen and nitrogen increased, and the O2/N2 permeability ratio decreased. The activation energy (Ep) for gas permeation through different degree of grafting of SBS-g-VP membrane (obtained by the Arrhenius law) increased with increasing degree of grafting. For ungrafted SBS membrane, Ep was 5.5 kcal/mol for oxygen and 7.2 kcal/mol for nitrogen. For 8.4% grafting degree SBS-g-VP membrane, Ep for oxygen and nitrogen, were 6.5 and 8.1 kcal/mol, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The change of molecular mass and long-term strength of high and low density polyethylene under tensile load in surface-active medium was studied. It is shown that long-term strength of polyethylene depends on the molecular mass. The influence of polydispersity on strength was investigated.
    Notizen: Es wird über die Untersuchungsergebnisse von Lebensdauer und Molmassenänderung an polydispersen Proben von HDPE und HDPE in einem breiten M̄v-Bereich im Zugversuch in einem oberflächenaktiven Medium berichtet.Die Arbeit enthält auch die Darstellung der quantitativen Änderung der Molmasse von Hochdruck- und Niederdruck-Polyethylen unter Dauerbeanspruchung und die Analyse der Lebensdauer in Abhängigkeit von den unterschiedlichen Molmassen (MM) (M̄w, M̄n, M̄v); die Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der Lebensdauer von M̄v für Proben und polydisperse Muster sowie die Vorstellungen über den dualen Einfluß der Polydispersität auf die Lebensdauer mit einer Interpretation der auftretenden Erscheinungen werden beschrieben.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One constitutive property for the description of dyeing polyester-materials with disperse dyes is the particle size distribution in the dye bath. To measure particle sizes below one micrometer in situ, special techniques are required. One of these is the so called photon-correlation-spectroscopy, depending on the scattering of laser light by suspended small particles in a fluid. The mathematical and physical principles of the photon-correlation-technique are explained in this article.
    Notizen: Eine zur Beschreibung des Färbevorganges von Polyestermaterialien mit Dispersionsfarbstoffen wesentliche Größe stellt die Partikelgrößenverteilung im Farbebad dar. Partikelgrößen unterhalb eines Mikrometers lassen sich in situ nur mit wenigen Meßtechniken bestimmen. Dazu zählt u. a. die Photonen-Korrelations-Spektroskopie, die auf Streuung von Laserlicht an kleinen, in einer Flüssigkeit suspendierten Teilchen basiert. Die mathematischen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Meßtechnik werden in diesem Artikel erläutert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Kristallinität von Polyethylen, Polyethylenterephthalat und Polypropylen wurde mit Hilfe der Röntgenweitwinkel(WAXS)-und-kleinwinkel(SAXS)streuung gemessen. Die mittels der letzteren Methode erhaltenen Kristallinitätswerte sind deutlich größer als die durch WAXS. Es wird vermutet, daß die Unterschiede mit der Schicht zusammenhängen, die zwischen den amorphen und kristallinen Bereichen liegt. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daß die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung nicht als unabhängige Routinemethode zur Kristallinitätsbestimmung angewendet werden kann.
    Notizen: The crystallinity of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, and polypropylene was measured with the aid of wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) X-ray scattering methods. The values of crystallinity evaluated using the latter method are distinctly larger than those ones given by the WAXS method. The differences are supposed to be associated with the transition layer existing between the amorphous and crystalline regions. It was concluded that small angle X-ray scattering cannot be employed as an independent routine method of crystallinity determination.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Für das System Cellulosenitrat-μ-Styragel-THF wurde die DP-Ve-Beziehung sowie die Ausarbeitung der betreffenden Eichparameter einer genaueren Betrachtung unterzogen. Die etwa dreißig Eichpräparate waren durch definierten säurekatalysierten Abbau von Baumwollcellulose und anschließende Nitrierung hergestellt worden und umfaßten einen DP-Bereich von 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit steigendem DP die DP-Ve-Beziehung drei verschiedene Phasen aufweist. Bei der Anwendung der SEC auf Cellulosenitrat müssen daher bezüglich der Eichung zwei Fehlerquellen in Betracht gezogen werden: eine bezieht sich auf die Methode der Ausarbeitung der Eichparameter als solche, und die andere auf die Nichtbeachtung des Vorhandenseins dreier Abschnitte in der DP-Ve-Beziehung. Die Auswirkung dieser Fehler auf die Genauigkeit der aus den Elutionsdiagrammen abgeleiteten Verteilungskurven und DP-Mittelwerte wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: The calibration behaviour of the system cellulose nitrate-μ-Styragel-THF has been studied using about 30 different calibration samples prepared by defined acid catalyzed degradation of cotton cellulose. The samples covered a range of DP between 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. It is shown that the DP-Ve relationship is characterized by the existence of three subsequent stages. Consequently, two sources of errors in the DP-Ve calibration must be taken into consideration. One refers to the methods as such to elaborate the calibration parameters, and the other one arises by neglecting that the DP-Ve relationship involves 3 distinct stages. The extent of the two classes of errors in regard to the exactness of the determined molecular weight averages and molecular weight distributions is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 141-156 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Bei der Polycondensation von d,l-Asparaginsäure mit Nδ-phthaloyl-L-ornithin in Phosphorsäure bei 185°C entstehen statisticsche Copolymere (Ausbeute 60  -  70%) aus Poly(d,l-succinimid-co-Nδ-phthaloyl-d,l-ornithin), Formel 6, mit inhärenten Viskositäten (DMF) von 5 bis 15 ml g-1. Copolyimide der selben Zusammensetzung 6 und vergleichbarer Kettenlänge werden aus Asparaginsäure und dem Kupferchelat des Phthaloylornithins erhalten. Die Behandlung des Copolymeren 6 mit Hydrazinhydrat fuhrt zur Öffnung der Succinimid-Kettenglieder unter Bildung von Hydrazid-Seitengruppen. Die resultierenden Polyamide sind Poly(α,β-d,l-asparaginsäurehydrazid-co-d,l-ornithin), Formel 7. Kürzere Reaktionszeiten bedingen unvollständige Ringöffnung, und die verbleibenden Succinimid-Gruppen werden bei der folgenden Aufarbeitung hydrolytisch gespalten unter Bildung von Asparaginsaüre-Gruppen; die sogebildeten Polyamide besitzen die Struktur 8. Beide Polymere, 7 und 8, sind in Wasser loslich und zeigen in Wasser inharente Viskositiiten von 5 bis 14 ml g-l. Die Fahigkeit dieser Polyamide zur Arzneimittelverankerung wird durch Ankoppeln von Carbonsau- ren als Modellsubstanzen gezeigt.
    Notizen: The polycondensation of d,l-aspartic acid with Nδ-phthaloyl-l-ornithine in phosphoric acid at 185°C gives rise to the formation, in 60  -  75% yield, of random copolymers of the poly(d,l-succinimide-co-Nδ-phthaloyl-D,L-ornithine) type 6 possessing inherent viscosities (DMF) in the range of 5  -  15 ml g-1. Copolyimides of the same compositions 6 and comparable chain lengths are obtained from aspartic acid and the copper chelate of the phthaloylornithine. Treatment of copolymers 6 with hydrazine hydrate in DMF leads to N-deprotection and opening of the intrachain succinimide rings with formation of hydrazide side groups. The resultant polyamides are of the poly(α,β-d,l-asparthydrazide-co-d,l-ornithine) type 7. Shorter reaction periods give incomplete hydrazinolytic ring opening, and the remaining succinimide units are cleaved hydrolytically during the subsequent aqueous workup, thereby transforming into aspartic acid units. The polyamides so formed possess the general poly(α,β-d,l-asparthydrazide-co-α,β-d,l-aspartic acid-co-d,l-ornithine) structure 8 Both types 7 and 8 are soluble in water and, in this medium, give inherent viscosities of 5  -  14 ml g-1. The potential drug-anchoring capabilities of these amine-functionalized polyamides are demonstrated by coupling reactions with model carboxylic acids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Im Zusammenhang mit Arbeiten über den Wirkungsmechanismus von Antioxidantien in Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren unter Sauerstoffmangel wurde die Abfangreaktion des Modellradikals 1-Cyano-1-methylethyl (R°) mit N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylendiamin (Ia) und seinem Oxidationsprodukt IIa untersucht. Reines Ia und IIa reagieren kaum mit R′, eine Mischung aus beiden ist jedoch ein effektiver Fänger fur R′, wobei R′ entweder am Stickstoffatom zwischen den aromatischen Ringen unter Bildung von VIa gebunden wird, oder unter Substitution mit dem Phenylenring reagiert, wobei VIIIa entsteht. Verbindung VIa ist labil, bei Vulkanisationstemperatur spaltet sie im neutralen Medium Olefin unter Regenerierung von Ia ab. In Gegenwart von Säuren lauft diese Reaktion auch bei niedrigerer Temperatur ab. Im Produkt VIIIa ist R′ fest gebunden, durch die Nitrilgruppe tritt jedoch eine säurekatalysierte Cyclisierung zum Indolinderivat X ein. Die Bildung von VIIIa ist ein Modell für die Entstehung einer „nichtextrahierbaren Fraktion“ des Antioxidants Ia bei der Stabilisierung von Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren.
    Notizen: In connection with the investigation of the mechanism of antioxidant action of antidegradants in hydrocarbon polymers under the conditions of a relative deficiency of oxygen, scavenging of a model alkyl (1-cyano-1-methylethyl,R°) was studied with Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (Ia)For abbreviations see p. 11. and its oxidation product, i.e. Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine (IIa). While pure Ia and IIa do not react with the radical R° almost at all, their mixture is able to scavenge R° effectively. The reaction is further accelerated with acids. The alkyl R° combines with the antidegradant molecule in two ways, one of which leads to the substitution at the nitrogen atom between the aromatic rings, giving rise to VIa, while the other consists in the substitution of phenylene, leading to VIIIa. The product VIa is labile, and at vulcanization temperatures it readily splits off olefin in a neutral medium, being regenerated to Ia. In the presence of acids this reaction proceeds even at lower temperatures. In the other product, i.e. in VIIIa, the alkyl R° is bound firmly, but due to the presence of the nitrile group, VIIIa is readily cyclized by the effect of acids, and an indoline derivative X is formed. The formation of VIIIa is a model of the formation of an “unextractable fraction” of antidegradant Ia in the stabilization of hydrocarbon polymers. Investigations based on the isolation of reaction products bear at the same time evidence of the possibility of regeneration of an effective antioxidant in the stabilized substrate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The photochemical degradation of polymers (commonly known as UV degradation) takes place in two stages: First, there is the primary process comprising the rapid formation of radicals caused by quanta of visible light; this involves the dissociation of polymer chain molecules and/or the activation of polymer chain molecules respectively of additives, colorants and impurities contained in the polymer. The secondary process consists in oxidation reactions with singulett-oxygen generated by energy-transfer and/or between the polymer radicals thus formed and adsorbed oxygen, as a result of which gradual degradation of the polymer takes place.An investigation of these individual reactions using a combination of selected physical test methods leads to an unterstanding of the entire reaction sequence involved in photo-oxidative degradation. This knowledge provides a basis for systematically improving the weather-resistance of polymers by modifying their basic polymeric structure or through the controlled use of UV absorbers, quenchers, radical interceptors and antioxidants.The physical test methods themselves are divided into two categories: techniques used for investigating the primary processes (ultra short-time spectroscopy, ESR) and those used to investigate the secondary processes (XPS, FT-IR, UV/VIS et al.).With pigmented polymers, attention is focussed on borderline cases in the use of photoactive and photoinactive pigments: as a result of “photocatalytic oxidation”, photoactive pigments (e.g. TiO2 anatase) lead to additional degradation reactions which take place at the same time as the UV degradation reaction. Photoinactive pigments (e.g. high-grade TiO2-rutile and iron oxide pigments), on the other hand, exhibit negligible or no photocatalytic oxidation and, by absorbing UV radiation, provides better protection for the polymer against UV degradation.This paper gives an overview of the above-mentioned physical methods of investigating primary and secondary photochemical processes, taking a thermoplastic material (Polycarbonate) as an example. A description is also given of the photocatalytic oxidation reations which can take place if pigmented polymers are used, and there is a discussion of the degradation-inhibiting effects of inorganic pigments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The aim of the present work is to predict the warehouse storage life of polyethylene low-density, polyethylene high-density and polystyrene impact-resistent, using the method of temperature-time superposition. The properties, most representative for thermal ageing, are the relative elongation at break for polyethylene and the impact resistance for polystyrene. The validity of the predicted shelf-life is verified by estimating the change of these properties under real conditions of warehouse storage.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A commercial type of impact-resistant polystyrene was investigated. Two types of antioxidants, Irganox 245 and Irganox PS-800 were added to polystyrene in ammounts of 0,05 to 0.20%. Films, dumbbells and straight test pieces were subjected to thermal and u.v. ageing. Films of 250 μ thickness were thermally treated at 100°C and separately u.v. irradiated at 360 nm for 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours. Dumbbells and straight test pieces were only thermally aged at 100°C for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Mechanical properties were determined. The spectra of samples were recorded using Perkin-Elmer, model 1750 FTIR and Perkin-Elmer data station 7700. Colour changes of all dumbbells were measured using Elrepho apparatus in u.v.-visible region. (Changes of the content of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, as well as of polybutadiene (PB) unsaturation in films were recorded on i.r. spektrophotometer Perkin-Elmer 257 between 4000 and 625 cm-1 and were published in the first part of this study1).
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Formstoffe aus aromatischen Polyepoxiden, aromatischen Polyaminen mit hochtemperaturbeständigen Strukturelementen sowie pulverförmigen Füllstoffen besitzen hervorragende Eigenschaften, wie hohe Glasübergangstemperatur, hohemechanische Festigkeit, kleinen thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und Schwerbrennbarkeit ohne Zugabe von Flammschutzmitteln. Über die Synthese dieser aromatischen Polyamine, die Herstellung und Verarbeitung der Niederdruckpreßmassen sowie die Eigenschaften der Formstoffe wird berichtet.
    Notizen: Moulded materials produced from aromatic epoxide resins, aromatic polyamines with high-temperature-resistant structure units and powdered mineral fillers possess outstanding properties like high glass transition temperatures, high mechanical strength, low linear thermal expansion coefficient, and reduced flammability without the addition of flame retardants. An account is given of the synthesis of aromatic polyamines, the preparation and working of moulding materials and the properties of the finished products.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The influence of linearly and circularly polarized light on the state of order of nematic dye-copolymers is investigated. For a nematic model system we have shown that the optical axis of these systems can be reorientated with linearly polarized light in a well defined manner. Furthermore these investigations prove that the isomerisation cycles of the azo dye is responsible for the described properties. By selection of circularly polarized light the same transmission behaviour as shown by selectively reflecting materials, i. e. cholesteric liquid crystals, was observed.
    Notizen: Untersucht wird der Einfluß von linear und zirkular polarisiertem Licht auf den Ordnungszustand von nematischen Farbstoff- Copolymeren. Am Beispiel eines Modellsystems wird gezeigt, daß mit linear polarisiertem Licht die optische Vorzugsachse dieser Systeme gezielt reorientiert werden kann. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß der Isomerisierungszyklus des Azofarbstoffes für diese Eigenschaft des Materials verantwortlich ist Nach Bestrahlen der Probe mit zirkular polarisiertem Licht wird für das Polymere das gleiche Transmissionsverhalten beobachtet. Wie es auch selektivreflektierende Materialien, z. B. cholesterische Flüssigkristalle, aufweisen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: For fabricating microstructures with extreme structural heights a technology has been developed which is based on deep-etch lithography and subsequent replication processes. A particularly high precision is achieved if the lithographic process is carried out by means of synchrotron radiation. Electroforming and molding processes are used for the replication of microstructures from a large variety of materials. The field of application comprises micromechanics, microoptics, electrical and optical microconnectors as well as sensors and actuators.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Charge carrier transport properties of organic polymers can vary over a wide range. The paper shows that the electron- and hole mobilities of polymers with pendant photoconductive groups (i. e. carbazole) are on the order of 10-6 cm2/Vs. In these materials the flow of electronic charge is maintained by the overlap of the π-orbitals of the pendant molecular groups. The large variation of this short-range interaction, depending on the local configurations encountered in polymer glasses, leads to a large variation of hopping probabilities and, hence, to wide rate-distributions. These distributions are reflected in the slow algebraic decay characteristics of the observed photocurrents. The typical time exponents α (α 〈 1) are shown to carry a great deal of physical information, if the dynamical range of the experiments is sufficiently large. The paper also refers to quasi-conjugated polymers (polysilanes) whose dynamic transport parameters are about 103 times better (faster) as compared to polymers with pendant groups. These new materials open interesting aspects for the development of new polymeric materials with better transport parameters and, hence, shorter 'switching times'.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: All of the coat proteins of the sporozoite and merozoite stages of Plasmodium, determined to date, contain tandem repeats and most of these contain at least one proline residue. These tandemly repeated segments of the circumsporozite (CS) proteins of P. falciparum and P. knowlesi have been shown to constitute an immunodominant epitope. Antibodies to these peptide segments have been shown to be protective and cause the shedding of the CS protein, known as the CSP reaction. In this study, four synthetic peptides were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The first peptide corresponds to the tetrapeptide tandem repeat in the CS protein of P. falciparum, repeated eight times, (NANP)8. The second peptide is an analogue of the first in which glycine is substituted for proline, (NANG)8. The third peptide corresponds to the tandem repeat of P. knowlesi, PK(1-24), which is repeated twice (QAQGDGANAGQP)2. The fourth peptide is a tetrapeptide repeat, corresponding to the C-terminal tetrapeptide of PK(1-24) and is repeated eight times, (AGQP)8. It is shown by CD measurements that the presence of proline in these repeats induces an increase in β-sheet (β-turn) content in the (NANP)8 peptide relative to the repeat of (NANG)8 and PK(1-24) peptide in aqueous media. The (AGQP)8 peptide has the highest β-sheet (β-turn) content in the synthetic peptides. It is concluded that this increase in defined structure correlates well with and hence may contribute to the increased antigenicity in these repeats.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Self-assembling chemotherapeutic agents are mixtures of relatively nontoxic precursors that can combine chemically under physiological conditions to form products with greater cytotoxic and/or antimicrobial activity than either of the precursors. Combinations that form products more rapidly in or near the target (tumor, pathogen, virally infected cell) than in normal tissues will exhibit target-selective synergism, thus exhibiting an antitarget selectivity that is greater than the selectivities of the product (e.g., a hydrazone) and of either precursor (e.g., a hydrazine derivative or ketone) used singly.This paper describes the target-selective cytotoxic synergism of a cationic aldehyde (A) and a cationic acylhydrazine (B) containing a triarylalkylphophonium moiety against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (ELA) in culture, in addition to reviewing previous work on self-assembling cytotoxins. The synergism between A and B is carcinoma selective when the ELA cells (the target) are compared to CV-1, A, B and the hydrazone C resulting from their reaction are lipophilic delocalized cations that selectively inhibit ELA growth relative to CV-1 growth. The hydrazone C is more growth inhibitory than either A or B for both cell lines. A combination of A with an unreactive analogue of B and a combination of B with an unreactive analogue of A did not synergistically inhibit ELA proliferation. The degree of synergism is greater against the ELA cells than against the CV-1 cells. These data, together with hydrazone formation kinetics, suggest that A and B are both concentrated together selectively inside the ELA due to the transmembrane potentials, reacting inside the ELA cells at a higher velocity than inside the CV-1 cells to form the more growth-inhibitory hydrazone C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cyclic pentapeptides are excellent models for reverse turns and have been used extensively in our laboratory to explore the influence of different amino acid sequences on turn preference. This paper is divided into two parts: In the first, we review our previous studies of cyclic pentapeptides. We summarize work that demonstrates the range of conformations possible within the cyclic pentapeptide backbone, the importance of sequence chirality in determining the backbone fold, and the utility of these cyclic pentapeptides as models for various turns. In the second, we present new results on two cyclic pentapeptides that contain β-turns with Pro-Ala or Pro-Asn sequences in the i + 1 and i + 2 positions. By stereochemical criteria, a type I β-turn is expected to be preferred by such L-L sequences. On the other hand, in proteins Asn occurs frequently in the i + 2 position of type II turns. We asked whether the same propensity would be manifest in an isolated model peptide, and if so, what the interactions were that influenced the relative stability of the type I and type II turns. To address these questions we have compared the conformational behavior of two peptides: cyclo(Gly-Pro-Ala-D-Phe-Pro) and cyclo(D-Ala-Pro-Asn-Gly-Pro). From previous studies, we anticipated that both peptides would contain an inverse γ-turn and a β-turn which consisted of either Gly-Pro-Ala-D-Phe or D-Ala-Pro-Asn-Gly in positions i to i + 3, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirms this overall backbone conformation. Furthermore, quantitative nuclear Overhauser effect measurements in combination with molecular dynamics simulations and torsionally-forced energy minimizations have enabled us to determine that both type I and type II β-turns are present in equilibrium in these peptides. The introduction of Asn in position i + 2 shifts this equilibrium significantly towards type II. We have done preliminary assessment of the possible side-chain/backbone conformations that contribute to the shift in populations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 289-299 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: To better understand the structural basis of protein-DNA interactions, the conformational changes that accompany these interactions need to be described. In order to develop a methodological approach to this problem, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with derivative resolution enhancement has been used to identify conformational changes that occur when a 29-residue synthetic peptide binds nonspecifically to heterogenous cellular DNA in aqueous solution. The peptide sequence was chosen de novo, in order to rationally design a peptide model that would allow the relationship between DNA binding and the stability of protein secondary structure to be studied. Peptide at a concentration of 100-200 μM produces 50% saturation of heterogenous phage DNA sequences as well as of short synthetic oligonucleotides. FTIR spectra reveal significant changes in peptide and DNA upon binding. Second-derivative spectra resolve the amide I band of native peptide into components located at 1627 (β-strand), 1658 (α-helix), and 1681 (turn or β-strand) cm-1, with a distinct shoulder at 1647 cm-1 (disordered structure). Assignment of the 1681 cm-1 vibration to a turn conformation is supported by uv CD studies, which indicate significant amounts of turn structure in unbound peptide. Ultraviolet CD also confirms the existence of disordered and β-strand regions in the free peptide. Upon interacting with DNA the band at 1681 cm-1 (turn) is no longer seen; a new band appears at 1675 cm-1; the 1627 cm-1 band (β-strand) is considerably reduced in intensity; the position of the α-helical (1658 cm-1) component remains unchanged; the shoulder at 1647 cm-1 (disorder) disappears. The new vibration at 1675 cm-1 is characteristic of β-strand structures. The asymmetric stretch (vAS) of the DNA phosphates shifts from 1223 (unbound) to 1229 cm-1 (bound); the relative intensities of νAS and the PO2- symmetric stretch (vs) are altered upon peptide binding. The data is consistent with the following conclusions: (a)DNA binding changes the secondary structure of the peptide, (b) disordered region(s) are only observed in free peptide, i.e., DNA binding stabilizes and increases order in the peptide secondary structure, (c) turn(s) change into β-strand and/or α-helical conformations(s) when peptide binds to DNA, (d) a β-strand conformation that is characterized bya 1627 cm-1 vibration is present in free and bound peptide, (e) there is a particular β-strand vibration/conformation that is only present in the bound peptide, (f) an α-helical region exists in both free and bound peptide, (g) DNA remains in a B-family conformation upon peptide binding, and (h) DNA phosphates participate in peptide binding and/or subtle changes occur in the DNA conformation upon complex formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Previous studies have demonstrated that His 12 plays a major role in the pH-dependent stability of the helix formed by the isolated C-peptide (residues 1-13 of ribonuclease A). Here, amino acid replacement experiments show that His 12+ stabilizes the C-peptide helix chiefly by interacting with Phe 8. The Phe 8 ⃛ His 12+ ring interaction is specific for the protonated form of His 12 (His 12+) and the interaction is not screened significantly by NaCl, unlike the charged group ⃛ helix dipole interactions studied earlier in C-peptide. Analogs of C-peptide that are unable to form the Phe 8 ⃛ His 12+ interaction show large increases in helix content for Phe → Ala and His → Ala. Therefore, the helical tendencies of the individual residues Phe, His, and Ala are important in determining the result of a replacement experiment. Since the side chains of Phe 8 and His 12 probably interact within the N-terminal helix of ribonuclease A, the existence of the Phe 8 ⃛ His 12+ interaction in the isolated C-peptide helix adds to the evidence that the C-peptide helix is an autonomous folding unit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthetic RNA poly[r(A-T)] has been synthesized and its CD spectral properties compared to those of poly[r(A-U)], poly[d(A-T)], and poly[d(A-U)] in various salt and ethanolic solutions. The CD spectra of poly[r(A-T)] in an aqueous buffer and of poly[d(A-T)] in 70.8% v/v ethanol are very similar, suggesting that they both adopt the same A conformation. On the other hand, the CD spectra of poly[r(A-T)] and of poly[r(A-U)] differ in aqueous, and even more so in ethanolic, solutions. We have recently observed a two-state salt-induced isomerization of poly[r(A-U)] into chiral condensates, perhaps of Z-RNA [M. Vorlíčková, J. Kypr, and T. M. Jovin, (1988) Biopolymers 27, 351-354]. It is shown here that poly[r(A-T)] does not undergo this isomerization. Both the changes in secondary structure and tendency to aggregation are different for poly[r(A-T)] and poly[r(A-U)] in aqueous salt solutions. In most cases, the CD spectrum of poly[r(A-U)] shows little modification of its CD spectrum unless the polymer denatures or aggregates, whereas poly[r(A-T)] displays noncooperative alterations in its CD spectrum and a reduced tendency to aggregation. At high NaCl concentrations, poly[r(A-T)] and poly[r(A-U)] condense into ψ (-) and ψ (+) structures, respectively, indicating that the type of aggregation is dictated by the polynucleotide chemical structure and the corresponding differences in conformational properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 393-405 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Tm of internal loop-forming (dA · dT)N domains in pBR322 DNA has been measured over a tenfold range of [Na+]. The slopes SN = dTm/d log[Na+] are linear and decrease in magnitude with decreasing loop size N, signaling a reduction in Na+ released during the transition of these domains to the coil state. Values of SN decrese linearly with increasing N-1 in accordance with the expectation of a simple model for the occurrence of a gradient of long-range electrostatic forces at helix-coil boundaries, and extrapolate almost precisely to the value of S∞ observed for (dA · dT)∞. These results indicate (1) less counterion is released per phosphate residue from the finite loop than from the infinitesized loop, and (2) the difference in binding is constant for each boundary formed and independent of the size of the loop within the range examined: ∼ 350 base pair (bp) 〉 N 〉 71 bp. The slope of the dependence of SN on N-1 indicates the region of higher charge density at the boundary extends at least 18 Å into the coil and probably 40-50 Å before dropping to a value characteristic of the unperturbed coil. The free energy for excess counterion binding at boundaries can be expressed by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{ - \Delta G} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - \Delta G} {RT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {RT}} = 10.47{\rm log}\left[{{\rm Na}^ + } \right] + 5.234 $$\end{document} When the loop entropy function in a statistical mechanical algorithm for the dissociation of DNA is weighted by this quantity, calculated Tm are seen to vary by only ±0.09°C from observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, [2, 4-MePro3]-TRH (2, 4-MePro: 2-carboxy-2, 4-methanopyrrolidine), has been synthesized using a rapid solid phase peptide synthesis method, and its conformational properties investigated by one- and two- dimensional (2D) nmr spectroscopy and by proton Overhauser measurements. Following a published approach, calibrated interproton Overhauser effects were used together with distance geometry analysis to deduce that the single conformation of the His-2, 4-MePro tertiary amide bond is trans in aqueous solution. This conclusion was corroborated by 2D dipolar-correlated (NOESY) spectroscopy. A preferentially extended conformation is indicated by the nmr data, similar to that of TRH. The φ, ψ conformational space of 2, 4-MePro is, however, significantly different from that of trans proline and the structural consequences of these differences at the C-terminus are discussed. The distribution of histidine side-chain conformation in the TRH analogue was deduced from coupling constants and from the short-range interaction between the imidazole ring and one of the prochiral faces of the 2, 4-MePro side chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 441-448 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The effects of calcium ions on the solution properties of porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) have been investigated by static and dynamic light scattering. The weight average molecular weights of PSM fractions are unaffected by the addition of up to 0.5M CaCl2: these data are within experimental error of those for solutions in 0.1M NaCl. The distribution of relaxation frequencies derived from the dynamic data shows the existence of two distinct relaxation modes. The average relaxation times have been interpreted to yield the z-average translational diffusion coefficient and the longest intramolecular relaxation time τ1. A plot of τ1 vs 〈1/Rh〉z-3 is linear, and consistent with plots of such data recorded for PSM in 0.1M NaCl and 6M GdnHCl solutions. However, the τ1 values and the associated results for 〈Rh-1〉z-1 in 0.5M CaCl2 are smaller than those determined in 0.1M NaCl. This suggests that the conformation of PSM in CaCl2 solution is more contracted than those in the other two solvents. These results are consistent with the compact packaging of mucin in the secretary granules that have elevated Ca2+ levels.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Calorimetric titrations have been performed on the binding of ethidium and propidium to calf thymus DNA at temperatures in the 15-60°C range. Enthalpy changes (ΔHB) derived from these experiments performed with the new Omega reaction calorimeter have a precision of ±0.10 kcal/mol or less at all temperatures. For ethidium (a monocation), ΔHB varies little with temperature, and the heat capacity change (ΔCP) for the binding reaction derived from these parameters is 10 cal/deg/mol. In contrast, ΔHB changes from -6.5 to -8.1 kcal/mol for DNA binding of propidium (a dication due to a charged amine group at the end of an alkyl chain attached to the phenanthridine ring nitrogen), and ΔCP is -57 cal/deg/mol. At 21°C a plot of ΔHB vs mole ratio is curved downward for propidium in the 0.08-0.25 range, whereas the same plot at 45°C is a straight line from 0.05 to 0.15 and sharply downward thereafter. Similar plots for ethidium follow the latter pattern between 25 and 50°C. These observations and our analyses of ΔHB and ΔSB are consistent with the hypothesis that the location in the DNA complex and the rotational motion of the alkylamine chain change substantially over the temperature range in this study. Only near 50°C is ΔHB equal for the binding of these two cations to DNA, and caution must be used in analyses of enthalpic effects when the temperature dependence for ΔHB is not available.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The triphenylethylene antiestrogen trans-tamoxifen is an effective antitumor agent used in the treatment of human breast cancer. While the antiestrogenic activity of trans-tamoxifen clearly plays an important role in its tumoricidal action, some of the biological effects of trans-tamoxifen are independent of estrogen. Therapeutic concentrations of trans-tamoxifen inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin-dependent enzymes. PKC and calmodulin play critical roles in growth regulation, and there is evidence that inhibition of PKC and calmodulin by trans-tamoxifen may contribute to the antiumor activity of the drug in vivo.The geometric isomers cis- and trans-tamoxifen have a number of opposing biological activities that have been attributed to their interactions with the estrogen receptor, Cis-tamoxifen is generally estrogenic, whereas trans-tamoxifen is generally antiestrogenic. In this report, we compared the effects of cis- and trans-tamoxifen on PKC activity and on calmodulin-dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. Cis- and trans-tamoxifen inhibited the Ca2+- and phosphatidylserine- (PS-) dependent activity of purified rat brain PKC with indistinguishable potencies, but cis-tamoxifen was somewhat more potent than the trans isomer in the inhibition of the Ca2+- and PS-independent activity of PKC. In addition, cis-tamoxifen was the more potent isomer in the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation, an event that entails a PKC-requiring signal transduction pathway. A modest preference of the cis isomer was also observed in the inhibition of a calmodulin-dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase. These results suggest a congruence between triphenylethylene binding sites on PKC and on the activated calmodulin-cAMP phosphodiesterase complex. We conclude that the interactions of cis- and trans-tamoxifen with PKC and the activated calmodulin-cAMP phosphodiesterase complex offer a criterion for distinguishing biological effects of triphenylethylenes that are due to interactions with the estrogen receptor from the biological effects resulting from their inhibitory activities against PKC and calmodulin-dependent processes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A peptide affinity inactivator, Ac-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-(BrAc)Orn-Leu-Gly, was used as a tool to probe for active site residues in the catalytic subunit of bovine cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The peptide inactivated the catalytic subunit in an active site-directed and monophasic manner with a first-order rate constant of 0.03 min-1 and a dissociation constant of 675 μM. Studies with radioactive peptide indicated that approximately one equivalent of peptide was incorporated into each protein molecule. Protein sequencing identified the modified residue as Cys-199. A possible location for Cys-199 within the active site is suggested.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The alkaline phosphatase signal peptide participates in transport of the enzyme to the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. The signal sequence, like that of other signal peptides, is composed of a polar amino-terminal segment, a central region rich in hydrophobic residues and a carboxy-terminal region recognized by signal peptidase. We have previously shown that an alkaline phosphatase signal peptide mutant containing a polyeucine core region functions efficiently in transport of the enzyme [D. A. Kendall, S. C. Bock, and E. T. Kaiser (1986) Nature 321, 706-708]. In this study, some of the amino acid changes involved in the polyleucine sequence are examined individually. A Phe to Leu substitution as the sole change results in impaired transport properties in contrast to when it is combined with three other amino acid changes in the polyleucine-containing sequence. A mutant with a Pro to Leu substitution in the hydrophobic core region is comparable to wild type while the same type of substitution (Pro to Leu) in the carboxy-terminal segment results in substantial accumulation of the mutant precursor. Finally, introduction of a basic residue into the hydrophobic segment (Leu to Arg substitution) results in a complete export block. These results exemplify the spectrum of properties produced by individual residue changes and suggest there is some interplay between hydrophobicity and conformation for signal peptide function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A search for highly amphiphilic α-helices has been made in a data base of protein sequences, using the helical hydrophobic moment as a criterion of amphiphilicity. The protein segments of largest hydrophobic moment have been analyzed. For the segments whose structures are known, they are in fact α-helices. Two of the segments having very large hydrophobic moments are from the smaller C-terminal portion of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp41. Also, among segments having large hydrophobic moments, but not among the most extreme, are lytic peptides such as melittin. Melittin seeks surfaces between polar and apolar phases, including the membrane-water interface. It is conceivable that the gp41 segments of extreme hydrophobic moment may participate in one of the membrane-related functions of the HIV virus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 179-196 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: To examine the importance of the aromatic side chains of enkephalin on opiate activity, we report the synthesis and conformational analysis of a series of analogues related to enkephalin with β-naphthylalanine in place of phenylalanine at the fourth position. Three linear analogues (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(L and D)-β Nal(1)-Leu-NH2 and Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-β Nal(2)-Leu-NH2) were initially synthesized to examine the effect of the substitution on biological activity. The increased activity of these peptides at the μ-opiate receptor, compared to native Leu-enkephalin, prompted us to examine the more conformational constrained analogues, Tr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-(L and D)-β Nal(1)-Leu], incorporating a α,γ-diaminobutyric acid at the second position and cyclization to the carboxylic end of the leucine. These two cyclic analogues provide insight into the necessity for the L chirality of the aromatic residue at position 4. The Tyr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-L-β Nal(1)-Leu] analogue is highly potent and displays a slight preference for the μ receptor. The conformational analysis indicates that despite the high flexibility of the tyrosine side chain, the aromatic rings of the tyrosine and naphthylalanine are relatively distant from each other. The presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds help maintain the conformation of the 14-membered backbone ring that keeps the side chains directed away from each other. These findings are in agreement with our model of an extended structure required for μ selectivity and a folded form with close aromatic ring placement for δ selectivity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 13C off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation technique is applicable to the study of protien rotational diffusion behaviour in a variety of experimental situations. The original formalism of James and co-workers (1978) (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100, 3590-3594) was constrained by the assumption of random isotropic reorientational motion. Here we include in the formalism anisotropic tumbling, and present the results of computer simulations illustrating the differences between anisotropic and isotropic reorientational motion for the off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation experiment. In addition, We have included chemical shift anisotropy of the peptide carbonyl carbon as an additional relaxation mechanism contribution, to permit high field nmr protein rotational diffusion measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Binding of chromomycin A3 (CRA) to calf thymas DNA was investigated in the presence of divalent cations using visible absorption and 1H-nmr spectroscopies. An apparent equilibrium binding constant (∼ 1011M-1) was obtained from metal competition experiments using EDTA to remove the metal cation from the DNA-M-CRA (M: metal) complex. The large binding constant of the drug to DNA enabled us to obtain essentially complete complexation of CRA to the short homogeneous d(ATGCAT)2 duplex using stoichiometric amounts of the metal cation. Large induced chemical shifts were observed in the 1H-nmr spectrum of the above complex using the paramagnetic Co2+ cation indicating that the metal occupies a unique binding site. Since no induced 1H-nmr chemical shifts were observed for the drug-Co2+ mixture, it was concluded that no metal-drug complex is formed. In addition, it was found that bound CRA is negatively charged at physiological pH and binding to the DNA could be affected only by using metal cations whose ionic radius size (〈 0.85 Å) and charge (2+) were simultaneously satisfied. Stringent metal cation selectivity for the DNA-M-CRA complex may be intimately connected with the antitumor selectivity of CRA, since different types of cells generally possess widely differing molar concentrations of metal cations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 13C off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation technique is applicable to the study of protein rotational diffusion behavior in both model in vitro and in vivo systems. The original formalism of James and co-workers [(1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 3590-3594] was constrained by the assumption of random isotropic reorientational motion of a monodisperse protein population. Here we extend the formalism to include polydispersity. Application is made to the alkaline pH induced association of lysozyme, lysozyme-bovine serum albumin mixtures, and to the phase separation of lysozyme salt-water mixtures induced by low temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molecular dynamics simulations on the sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 have been carried out using both united atom and all-atom representations, and starting the simulations both from a regular repeating B-DNA structure and from the x-ray single crystal B-DNA structure. An all-atom B-DNA simulation on the sequence d(GCGCGCGCGC)2 has also been carried out, in order to compare it with a previous united atom simulation. The helix repeats, H-bonding, sugar pucker profiles, and average torsional angles are all in the range observed in crystallographic and nmr studies for B-DNA helices. In some of the sequences, there is a significant bend in the DNA helices. The individual helix repeats, with focus on 3′CpG5′ and 3′GpC5′ units, show the opposite helix repeat to that suggested by Calladine's rules.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 509-515 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The peptide N-Boc-L-Pro-dehydro-Phe-L-Gly-OH was synthesized by the usual workup procedure and finally coupling the N-Boc-L-Pro-dehydro-Phe to glycine. The peptide crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21 with a = 8.951(4) Å, b = 5.677 (6) Å, c = 21.192(11) Å, β = 96.97(4)°, V = 1069(1) Å3, Z = 2, dm = 1.295(5) Mgm-3, and dc = 1.297(4) Mgm-3. The structure was determined by direct methods using SHELXS86. The structure was refined by the block-diagonal least-squares procedure to an R value of 0.074 for 1002 observed reflections. The C2α-C2β distance of 1.33(2) Å is an appropriate double bond length. The angle C2α-C2β-C2γ is 133(1)°. The peptide backbone torsion angles are θ1 = -167(1)°, ω0 = 179(1)°, φ1 = -48(1)°, ψ1 = 137(1)°, ω1 = 175(1)°, φ2 = 65(2)°, ψ2 = 15(2)°, ω2 = -179(1)°, and φ3 = -166(1)°. These values show that the Boc group has a trans-trans conformation while the peptide backbone adopts a β-turn II conformation, which is stablized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond of length of 3.05(1) Å. The structures of dehydro-Phe containing peptides suggest that the dehydro-Phe promotes the β-turn II conformation. The five-membered pyrrolidine ring of the Pro residue adopts an ideal Cγ-exo conformation with torsion angles χ11 = -24(1)°, χ12 = 34(1)°, χ13 = -30(1)°, χ14 = 15(1)°, and θ10 = 6(1)°. The side chain torsion angles in dehydro-Phe are χ21 = -1(2)°, χ22, 1 = -176(1)°, and χ22, 2 = 8(2)°. The Plane of C2α-C2β-C2γ is rotated with respect to the plane of the phenyl ring at 7(1)°, which indicates that the atoms of the side chain of dehydro-Phe are essentially coplanar. The molecules form a 21 screw axis related hydrogen-bonded rows along the b axis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 543-547 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A fast Monte Carlo integration algorithm with varying time step is described for cooperative binding of ligands of arbitrary length to a one-dimensional lattice. This algorithm is particularly suitable for strongly cooperative or anticooperative systems, i.e., when the time scales for different kinetic events are very different. As an application, the kinetics of a bimodal two-ligand system are briefly discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 549-557 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The preparation of copolypeptides consisting of L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid was performed to determine the effects of copolymer composition and sequential distributions on the rate of degradation by papain in a PECF (pseudoextracellular fluid) at pH 4.75 and 7.40, at 37.0°C, to simulate in vivo polymer degradation. Random copolymers consisting of β-benzyl L-aspartate and γ-benzyl L-glutamate were synthesized by the N-carboxyanhydride method. Water-soluble copolymers were obtained by successive reactions of side chains by anhydrous HBr treatment. All the samples were found to be degraded by random chain scission with papain. Further, the degradation data for the samples followed the Michaelis-Menten rate law, being the first order in papain concentration. The nature of side chains are important to the rate of degradation by papain and it was controlled by the comonomer composition as well as the sequential distribution of comonomers in the copolymer chains.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 491-500 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By combining electrophoresis with movements of fluorescence pattern after photobleaching (MOFPAP), which is abbreviated as EMOFPAP, we are able to measure electrophoretic mobilities of large DNA fragments in an agarose gel within a fairly short time scale (about 10 min or even down to 1 min). The new method represents a significant improvement in experiment time when compared with the time (typically on the order of hours) required to determine the average electrophoretic mobility of large DNA fragments in agarose gels by means of either conventional gel electrophoresis or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In this article, we present the EMOFPAP experimental setup and consider optical conditions, including beam profile geometry and fluorescence pattern formation. A realistic formula that can explain the parameters governing the EMOFPAP method using our present optical setup has been derived. A comparison of results between experimental and computer simulation data is made, and an optimization of the EMOFPAP method is proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 559-565 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The elastic modulus (G′) of factor XIIIa induced fibrinogen gels was found to be substantially lower than the G′ of fibrin gels that were formed by clotting fibrinogen with thrombin. The addition of fibronectin and/or the reducing reagent dithiothreitol (DTT) to the factor XIIIa coagulation mixture led to the formation of a weaker gel structure, while the rigidity of thrombin induced clots was not appreciably affected by the inclusion of the DTT but increased somewhat in the presence of fibronectin. The reasons for the differing clot rigidities are discussed in terms of biochemical mechanisms.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 567-596 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Solvent effects on the thermodynamics of two processes - folding of proteins and association between proteins - are examined in detail. A complete inventory of the multitude of solvent effects may be obtained by employing the concept of conditional solvation free energy. This theoretical tool allows for the isolation of specific side-chain effects from the entire protein and for the study of its contribution to the overall free energy change in small model compounds. Some numerical examples are presented, and ways of estimating other cases, for which no relevant experimental data are available, are suggested. Our findings lead to the conclusion that the currently used hydrophobicity scales, based on partition coefficients between water and an organic solvent, are inadequate measures of the contribution of side chains being transferred from water to the interior of the protein. We have also tentatively concluded that correlation between hydrophilic functional groups might be more important than correlations between hydrophobic side chains.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) fragments have been synthesized and their biological activities compared with the parent peptide. The substructural units, 5-14 linear and 5-14 cyclic, have been used as models for MCH -  in 1H-nmr conformational studies. Conformational features predicted by molecular dynamics analyses find support in the nmr experiments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: DL-Arginine DL-glutamate monohydrate and DL-arginine DL-aspartate, the first DL-DL amino acid-amino acid complexes to be prepared and x-ray analyzed, crystallize in the space group P1 with a = 5.139(2), b = 10.620(1), c = 14.473(2) Å, α = 101.34(1)°, β = 94.08(2)°, γ = 91.38(2)° and a = 5.402(3), b = 9.933(3), c = 13.881(2) Å, α = 99.24(2)°, β = 99.73(3)°, γ = 97.28(3)°, respectively. The structures were solved using counter data and refined to R values of 0.050 and 0.077 for 1827 and 1739 observed reflections, respectively. The basic element of aggregation in both structures is an infinite chain made up of pairs of molecules. Each pair, consisting of a L- and a D-isomer, is stabilized by two centrosymmetrically or nearly centrosymmetrically related hydrogen bonds involving the α-amino and the α-carboxylate groups. Adjacent pairs in the chain are then connected by specific guanidyl-carboxylate interactions. The infinite chains are interconnected through hydrogen bonds to form molecular sheets. The sheets are then stacked along the shortest cell translation. The interactions between sheets involve two head-to-tail sequences in the glutamate complex and one such sequence in the aspartate complex. However, unlike in the corresponding LL and DL complexes, head-to-tail sequences are not the central feature of molecular aggregation in the DL-DL complexes. Indeed, fundamental differences exist among the aggregation patterns in the LL, the LD, and the DL-DL complexes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to search for the accessible conformations of the melanin-concentrationg hormone (MCH). The studies have been performed on native MCH and two of its peptide fragments, a cyclic MCH(5-14) fragment and a linear MCH(5-14) fragment. An analysis of the molecular dynamics trajectories of the three peptides indicates that two regions of the peptide have characteristic conformational properties that may be important for the biological activity. One is a region around Gly8, which is conformationally mobile, and the other is around Pro13, which shows unusual rigidity. The molecular dynamics simulation results are discussed in terms of backbone structural features like β turns, side-chain interactions, and orientations of the disulfide bridge. The results of this analysis are used to suggest new analogues that will modify the conformational features of the peptide and further define the conformational requirements for activity. Finally, the results are related to nmr studies of the peptide and reveal agreements between the experimental nuclear Overhauser effect constraints and some of the accessible conformations obtained from the simulation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We have recorded high-resolution 13C-NMR spectra of linear (curdlan) and branched (lentinan, HA-β-glucan and its polyol and aldehyde derivatives) (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans in hydrate and gel states, in order to gain insight into their gelation mechanism. Network structure of curdlan turned out to be highly heterogeneous from its motional state, from liquid-like, through intermediate, to solid-like domains. They are studied by a variety of experiments, conventional high-resolution NMR by broad-band decoupling, high-power decoupling with magic angle spinning (MAS), and cross-polarization-magic-angle-spinning (CP-MAS). Nevertheless, we found that conformations of these distinct liquid-like and solid-like do- mains exhibit an identical single helix conformation with a small proportion of a triple helix form, supporting our previous view as to the gelation mechanism. In contrast, the network structure of branched (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans in the gel state arises mainly from the triple helix conformation. This means that gelation of branched (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan proceeds from partial association of the triple helical chains, previously proposed for gelation of a linear glucan. Furthermore, we found that conversion from the single chain to the single helix was not achieved readily by hydration of over 8h at 96% R. H. for branched glucan but the triple helix form is obtained when these samples are hydrated fully as in gel state.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Differential scanning calorimetry studies have been carried out on the sequential polypeptide of elastin, (L-Val1-L-Pro2-Gly3-L-Val4-Gly5)n, abrreviated as PPP, and its more hydrophobic analogues (L-Val1-L-Pro2-Gly3-L-Val4-Gly5)n, referred to as Leu1-PPP, and (L-Ile1-L-Pro2-Gly3-L-Val4-Gly5)n, referred to as Ile1-PPP. Consistent with inverse temperature transitions, the temperatures of the transitions for which maximum heat absorption occurs are inversely proportional to the hydrophobicities of the polypentapeptides (31°C for PPP, 16°C for Leu1-PPP, and 12°C for Ile1-PPP), and the endothermic heats of the transitions are small and increase with increasing hydrophobicity, i.e., 1.2, 2.9, and 3.0 kcal/mol pentamer for PPP, Leu1-PPP, and Ile1-PPP, respectively. Previous physical characterizations of the polypentapeptides have demonstrated the occurrence of an inverse temperature transition since increase in order, as the temperature is raised above that of the transition, has been repeatedly observed using different physical characterizations. Furthermore, the studies demonstrated indentical conformations for PPP and Ile1-PPP above and below the transition. Both heats and temperature of the transitions vary with hydrophobicity, but not in simple proportionality.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1707-1713 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The influence of added salts on the dynamic viscoelastic properties are investigated for aqueous solutions of alginates that have various molecular weights and mannuronate/guluronate (M/G) ratios. The dynamic moduli of the systems increase with increasing concentration of the added salt in the low-frequency region. The effect is notable in the order of KCl 〈 NaCl 〈 MgCl2 ≪ CaCl2. The values of the dynamic moduli in the rubbery plateau are independent of the addition of the salts, irrespective of the M/G ratio of the alginate. These facts strongly suggest that the structure that is formed by the interaction between the alginates and the metal ions does not work as cross-linking points but as heterogeneous relaxation units having a relatively long relaxation time from a rheological viewpoint.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 597-607 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Alkylation of the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA can result upon exposure to several potent carcinogens, inducing DNA misfunction. In order to assess the structural and energetic changes in DNA helices induced by such alkylation, we have performed AMBER-based analyses on phosphotriester containing analogues of {d-[GGAATTCC]}2. Fourteen analogues of the nonalkylated oligomer were examined, each bearing a single alkylation of known stereochemistry. Results indicate that although there is minimal effect on the aromatic bases, the presence of a phosphotriester disturbs the sugar-phosphate backbone in complex ways. For most analogues, total minimum energies are lower for the Sp-alkylations than for the Rp-alkylations which point directly into the major groove of the helix; however, different energetic contributions follow different, or no, trends in dependence on alkylation site and/or stereochemistry. Where data is available, experimental nmr results agree with the calculations reported here.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1745-1754 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The atomic structures of proteins epitomize the ideas of complexity and irregularity in three-dimensional objects. For such objects, size and shape are difficult to quantify, and therefore the development of unbiased parameters for these properties could facilitate their description. Statistical analysis of the frequency distribution of interatomic distances in protein structures of different classes has revealed two numerical descriptors that correlate with physicochemical properties of these macromolecules. The median (μ) of the distribution correlates (r 〉 .98, n = 45) with variables indicative of size (e.g., molecular weight and radius of gyration). The exponent of the Box-Cox transformation λ, used for converting this distribution into a symmetrical one, correlated (r = .75, n = 43) with a general dimensionless shape parameter defined as the combination of the shape-related accessible surface (As0), molecular volume (V), and radius of gyration (Rg) in the form s = (As0Rg/V). It is suggested that for globular proteins λ is a function of both the shape parameter s and the fractal dimension D of the protein surface. These objective descriptors of size and shape could be useful to describe other complex objects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A simple relationship between frequency shifts to be expected in molecular vibrational spectra upon isotopic substitution and component values of eigenvectors is displayed. Application of this expression to the problem of force constant refinement is discussed in terms of a refinement algorithm developed some years ago to overcome particular problems associated with large molecular systems. Calculations of expected isotopic shifts have been calculated and are tabulated here for experimental reference.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Transitions between isotropic and liquid crystalline phases of concentrated solutions of DNA with an average contour length (500 Å) near the persistence length were examined in 0.01 M supporting 1 : 1 electrolyte (predominantly NaCl). A quantitative phase diagram describing the transitions occurring over a DNA concentration range from 100 to 290 mg/mL and temperatures from 20 to 60°C was constructed from solid-state31P-nmr data and examination of the morphologies of the mesophases by polarized light microscopy. Three anisotropic phases were observed in solutions with DNA concentrations of 160-290 mg/mL: an unidentified, weakly birefringent phase termed “precholesteric” a true cholesteric phase with pitch ≈ 2 μm, and a third, presumably more highly ordered phase. Comparison with previous studies showed that the critical concentration for anisotropic phase formation and the nature of the phases formed by these DNA molecules are not strongly affected by decreasing the supporting electrolyte concentration from ∼ 0.2 M to 10 mM. There are, however, profound effects of decreasing the supporting electrolyte concentration on the width of the transition from isotropic to totally anisotropic solutions, and the nature of the transitions between phases. Decreasing the supporting electrolyte concentration significantly increases the concentration range of persistence of the isotrophic phase, and results in the formation of triphasic solutions (isotropic and two liquid crystalline phases).Values of the critical DNA concentrations for anisotropic phase formation calculated from the theory of A. Stroobants et al. [(1986) Macromolecules 19, 2232 to 2238] were found to be significantly lower than the observed values for any reasonable estimate of the effective radius, probably because of the relatively short lengths of DNA fragments examined in the present study. Comparison of the experimentally determined DNA concentrations required for anisotropic phase formation with the values predicted from Flory's lattice statistics theory, which explicitly considers the rod length, permitted estimation of the effective DNA radius. The estimated radius was inconsistent with effective radii calculated from Poisson-Boltzmann (P-B) theory based on a supporting electrolyte concentration of 10 mM, but was in fair agreement with P-B theory assuming that Na+ DNA contributes approximately 0.24 Na+ counterions/nucleotide to the effective free sodium ion concentration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Water-soluble, random copolymers containing N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine (host) and S-methylthio-L-cysteine (guest) have been prepared, fractionated, and characterized, with S-methylthio-L-cysteine serving as a model for cystine residues in proteins. From the thermally induced helix-coil transition curves of these copolymers in water at neutral pH, the Zimm-Bragg parameters σ and s for the helix-coil transition of “poly(L-cystine)” were deduced. The results show that the cystine model acts as a weak helix-breaker over the entire temperature range from 0 to 60°C. The implications of this finding are evaluated in the context of a general discussion of the Zimm-Bragg parameters for all the 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A simple statistical extension of the Flory theory of excluded volume is developed, and applied to random heteropolymer collapse and a simple model of protein folding. Sequence heterogeneity is found to lead to new effects. The nucleation of protein folding is also briefly considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In the present paper we describe the synthesis, purification, and single-crystal x-ray analysis of the cyclic tetrapeptide cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe-β-Ala-β-Ala). This compound contains the β-alanyl-β-alanine dipeptide as putative cyclization arm to force the remaining dipeptide-L-Pro-L-Phe- in a β-turned conformation. Thepeptide was synthesized by classical methods and cyclization of the free linear tetrapeptide was accomplished in reasonable yields in diluted methylene chloride solution. The compound crystallizes in space group P21 from hot water with two independent tetrapeptide molecules and seven solvent molecules in the unit cell. This compound shows in the solid state an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the CO group of the β-Ala4 and the NH group of the β-Ala3 residues stabilizing a type I β-turn conformation in which Pro1 and Phe2 occupy the relative position 2 and 3 of the turn, respectively. A rather complex network of 18 hydrogen bonds involving all the remaining CO and NH groups and the water molecules is present in the crystal.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Teichoic acid (TA) isolated from the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus binds cationic dyes like pinacyanol (PCYN), 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue, acridine orange, etc., depicting blue-shifted metachromasia, and they bind the cationic dye carbocyanine depicting the red-shifted J band. TAs do not show any uv absorption band, and exhibition of tailing CD in the short uv region hints at its chiral conformation. Chiral conformation of TA has been confirmed from the induction of strong biphasic CD in the TA-carbocyanine system.Relative affinities for Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ have been probed from the disruption of metachromasia of the TA-dye system by these ions. Results show Ca2+ and Mg2+ to be almost equally effective in destroying the metachromasia of the TA-PCYN system, thus not supporting the hypothesis of special affinity for Mg2+ ion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1847-1862 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: High-temperature molecular dynamics as a method for conformational search was explored on the antigen combining site of McPC 603, a phosphorylcholine binding immunoglobulin. Simulations at temperatures of 500, 800, and 1500 K were run for 111.5, 101.7, and 76.3 ps, respectively. The effectiveness of the search was assessed using a variety of methods. For the shorter hypervariable loops, molecular dynamics explored an appreciable fraction of the conformational space as evidenced by a comparison to a simple theoretical model of the size of the conformational space. However, for the longer loops and the antigen combining site as a whole, the simulation times were too short for a complete search. The simulations at 500 and 800 K both generated conformations that minimized to energies 200 kcal/mole lower than the crystal structure. However, the 1500 K simulation produced higher energy structures, even after minimization; in addition, this highest temperature run had many cis-trans peptide isomerizations. This suggests that 1500 K is too high a temperature for unconstrained conformational sampling. Comparison of the results of high temperature molecular dynamics with a direct conformational search method, [R. E. Bruccoleri & M. Karplus (1987) Biopolymers 26, 137-168]. showed that the two methods did not overlap much in conformational space. Simple geometric measures of the conformational space indicated that the direct method covered more space than molecular dynamics at the lower temperature, but not at 1500 K. The results suggest that high-temperature molecular dynamics can aid in conformational searches.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1863-1866 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The gel electrophoresis of spherical particles with a radius above 0.2 μm has not been reported yet. In the present study, video phase-contrast light microscopy is used to observe the motion of individual latex spheres, 0.52 μm in radius, during electrophoresis in 0.1% agarose gels. At 2V/cm, the spheres initially migrate in the direction of the electrical field. However, each sphere eventually undergoes a cessation of all motion. Brownian motion is restored when the electrical potential gradient is reduced to zero. Arrest can be prevented by periodically inverting the direction of the electrical field. These observations are explained by electrical field- induced steric trapping of the spheres by gel fibers. Inversion of the electrical field should assist the application of agarose gel electrophoresis to micron sized cellular organelles and cells.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1877-1883 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A triple-helical polysaccharide schizophyllan in aqueous solution exhibited a highly cooperative transition between ordered and disordered states associated with the conformation of its side chains and nearby water molecules. The transition was followed by optical rotation and containing additives such as NaOH and DMSO as solvents. The ordered state was stabilized or destabilized or depending on the kind and amount of the additive employed; in particular, the addition of DMSO had a remarkable stabilizing effect. This effect was analyzed by means of a statistical mechanical theory of linear cooperative transitions, where DMSO was assumed to interact favorably with the ordered side chains. A small amount of NaOH in a solvent mixture stabilized the ordered state and made the transition curve very gradual. No molecular mechanism was elucidated to account for the role of NaOH.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 645-677 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molecular and harmonic dynamics simulations have been performed for a decaglycine α-helix. The extent of anharmonicity for various observables is studied by a direct comparison of the two types of simulations, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 300 K. The fluctuations of the cartesian, internal and normal mode coordinates, and their time dependence, are analyzed. The heat capacity of the α-helix is evaluated both from the temperature response of the system to an energy perturbation and from the fluctuations in the temperature of the system. It is shown that the anharmonicity depends on the kind of observable. The root mean square atomic fluctuations have significant anharmonic components at temperatures above 100 K. In contrast, the dihedral angle fluctuations are much closer to being harmonic at all the temperatures considered. The analysis of potentials of mean force experienced by individual atoms shows that atomic displacements have approximately Gaussian distributions from 50 to 300 K, with different force constants at each temperature (quasi-harmonic model). At 300 K, the force constants obtained by molecular dynamics are significantly lower than in the harmonic case. The time dependence of the projection of the molecular dynamics displacements on the normal mode coordinates shows that mode mixing is important above 100 K. The motions of the helix associated with the low-frequency normal modes are described and illustrated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The program FANTOM (fast Newton-Raphson torsion angle energy minimizer) performs minimizations of the ECEPP/2 energy function for proteins with the Newton-Raphson method. It is implemented for use with conventional computer hardware. The torsion angles are chosen as independent variables. The first and second derivatives are calculated with a previously described rapid algorithm. For the matrix inversion a modified Cholesky factorization is used. A line search adjusts the step length and nonbonded interactions can be calculated with a cutoff. The following tests of the program are described: All local minima of the ECEPP/2 energy function for the amino acids glycine and alanine were determined. An exhaustive search by more than 16,000 independent energy minimizations was used to identify low-energy structures of Met-enkephalin, which were then compared with previously published structures of this pentapeptide. To investigate the use of FANTOM with disulfide bonds, it was applied with conotoxin. As an illustration of the intended primary use of the program, an energy refinement of the structure of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor determined by nmr spectroscopy in solution is described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 707-715 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Resonance Raman spectra have been obtained at several uv wavelengths (200-266 nm) for poly(rA)-poly(rU), poly(dA-dU), poly(dA)-poly(dT), and poly(dA-dT), representing nucleic acid duplexes containing A-U and A-T base pairs with different stacking interactions and different backbone conformations. Frequency shifts are seen in the exocyclic modes corresponding to coupled C4=O and C5=C6 stretching of U and T, although the NH2 scissors frequency of A is unshifted relative to that of the mononucleotide. These frequency patterns are interpreted as the superposition of H bonding and dipole-dipole coupling effects. Strong hypochromism is seen for most of the ring modes, resulting from the absorption hypochromism and from shifts in the electronic transitions due to stacking. The effects are larger for A bands in the homopolymers than in the heteropolymer duplexes, reflecting the larger influence of A/A than A/U(T) stacking. Poly(rA)-poly(rU) stands out among these polymers in showing 10 cm-1 downshifts in one U and several A modes. These shifts may be related to the A form structural parameters of this duplex, but the physical mechanism is not obvious.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The solution structure of an α-amylase inhibitor, tendamistat, calculated from nmr data with the distance geometry program DISMAN is subjected to restrained energy minimization. To study the influence of force field parametrizations and the convergence behavior of refinement algorithms, two different programs were used. AMBER is an established software package including a steepest descent and/or conjugent gradient optimizer in the Euclidian space; the name AMBER also represents a force field. The program FANTOM (fast Newton-Raphson torsion angle energy minimizer) is a new restrained energy refinement implementation of the Newton-Raphson algorithm, which uses second derivatives of the conformational energy in dihedral angle space with the ECEPP/2 force field. For both programs the normal energy force field was supplemented with an additional potential of the form ΣA(di - ui)6 (if di 〉 ui), which enforces upper limits ui to selected distances di as measured by nmr. Improvements of the intramolecular interactions with a decrease of the internal energies of about 1000 kcal/mol could be achieved without increasing the distance constraint violations. The restrained energy refinements caused only small changes of the molecular geometries: The root mean square distance values for the backbone atoms between the initial DISMAN structure and the refined structures are about 0.5 Å for AMBER and about 0.7 Å for FANTOM. Local conformational changes during the restrained energy minimizations are analyzed with respect to hydrogen-bond formation, and with respect to comparisons of the solution structure and the crystal structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Liposomes consisting of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and hydrophobic peptides Nps- and Cl-·+H2-(Met-Met-Leu)n-OEt (n = 6-10) with various polypeptide chain lengths were prepared by the sonication method. The conformation of the peptides incorporated into the liposomes was examined by CD spectroscopy. All the peptides incorporated assumed α-helical conformation. Quantitative analyses of the peptides and lipids in the membranes showed that the concentration of the peptides with a positive charge at the N-terminus in the liposomes decreased markedly as the peptide chain length increased, reaching zero for the peptides over n = 8. The peptides without a positive charge were hardly incorporated into the liposomes. Infrared attenuated reflection spectroscopy of multilayered membranes containing the peptides suggests that the axis of the α-helical peptide rods is oriented in parallel with the molecular axis of lipids in the membranes. These results suggest that the hydrophobic peptides can be incorporated into the lipid bilayers of the liposomes in the α-helical conformation, the rods of which have a length comparable to the thickness of the lipid bilayers, and the N-terminal positive charge of the peptides is essential for the stable peptide incorporated into the membranes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Expressions for the partition function Q(T) of DNA hairpins are presented. Calculations of Q(T), in conjunction with our previously reported numerically exact algorithm [T. M. Paner, M. Amaratunga, M. J. Doktycz, and A. S. Benight (1990) Biopolymers, 29, 1715-1734], yield a numerical method to evaluate the temperature dependence of the transition enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of a DNA hairpin directly from its optical melting curve. No prior assumptions that the short hairpins melt in a two-state manner are required. This method is then applied in a systematic manner to investigate the stability of the six base-pair duplex stem 5′-GGATAC-3′ having four-base dangling single-strand ends with the sequences (XY)2, where X, Y = A, T, G, C, on the 5′ end and a T4 loop on the 3′ end.Results show that all dangling ends of the sample set stabilize the hairpin against melting. Increases in transition temperatures as great as 4.0°C above the blunt-ended control hairpin were observed. The hierarchy of the hairpin transition temperatures is dictated by the identity of the first base of the dangling end adjoining the duplex in the order: purine 〉 T 〉 C. Calculated melting curves of every hairpin were fit to experimental curves by adjustment of a single parameter in the numerically exact theoretical algorithm. Exact fits were obtained in all cases. Experimental melting curves were also calculated assuming a two-state melting process. Equally accurate fits of all dangling-ended hairpin melting curves were obtained with the two-state model calculation. This was not the case for the melting curve of the blunt-ended hairpin, indicating the presence of a four-base dangling-end drives hairpin melting to a two-state process. Q(T) was calculated as a function of temperature for each hairpin using the theoretical parameters that provided calculated curves in exact agreement with the experimentally obtained optical melting curves. From Q(T), the temperature dependence of the transition enthply ΔH, enytropy ΔS, and free energy ΔG were calculated for every hairpin providing a quantitative assessment of the effects of dangling ends on hairpin thermodynamics. Comparisons of our results are made with those of the Breslauer group [M. Senior, R. A. Jones, and K. J. Breslauer (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3879-3885] on the T25′ dangling-ended d (GC)3 duplexes.To estimate the average contribution to stability of each single-stand nearest neighbor stack to the duplex stem, the relative values ΔΔH and ΔΔS of the transition enthalpy and entropy for each dangling-ended hairpin compared to the blunt-ended control hairpin were cast in a system of 16 equation in the 16 unkowns, The nonsingular system of equations was solved for the unknowns by matrix diagonalization, which yielded the relative average contribution of each of the 16 possible nearest neighbor dinucleotide 5′3′ stacks in single strand DNA to the stability of a 5′-GGATAC-3′ duplex stem.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 877-887 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We report measurements of the water content and swelling of wet-spun films of Na-, K-, Rb-, and Cs-DNA as a function of relative humidity (rh). The water contents (number of water molecules per base pair of DNA) of these films are found to be quite similar, indicating that the identity of the counterion species is unimportant for the water content. Since the A to B transition for these DNAs occurs at different rhs, the corresponding water contents of the A to B transition are found to be quite different. These films swell as a function of rh in a very similar manner, implying that the changes in the intermolecular bonds in the different DNAs are similar. Dramatic changes are observed in the dimensions of the films above 84% rh for all types of DNA. Combining the water content and swelling measurements yields the dependence of the volume per base pair on water content. The volume per base pair is observed to be a nonlinear function of water content, indicating nonideal mixing of the water with the DNA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 967-974 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The chemical and biological properties of collagen are altered by the biosynthetic substitution of the L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze) residue in the place of proline. The reasons for this alteration have been studied by means of conformational energy computations on single- and triple-stranded structures formed by poly (GIy-X-Y) poly(tripeptide)s, where X and Y can be Pro or Aze. The most stable triple helix formed by Poly (Gly-Pro-Aze) is collagen-like, but all low-energy triple helices that can be formed by poly (Gly-Aze-Pro) and poly (Gly-Aze-Aze) are very different from collagen. Thus, the regular substitution of Aze for Pro in position X is not compatible with the collagen structure. In the absence of solvent effects, all of these triple helices are stable, relative to the statistical coil, but the substitutions reduce the stability of the collagen-like triple helix, as compared with poly (Gly-Pro-Pro).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 995-999 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 1001-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The partial molar volumes of various compounds that model protein constituent groups, such as tripeptides (Gly-X-Gly, where X = Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Met, His, Ser), homopeptides (Glyn, n = 3, 4, 5), and simple organic analogues of amino acid side chains (methanol, acetamide, propanamide, acetic acid, propanoic acid, n-butanamine, n-butanamine nitrate, n-propylguanidine nitrate, 4-methylphenol), have been determined in aqueous solution with a vibrational densimeter in the temperature range of 5-85°C. The partial molar volumes of amino acid side chains and the peptide unit were estimated from the data obtained. Assuming additivity of component groups, the partial molar volumes of polypeptide chains of several proteins over a broad temperature range were calculated. The partial molar volume functions of four proteins (myoglobin, cytochrome C, ribonuclease A, lysozyme) were compared with those determined experimentally for the unfolded and native forms of these proteins. It has been shown that the average deviation of the calculated functions from the experimental ones does not exceed 3% over the temperature range studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 1039-1049 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The role of the amino acid proline in influencing the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and polypeptides has been an area of active study for many years. We have investigated this problem by incorporating the four-membered ring amino acid, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, into some proline polypeptides. An adjunct to the synthesis of the peptides was the synthesis of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and its resolution. We developed an improved synthesis of N-benzhydryl-2-carbobenzyloxy azetidine, an essential intermediate required for the synthesis of Lazetidine-2-carboxylic acid. This amino acid was subsequently obtained via the partial hydrogenation of the N-benzhydryl compound, under mild conditions. Our ability to isolate the intermediate N-benzhydryl-2-carboxylic acid demonstrated that the rate of cleavage of the O-benzyl ester group in this molecule is faster than the cleavage of the N-benzhydryl group.The tetrapeptides, Boc-(LPro)3-LAze-Opcp, and Boc-(LAze-LPro)2-Opcp (Boc: t-butoxycarbonyl; Pro: praline; Aze: azetidine-2-carboxyl acid; Opcp: pentachlorophenyl), were prepared using traditional solution peptide synthesis. They were characterized by direct chemical ionization-mass spectrometry, CD spectra, and 13C- and 1H-nmr spectroscopy. The assessment of the secondary structure assessment of the two peptides using the methods noted above has led us to conclude that the compound Boc-(L-Aze-LPro)2-Opcp, in trifluoroethanol, has an all-cis peptide bond conformation with φ and ψ torsion angles compatible with a left-handed helix. The secondary structure assessment of the peptide Boc-(LPro)3-LAze-Opcp, in chloroform or trifluoroethanol, leads to an assignment of both cis and trans peptide bonds as being present in the peptide. We have interpreted this latter finding as indicating that the introduction of the azetidine group into a peptide containing three consecutive praline residues in a linear sequence perturbs the normal proline peptide secondary structure in this tetrapeptide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 30 (1990), S. 1243-1257 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Infrared spectra of the amino acid residues in H2O solution have been obtained in the 1800-1400-cm-1 region. It has been established that amino acid residues of arginine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic and glutamic acids, lysine, tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine have intensive absorption in this spectral region. Infrared spectra for a set of model compounds have been measured. On the basis of these data, spectral parameters of amino acid residue absorption bands have been determined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 823-836 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The binding of cis-Pt(II) diammine (cis-DP) to double-stranded DNA was studied with several kinked conformations that can accommodate the formation of a square planar complex. Molecular mechanics (MM) calculations were performed to optimize the molecular fit. These results were combined with quantum mechanical (QM) calculations to ascertain the relative energetics of ligand binding through water vs direct binding of the phosphate to the ammine and platinum, and to guide the selection of DNA conformations to model complex formation. Based on QM and MM calculations, models are proposed that may be characterized by several general features. A structure involving hydrogen bonding between each ammine and distinct adjacent phosphate groups, referred to as closed conformation (CC), has already been reported. This is also found in the crystal structure of small dimers. We report alternative conformations that may be important in platination of duplex DNA. They are characterized by an intermediate conformation (IC), involving hydrogen bonding between one ammine and phosphate group, and an open conformation (OC), without ammine phosphate hydrogen bonding. The IC and OC can be stabilized by water bridges in the space between the ammine and the phosphate groups. Sugar puckers alternate from the type C(2′)-endo or C(1′)-exo (S), to the type C(3′)-endo or C(2′)-exo (N), with intermediate types near O(1′)-endo (O). In general, the sugar puckers alternate from S to N to S through the platinated region (3′-TpG*pG*p-5′), with the complexed strand exhibiting, (3′)-S*-N*-S-(5′) alternation, while the complementary strand shows either (3′)-S*-N*-S(5′) or (3′)-S*-N*-O-(5′) alternation. In both the OC and IC, a hydrogen bond is found between the ammine and O4(T) on thymine (T) at the (3′) end, adjacent to the complex site. There is a continuous range of backbone conformations through the platinated region which relate the OC to the IC. The models presented suggest that the dynamics of the binding of the cis-Pt(II)-diammines to adjacent N7(G) in double-stranded DNA may encompass several conformational possibilities, and that water bridges may play a roll in supporting open and intermediate conformations. Proton-proton distances are reported to assist in the experimental determination of conformations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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