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  • 1995-1999  (1.754)
  • 1997  (1.754)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1.317)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (437)
  • Nuclear reactions
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1995-1999  (1.754)
Jahr
  • 101
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): dimeric bacterial hemoglobin ; Vitreoscilla stercoraria ; crystal growth ; x-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The recombinant homodimeric hemoglobin from the strictly aerobe gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla stercoraria has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and crystallized by vapor diffusion techniques, using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P21 and diffract to HIGH resolution. The unit cell parameters are a = 62.9, b = 42.5, c = 63.2 Å, β = 106.6°; the asymmetric unit contains the homodimeric hemoglobin, with a volume solvent content of 42%. Proteins 27:154-156 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 160-161 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein crystallization ; x-ray crystallography ; thrombolytic agents ; staphylokinase ; STAR ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Diffraction quality crystals of recombinant staphylokinase (STAR) have been grown by the hanging drop vapor diffusion technique from a solution containing MgCl2, Tris buffer (pH 8.5), and polyethylene glycol 4000. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2 with unit cell dimensions a = 60.6 Å, b = 43.7 Å, c = 54.3 Å, and β = 115.6°. Å complete native data set to 1.8 Å resolution has been collected using synchrotron radiation. Proteins 27:160-161 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 162-162 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 171-183 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The equilibrium folding pathway of staphylococcal nucleas (SNase) has been approximated using a statistical thermodynamic formalism that utilizes the high-resolution structure of the native state as a template to generate a large ensemble of partially folded states. Close to 400,000 different states ranging from the native to the completely unfolded states were included in the analysis. The probability of each state was estimated using an empirical structural parametrization of the folding energetics. It is shown that this formalism predicts accurately the stability of the protein, the cooperativity of the folding/unfolding transition observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or urea denaturation and the thermodynamic parameters for unfolding. More importantly, this formalism provides a quantitative account of the experimental hydrogen exchange protection factors measured under native conditions for SNase. These results suggest that the computer-generated distribution of states approximates well the ensemble of conformations existing in solution. Furthermore, this formalism represents the first model capable of quantitatively predicting within a unified framework the probability distribution of states seen under native conditions and its change upon unfolding. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 204-209 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): rab7 ; GTPase ; vesicle ; targeting ; crystal ; kinetics ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Rab proteins are a family of ˜25kD ras-related GTPases which are associated with distinct intracellular membranes where they control vesicle traffic between intracellular compartments. The late-endosomal rab protein rab71-207, (lacking only the C-terminal lipids of the native molecule) and three C-terminal truncated constructs rab71-202, rab71-197and rab71-182were purified using an E. coli expression system. The C-terminal tail region of rab proteins is of special interest because it is thought to target rab proteins to particular intracellular membranes. A comparison of TOCSY-NMR spectra from intact rab71-207and the tail-less construct rab71-182suggested that much of the C-terminal tail is flexible in solution. The GTP hydrolysis, and GDP association and dissociation rates for all the truncated and intact constructs were similar, showing that the tail region of rab71-207has little influence on the hydrolysis and exchange rates of the nucleotide. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 213-226 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): conformation space ; potential energy surface ; connectivity ; topological mapping ; family clustering ; principal coordinate projections ; visualization ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Clustering molecular conformations into “families” is a common procedure in conformational analysis of molecular systems. An implicit assumption which often underlies this clustering approach is that the resulting geometric families reflect the energetic structure of the system's potential energy surface. In a broader context we address the question whether structural similarity is correlated with energy basins, i.e., whether conformations that belong to the same energy basin are also geometrically similar. “Topological mapping” and principal coordinate projections are used here to address this question and to assess the quality of the “family clustering” procedure. Applying the analysis to a small tetrapeptide it was found that the general correlation that exists between energy basins and structural similarity is not absolute. Clusters generated by the geometric “family clustering” procedure do not always reflect the underlying energy basins. In particular it was found that the “family tree” that is generated by the “family clustering” procedure is completely inconsistent with its real topological counterpart, the “disconnectivity” graph of this system. It is also demonstrated that principal coordinate analysis is a powerful visualization technique which, at least for this system, works better when distances are measured in dihedral angle space rather than in cartesian space. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): tetrahydrofolate ; protein crystallization ; folate coenzymes ; purine synthesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The monofunctional enzyme 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (THFS), which is responsible for the recruitment of single carbon units from the formate pool into a variety of folate-dependent biosynthetic pathways, has been subcloned, purified, and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P21, with unit cell dimensions a= 102.4 Å b= 116.5 Å c= 115.8 Å and β = 103.5 Å. The crystal unit cell and diffraction is consistent with an asymmetric unit consisting of the enzyme tetramer, and a specific volume of the unit cell of 2.7 Å3/Da. The crystals diffract to at least 2.3 Å resolution after flash-cooling, when using a rotating anode x-ray source and an RAXIS image plate detector. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 249-271 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein structure ; secondary structure ; protein conformation ; protein backbone structure ; protein structure classification ; helix capping ; strand capping ; neural networks ; structural building blocks ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: To study local structures in proteins, we previously developed an autoassociative artificial neural network (autoANN) and clustering tool to discover intrinsic features of macromolecular structures. The hidden unit activations computed by the trained autoANN are a convenient low-dimensional encoding of the local protein backbone structure. Clustering these activation vectors results in a unique classification of protein local structural features called Structural Building Blocks (SBBs). Here we describe application of this method to a larger database of proteins, verification of the applicability of this method to structure classification, and subsequent analysis of amino acid frequencies and several commonly occurring patterns of SBBs. The SBB classification method has several interesting properties: 1) it identifies the regular secondary structures, α helix and β strand; 2) it consistently identifies other local structure features (e.g., helix caps and strand caps); 3) strong amino acid preferences are revealed at some positions in some SBBs; and 4) distinct patterns of SBBs occur in the “random coil” regions of proteins. Analysis of these patterns identifies interesting structural motifs in the protein backbone structure, indicating that SBBs can be used as “building blocks” in the analysis of protein structure. This type of pattern analysis should increase our understanding of the relationship between protein sequence and local structure, especially in the prediction of protein structures. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 309-310 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): crystals ; ribosomes ; extreme thermophile ; translation repressor ; x-ray analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Crystals have been obtained for recombinant ribosomal protein S8 from Thermus thermophilus produced by Escherichia coli. The protein crystals have been grown in 40 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) in hanging drops equilibrated against saturated ammonium sulfate (unbuffered) with 2-methyl-2,4-pentandiol (v/v). The crystals belong to the space group P41(3)212 with cell parameters a= b= 67.65 Å, c= 171.12 Å. They diffract x-rays to 2.9 Å resolution. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 367-384 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein folding ; force field ; structure prediction ; molecular dynamics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We present an unusual method for parametrizing low-resolution force fields of the type used for protein structure prediction. Force field parameters were-determined by assigning each a fictitious mass and using a quasi-molecular dynamics algorithm in parameter space. The quasi-energy term favored folded native structures and specifically penalized folded nonnative structures. The force field was generated after optimizing less than 70 adjustable parameters, but shows a strong ability to discriminate between native structures and compact misfolded-alternatives. The functional form of the force field was chosen as in molecular mechanics and is not table-driven. It is continuous with continuous derivatives and is thus suitable for use with algorithms such as energy minimization or newtonian dynamics. Proteins 27:367-384, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): hydration ; solvation ; protein-solvent interactions ; molecular dynamics ; computer simulation ; GROMOS ; SPC water ; radial distribution function ; solvent residence times ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The impact of an extensive, uniform and hydrophobic protein surface on the behavior of the surrounding solvent is investigated. In particular, focus is placed on the possible enhancement of the structure of water at the interface, one model for the hydrophobic effect. Solvent residence times and radial distribution functions are analyzed around three types of atomic sites (methyl, polar, and positively charged sites) in 1 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the α-helical polypeptide SP-C in water, in methanol and in chloroform. For comparison, water residence times at positively and negatively charged sites are obtained from a simulation of a highly charged α-helical polypeptide from the protein titin in water. In the simulations the structure of water is not enhanced at the hydrophobic protein surface, but instead is disrupted and devoid of positional correlation beyond the first solvation sphere. Comparing solvents of different polarity, no clear trend toward the most polar solvent being more ordered is found. In addition, comparison of the water residence times at nonpolar, polar, positively charged, or negatively charged sites on the surface of SP-C or titin does not reveal pronounced or definite differences. It is shown, however, that the local environment may considerably affect solvent residence times. The implications of this work for the interpretation of the hydrophobic effect are discussed. Proteins 27:395-404, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 410-424 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): domain movements ; inter-domain linkers ; conformational calculations ; Monte Carlo-minimization method ; Bence-Jones protein ; lysine/arginine/ornithine-binding protein ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A method for modeling large-scale rearrangements of protein domains connected by a single- or a double-stranded linker is proposed. Multidomain proteins may undergo substantial domain displacements, while their intradomain structure remains essentially unchanged. The method allows automatic identification of an interdomain linker and builds an all-atom model of a protein structure in internal coordinates. Torsion angles belonging to the interdomain linkers and side chains potentially able to form domain interfaces are set free while all remaining torsions, bond lengths, and bond angles are fixed. Large-scale sampling of the reduced torsion conformational subspace is effected with the “biased probability Monte Carlo-minimization” method [Abagyan, R.A., Totrov, M.M. (1994): J. Mol. Biol. 235, 983-1002]. Solvation and side-chain entropic contributions are added to the energy function. A special procedure has been developed to generate concerted deformations of a double-stranded interdomain linker in such a way that the polypeptide chain continuity is preserved. The method was tested on Bence-Jones protein with a single-stranded linker and lysine/arginine/ornithine-binding (LAO) protein with a double-stranded linker. For each protein, structurally diverse low-energy conformations with ideal covalent geometry were generated, and an overlap between two sets of conformations generated starting from the crystallographically determined “closed” and “open” forms was found. One of the low-energy conformations generated in a run starting from the LAO “closed” form was only 2.2 Å away from the structure of the “open” form. The method can be useful in predicting the scope of possible domain rearrangements of a multidomain protein. Proteins 27:410-424, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 438-449 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): α/β hydrolase fold ; catalytic triad ; cyanolysis ; heterologous expression ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: (S)-Hydroxynitrile lyase (Hnl) from the tropical rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis is a 29 kDa single chain protein that catalyses the breakdown or formation of a C(SINGLE BOND)C bond by reversible addition of hydrocyanic acid to aldehydes or ketones. The primary sequence of Hnl has no significant homology to known proteins. Detailed homology investigations employing PROFILESEARCH and secondary structure prediction algorithms suggest that Hnl is a member of the α/β hydrolase fold protein family and contains a catalytic triad as functional residues for catalysis. The significance of the predicted catalytic residues was tested and confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and expression of mutant and wild-type proteins in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on these data we suggest a mechanistic model for the (S)-cyanohydrin synthesis catalyzed by hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis. Proteins 27:438-449, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 114
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): azurin ; cobalt ; x-ray crystallography ; EPR ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The crystal structure of cobalt-substituted azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been determined to final crystallographic R value of 0.175 at 1.9 Å resolution. There are four molecules in the asymmetric unit in the structure, and these four molecules are packed as a dimer of dimers. The dimer packing is very similar to that of the wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin dimer. Replacement of the native copper by the cobalt ion has only small effects on the metal binding site presumably because of the existence of an extensive network of hydrogen bonds in its immediate neighborhood. Some differences are obvious, however. In wild-type azurin the copper atom occupies a distorted trigonal bipyramidal site, while cobalt similar to zinc and nickel occupy a distorted tetrahedral site, in which the distance to the Met121,Sδ atom is increased to 3.3-3.5 Å and the distance to the carbonyl oxygen of Gly45 has decreased to 2.1-2.4 Å. The X-band EPR spectrum of the high-spin Co(II) in azurin is well resolved (apparent g values gx′ = 5.23; gy′ = 3.83; gz′ = 1.995, and hyperfine splittings Ax′ = 31; Ay′ = 20-30; Az′ = 53 G) and indicates that the ligand field is close to axial. Proteins 27:385-394, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): class II filamentous bacteriophages ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: All class II filamentous bacteriophage coat proteins contain a conserved, 12-amino acid sequence highly homologous to the loop portion of the EF-hand Ca2+-binding motif. The Pf3 coat protein contains two regions of homology to this sequence. The 12-amino acid sequence corresponds to a region of the Pf1 coat protein whose structure is controversial. In some models of the virus structure, this region is α-helical. In others, it forms a loop that folds back on itself. The similarity of this region to the loop in the helix-loop-helix Ca2+-binding motif suggests that it takes on a loop structure in the virion. Each filamentous phage lacks at least one residue normally involved in Ca2+-coordination, consistent with the relatively weak Ca2+ binding properties of the filamentous phages. Consideration of the structure of the coat protein in the membrane and in the virus particle indicates that the protein may be more effective in binding cations in its membrane-bound form than in the virus particle. This suggests that release of cations from this loop may be an obligate step during assembly of the proteins into the virus particle. Proteins 27:405-409, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 450-458 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein structure prediction ; prediction contest ; protein sequence alignment ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A secondary structure has been predicted for the heat shock protein HSP90 family from an aligned set of homologous protein sequences by using a transparent method in both manual and automated implementation that extracts conformational information from patterns of variation and conservation within the family. No statistically significant sequence similarity relates this family to any protein with known crystal structure. However, the secondary structure prediction, together with the assignment of active site positions and possible biochemical properties, suggest that the fold is similar to that seen in N-terminal domain of DNA gyrase B (the ATPase fragment). Proteins 27:450-458, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): hinge bending ; hinge axis ; principal component analysis ; essential dynamics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Model-free methods are introduced to determine quantities pertaining to protein domain motions from normal mode analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. For the normal mode analysis, the methods are based on the assumption that in low frequency modes, domain motions can be well approximated by modes of motion external to the domains. To analyze the molecular dynamics trajectory, a principal component analysis tailored specifically to analyze interdomain motions is applied. A method based on the curl of the atomic displacements is described, which yields a sharp discrimination of domains, and which defines a unique interdomain screw-axis. Hinge axes are defined and classified as twist or closure axes depending on their direction. The methods have been tested on lysozyme. A remarkable correspondence was found between the first normal mode axis and the first principal mode axis, with both axes passing within 3 Å of the alpha-carbon atoms of residues 2, 39, and 56 of human lysozyme, and near the interdomain helix. The axes of the first modes are overwhelmingly closure axes. A lesser degree of correspondence is found for the second modes, but in both cases they are more twist axes than closure axes. Both analyses reveal that the interdomain connections allow only these two degrees of freedom, one more than provided by a pure mechanical hinge. Proteins 27:425-437, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 567-575 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein folding ; lipocalin ; calycin ; α helix ; β sheet ; CD ; NMR ; ultracentrifugation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The acid-unfolded state of equine β-lactoglobulin was characterized by means of circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, analytical gel-filtration chromatography, and analytical centrifugation. The acid-unfolded state of equine β-lactoglobulin has a substantial secondary structure as shown by the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum but lacks persistent tertiary packing of the side chains as indicated by the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. It is nearly as compact as the native conformation as shown by the gel filtration and sedimentation experiments, and it has the exposed hydrophobic surface as indicated by its tendency to aggregate. All of these characteristics indicate that the acid-unfolded state of equine β-lactoglobulin is a molten globule state. The α helix content in the acid-unfolded state, which has been estimated from the circular dichroism spectrum, is larger than that in the native state, suggesting the presence of nonnative α helices in the molten globule state. This result suggests the generality of the intermediate with nonnative α helices during the folding of proteins having the β-clam fold. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 481-492 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): leader peptide ; micelle ; bilayer ; 1H-2H-exchange ; α-helix ; topology ; circular dichroism (CD) ; solid-phase peptide synthesis ; membrane insertion, and translocation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The polypeptide corresponding to the signal sequence of the M13 coat protein and the five N-terminal residues of the mature protein was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis with a 15N isotopic label at the alanine-12 position. Multidimensional solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling calculations indicate that this polypeptide assumes helical conformations between residues 5 and 20, in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate micelles. This is in good agreement with circular dichroism spectroscopic measurement, which shows an α-helix content of approximately 42%. The α-helix comprises an uninterrupted hydrophobic stretch of ≤12 amino acids, which is generally believed to be too short for a stable transmembrane alignment in a biological bilayer. The monoexponential proton-deuterium exchange kinetics of this hydrophobic helical region is characterized by half-lives of 15-75 minutes (pH 4.2, 323 K). When the polypeptide is reconstituted into phospholipid bilayers, the broad anisotropy of the proton-decoupled 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy indicates that the hydrophobic helix is immobilized close to the lipid bilayer surface at the time scale of 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy (10-4 seconds). By contrast, short correlation times, immediate hydrogen-deuterium exchange as well as nuclear Overhauser effect crosspeak analysis suggest that the N and C termini of this polypeptide exhibit a mobile random coil structure. The implications of these structural findings for possible mechanisms of membrane insertion and translocation as well as for membrane protein structure prediction algorithms are discussed. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 493-506 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): docking ; correlation ; DFT ; grid-method ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A ‘docking’ method based on finite grid forcefield sampling is proposed for fast evaluation of interaction energies between macromolecules and ligands. Forcefield used to calculate interaction energies utilizes a potential energy function composed of a 1/r-dependent electrostatic term and a (6-12) Lennard-Jones term for van der Waals interactions. Fast evaluation makes use of the convolution theorem allowing a point-by-point N-dimensional correlation in direct space to be replaced by a simple multiplication in spatial frequency space. Predictive accuracy was assessed by using seven protein-ligand complexes available from the Brookhaven Data Bank and determined crystallographically to high resolution. Successful prediction of ligand position and determination of ligand-protein interaction enthalpy was dependent on forcefield sampling grid size. Minimum interaction enthalpy calculated for four protein-ligand complexes coincided with crystallographic structures that used sampling grid sizes of 0.25 Å resolution and was independent of ligand starting position and orientation. Successful docking was obtained for the remaining complexes at same grid resolution provided ligand starting positions were not randomized. Sensitivity of the docking algorithm to starting orientation was a consequence of tight fit of respective ligand structures with their protein target sites for these three cases and can be circumvented by using finer rotational sampling grids for the ligand. Boltzmann statistics derived from calculated interaction energies successfully extracted the observed ribonuclease A cytidylic acid complex from a manifold of similar interaction energies. The proposed method was able to reproduce the observed crystallographic complex by using a dynamical description of ligand. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 523-544 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protonation equilibrium ; protein conformation ; continuum electrostatics ; potential of mean force ; force fields ; mean field theory ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Solution pH is a determinant parameter on protein function and stability, and its inclusion in molecular dynamics simulations is attractive for studies at the molecular level. Current molecular dynamics simulations can consider pH only in a very limited way, through a somewhat arbitrary choice of a set of fixed charges on the titrable sites. Conversely, continuum electrostatic methods that explicitly treat pH effects assume a single protein conformation whose choice is not clearly defined. In this paper we describe a general method that combines both titration and conformational freedom. The method is based on a potential of mean force for implicit titration and combines both usual molecular dynamics and pH-dependent calculations based on continuum methods. A simple implementation of the method, using a mean field approximation, is presented and applied to the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. We believe that this constant-pH molecular dynamics method, by correctly sampling both charges and conformation, can become a valuable help in the understanding of the dependence of protein function and stability on pH. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): ATP binding ; DNA-binding protein ; helix-loop-helix motif ; open twisted α/β structure ; P-loop ; sequence alignment ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The secondary structure of DnaA protein and its interaction with DNA and ribonucleotides has been predicted using biochemical, biophysical techniques, and prediction methods based on multiple-sequence alignment and neural networks. The core of all proteins from the DnaA family consists of an “open twisted α/β structure,” containing five α-helices alternating with five β-strands. In our proposed structural model the interior of the core is formed by a parallel β-sheet, whereas the α-helices are arranged on the surface of the core. The ATP-binding motif is located within the core, in a loop region following the first β-strand. The N-terminal domain (80 aa) is composed of two α-helices, the first of which contains a potential leucine zipper motif for mediating protein-protein interaction, followed by a β-strand and an additional α-helix. The N-terminal domain and the α/β core region of DnaA are connected by a variable loop (45-70 aa); major parts of the loop region can be deleted without loss of protein activity. The C-terminal DNA-binding domain (94 aa) is mostly α-helical and contains a potential helix-loop-helix motif. DnaA protein does not dimerize in solution; instead, the two longest C-terminal α-helices could interact with each other, forming an internal “coiled coil” and exposing highly basic residues of a small loop region on the surface, probably responsible for DNA backbone contacts. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): ion/molecule reactions ; hydrogen/deuterium exchange ; ion trap ; MALDI ; peptide ions ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of protonated and sodium cationized peptide molecules have been studied in the gas phase with a MALDI/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Unit-mass selected precursor ions were allowed to react with deuterated ammonia introduced into the trap cell by a pulsed valve. The reactant gas pressure, reaction time, and degree of the internal excitation of reactant ions were varied to explore the kinetics of the gas phase isotope exchange. Protonated peptide molecules exhibited a high degree of reactivity, some showing complete exchange of all labile hydrogen atoms. On the contrary, peptide molecules cationized with sodium exhibited only very limited reactivity, indicating a vast difference between the gas phase structures of the two ions. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): type II topoisomerase ; gyrase ; coumarin inhibitor ; clorobiocin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Coumarin antibiotics, such as clorobiocin, novobiocin, and coumermycin A1, inhibit the supercoiling activity of gyrase by binding to the gyrase B (GyrB) subunit. Previous crystallographic studies of a 24-kDa N-terminal domain of GyrB from E. coli complexed with novobiocin and a cyclothialidine analogue have shown that both ligands act by binding at the ATP-binding site. Clorobiocin is a natural antibiotic isolated from several Streptomyces strains and differs from novobiocin in that the methyl group at the 8 position in the coumarin ring of novobiocin is replaced by a chlorine atom, and the carbamoyl at the 3′ position of the noviose sugar is substituted by a 5-methyl-2-pyrrolylcarbonyl group. To understand the difference in affinity, in order that this information might be exploited in rational drug design, the crystal structure of the 24-kDa GyrB fragment in complex with clorobiocin was determined to high resolution. This structure was determined independently in two laboratories, which allowed the validation of equivalent interpretations. The clorobiocin complex structure is compared with the crystal structures of gyrase complexes with novobiocin and 5′-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate, and with information on the bound conformation of novobiocin in the p24-novobiocin complex obtained by heteronuclear isotope-filtered NMR experiments in solution. Moreover, to understand the differences in energetics of binding of clorobiocin and novobiocin to the protein, the results from isothermal titration calorimetry are also presented. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): π helix ; i,i+5 hydrogen bonding ; molecular dynamics simulations ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We have performed all atom simulations of blocked peptides of the form (AAXAA)3, where X = Gln, Asn, Glu, Asp, Arg, and Lys with explicit water molecules to examine the interactions between side chains spaced i,i-5 in the sequence. Although side chains in this i,i-5 arrangement are commonly believed to be noninteracting, we have observed the formation of unusual i,i-5 main chain hydrogen bonding in such sequences with positively charged residues (Lys) as well as polar uncharged groups (Gln). Our results are consistent with the unusual percentage of hydrogen bonding curves produced by amide exchange measurements on the well-studied sequence acetyl-(AAQAA)3-amide in water (Shalongo, W., Dugad, L., Stellwagen, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:8288-8293, 1994). Analysis of our simulations indicated that the glutamine side chain showed the greatest propensity to support π helix formation and that the i,i-5 intramolecular hydrogen bonds were stabilized by water-bridging side chain interactions. This intermittent formation of the unusual π helix structure was observed for up to 23% of the total simulation time in some residues in (AAQAA)3. Control studies on peptides with glutamine side chains spaced i,i-3, i,i-4, and i,i-6 did not reveal similar unique structures, providing stronger evidence for the unique role side chain interactions with i,i-5 spacing. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 141-141 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 135-136 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): crystallization ; X-ray structure ; peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from Escherichia coli, a monomer of 21 kDa, was overexpressed from its cloned gene pth and crystallized by using polyethylene glycol as precipitant. The crystals are orthorhombic and have unit cell parameters a = 47.24 Å, b = 63.59 Å, and c = 62.57 Å. They belong to space group P212121 and diffract to better than 1.2 Å resolution. The structure is being solved by multiple isomorphous replacement. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): collision theory ; protein-protein association ; electrostatic interactions ; dipole steering ; barnase-barstar complex ; rotational-translational entropy ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We examine a simple kinetic model for association that incorporates the basic features of protein-protein recognition within the rigid body approximation, that is, when no large conformation change occurs. Association starts with random collision at the rate kcoll predicted by the Einstein-Smoluchowski equation. This creates an encounter pair that can evolve into a stable complex if and only if the two molecules are correctly oriented and positioned, which has a probability pr. In the absence of long-range interactions, the bimolecular rate of association is pr kcoll. Long-range electrostatic interactions affect both kcoll and pr. The collision rate is multiplied by qt, a factor larger than 1 when the molecules carry net charges of opposite sign as coulombic attraction makes collisions more frequent, and less than 1 in the opposite case. The probability pr is multiplied by a factor qr that represents the steering effect of electric dipoles, which preorient the molecules before they collide. The model is applied to experimental data obtained by Schreiber and Fersht (Nat. Struct. Biol. 3:427-431, 1996) on the kinetics of barnase-barstar association. When long-range electrostatic interactions are fully screened or mutated away, qtqr ≈1, and the observed rate of productive collision is pr kcoll ≈105 M-1 · s-1. Under these conditions, pr ≈1.5 · 10-5 is determined by geometric constraints corresponding to a loss of rotational freedom. Its value is compatible with computer docking simulations and implies a rotational entropy loss ΔSrot ≈ 22 e.u. in the transition state. At low ionic strength, long-range electrostatic interactions accelerate barnase-barstar association by a factor qtqrof up to 105 as favorable charge-charge and charge-dipole interactions work together to make it much faster than free diffusion would allow. Proteins 28:153-161, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): D-xylose isomerase ; protein crystallography ; enzyme kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The catalytic metal binding site of xylose isomerase from Arthrobacter B3728 was modified by protein engineering to diminish the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ and to study the competence of metals on catalysis. To exclude Ca2+ from Site 2 a double mutant D254E/D256E was designed with reduced space available for binding. In order to elucidate structural consequences of the mutation the binary complex of the mutant with Mg2+ as well as ternary complexes with bivalent metal ions and the open-chain inhibitor xylitol were crystallized for x-ray studies. We determined the crystal structures of the ternary complexes containing Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ at 2.2 to 2.5 Å resolutions, and refined them to R factors of 16.3, 16.6, and 19.1, respectively. We found that all metals are liganded by both engineered glutamates as well as by atoms O1 and O2 of the inhibitor. The similarity of the coordination of Ca2+ to that of the cofactors as well as results with Be2+ weaken the assumption that geometry differences should account for the catalytic noncompetence of this ion. Kinetic results of the D254E/D256E mutant enzyme showed that the significant decrease in Ca2+ inhibition was accompanied by a similar reduction in the enzymatic activity. Qualitative argumentation, based on the protein electrostatic potential, indicates that the proximity of the negative side chains to the substrate significantly reduces the electrostatic stabilization of the transition state. Furthermore, due to the smaller size of the catalytic metal site, no water molecule, coordinating the metal, could be observed in ternary complexes of the double mutant. Consequently, the proton shuttle step in the overall mechanism should differ from that in the wild type. These effects can account for the observed decrease in catalytic efficiency of the D254E/D256E mutant enzyme. Proteins 28:183-193, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 202-216 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): analogues ; model compounds ; bound ligands ; isozymes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Glutathione S-transferases (GST, E.C.2.5.1.18) comprise a family of detoxification enzymes. Elevated levels of specific GST isozymes in tumor cells are thought responsible for resistance to chemotherapeutics, which renders selective GST inhibitors potentially useful pharmaceutical agents. We discuss the development of a structure activity model that rationalizes the isozyme selectivity observed in a series of 12 glutathione (GSH) analogues. Enzymatic activity data was determined for human P1-1, A1-1, and M2-2 isozymes, and these data were then considered in light of structural features of these three GST proteins. A survey of all GST structures in the PDB revealed that GSH binds to these proteins in a single “bioactive” conformation. To focus on differences between binding sites, we exploited our finding of a common GSH conformation and aligned the GST x-ray structures using bound ligands rather than the backbones of the different proteins. Once aligned, binding site lipophilicity and electrostatic potentials were computed, visualized, and compared. Docking and energy minimization exercises provided additional refinements to a model of selectivity developed initially by visual analysis. Our results suggest that binding site shape and lipophilic character are key determinants of GST isozyme selectivity for close GSH analogues. Proteins 28:202-216, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 241-260 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein structure comparison ; protein modeling ; stepwise folding ; structural motif ; structural similarity ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Structural trees for large protein superfamilies, such as β proteins with the aligned β sheet packing, β proteins with the orthogonal packing of α helices, two-layer and three-layer α/β proteins, have been constructed. The structural motifs having unique overall folds and a unique handedness are taken as root structures of the trees. The larger protein structures of each superfamily are obtained by a stepwise addition of α helices and/or β strands to the corresponding root motif, taking into account a restricted set of rules inferred from known principles of the protein structure. Among these rules, prohibition of crossing connections, attention to handedness and compactness, and a requirement for α helices to be packed in α-helical layers and β strands in β layers are the most important. Proteins and domains whose structures can be obtained by stepwise addition of α helices and/or β strands to the same root motif can be grouped into one structural class or a superfamily. Proteins and domains found within branches of a structural tree can be grouped into subclasses or subfamilies. Levels of structural similarity between different proteins can easily be observed by visual inspection. Within one branch, protein structures having a higher position in the tree include the structures located lower. Proteins and domains of different branches have the structure located in the branching point as the common fold. Proteins 28:241-260, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): homology modeling ; theta class ; glutathione S-transferase ; DM11 ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A three-dimensional structural model of the dichloromethane dehalogenase (DCMD) from Methylophilus sp. DM11 is constructed based on sequence similarities to the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). To maximize sequence identity and minimize gaps in the alignment, a hybrid approach is used that takes advantage of the increased homology found between DM11 and domain I of the sheep blowfly θ class GST (residues 1-79) and domain II of the human α class GST (residues 81-222). The resulting structure has Cα root mean square deviations of 1.16 Å in domain I and 1.83 Å in domain II from the template GSTs, which compare well to those seen in other GST interclass comparisons. The model is further applied to explore the structural basis for substrate binding and catalysis. A conserved network of hydrogen bonds is described that binds glutathione to the G site, placing the thiol group in a suitable location for nucleophilic attack of dichloromethane. A mechanism is proposed that involves activation through a hydrogen bond interaction between Ser12 and glutathione, similar to that found in the θ-GSTs. The model also demonstrates how aromatic residues in the hydrophobic site (H site) could play a role in promoting catalysis: His116 and Trp117 are ideally situated to accept a growing negative charge on a chlorine of dichloromethane, stabilizing displacement. This scheme is consistent with experimental results of single-point mutations and comparisons with other GST structures and mechanisms. Proteins 28:217-226, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): cold unfolding ; protein folding ; heat capacity change ; fluorescence ; circular dichroism ; size exclusion chromatography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Fluorescence and circular dichroism data as a function of temperature were obtained to characterize the unfolding of nuclease A and two of its less stable mutants. These spectroscopic data were obtained with a modified instrument that enables the nearly simultaneous detection of both fluorescence and CD data on the same sample. A global analysis of these multiple datasets yielded an excellent fit of a model that includes a change in the heat capacity change, ΔCp, between the unfolded and native states. This analysis gives a ΔCp of 2.2 kcal/mol/·K for thermal unfolding of the WT protein and 1.3 and 1.8 kcal/mol/K for the two mutants. These ΔCp values are consistent with significant population of the cold unfolded state at ∼0°C. Independent evidence for the existence of a cold unfolded state is the observation of a separately migrating peak in size exclusion chromatography. The new chromatographic peak is seen near 0°C, has a partition coefficient corresponding to a larger hydrodynamic radius, and shows a red-shifted fluorescence spectrum, as compared to the native protein. Data also indicate that the high-temperature unfolded form of mutant nuclease is relatively compact. Size exclusion chromatography shows the high temperature unfolded form to have a hydrodynamic radius that is larger than that for the native form, but smaller than that for the urea or pH-induced unfolded forms. Addition of chemical denaturants to the high-temperature unfolded form causes a further unfolding of the protein, as indicated by an increase in the apparent hydrodynamic radius and a decrease in the rotational correlation time for Trp140 (as determined by fluorescence anisotropy decay measurements). Proteins 28:227-240, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): lectins ; agglutinins ; chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) ; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Carbohydrate recognition by lectins often involves the side chains of tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine residues. These moieties are able to produce chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) signals after laser irradiation in the presence of a suitable radical pair-generating dye. Elicitation of such a response in proteins implies accessibility of the respective groups to the light-absorbing dye. In principle, this technique is suitable to monitor surface properties of a receptor and the effect of ligand binding if CIDNP-reactive amino acids are affected. The application of this method in glycosciences can provide insights into the protein-carbohydrate interaction process, as illustrated in this initial study. It focuses on a series of N-acetylglucosamine-binding plant lectins of increasing structural complexity (hevein, pseudohevein, Urtica dioica agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin and its domain B), for which structural NMR- or X-ray crystallographic data permit a decision of the validity of the CIDNP method-derived conclusions. On the other hand, the CIDNP data presented in this study can be used for a rating of our molecular models of hevein, pseudohevein, and domain B obtained by various modeling techniques. Experimentally, the shape and intensity of CIDNP signals are determined in the absence and in the presence of specific glycoligands. When the carbohydrate ligand is bound, CIDNP signals of side chain protons of tyrosine, tryptophan, or histidine residues are altered, for example, they are broadened and of reduced intensity or disappear completely. In the case of UDA, the appearance of a new tryptophan signal upon ligand binding was interpreted as an indication for a conformational change of the corresponding indole ring. Therefore, CIDNP represents a suitable tool to study protein-carbohydrate interactions in solution, complementing methods such as X-ray crystallography, high-resolution multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, transferred nuclear Overhauser effect experiments, and molecular modeling. Proteins 28:268-284, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): SRP ; SRP receptor ; GTPase ; expression ; crystallization ; x-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: FtsY is the docking protein or SRα homologue in E. coli. It is involved in targeting secretory proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane by interacting with the signal recognition particle, controlled by guanosine 5′-triphosphate. Two different constructs have been used in crystallization studies: the full-length protein and a truncated fragment with a his-tag at the C terminus. Only the second construct resulted in crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P21 with cell dimensions a = 32.20 Å, b = 79.57 Å, c = 59.21 Å, and β = 94.45, and contain one molecule per asymmetric unit. At cryogenic temperatures the crystals diffract to a resolution limit of 2.5 Å by using a rotating anode, and beyond 1.8 Å by using synchrotron radiation. Proteins 28:285-288, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 298-300 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; protein structure ; x-ray crystallography ; antibiotic resistance ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa genomic DNA has been overexpressed, refolded, purified, and crystallized. Crystals suitable for a three-dimensional x-ray structure determination were obtained from solutions of polyethyleneglycol methyl ether 2000 containing NiCl2 at pH 8.5. These crystals belong to the cubic space group P41/332 (a = 154.8 Å) and diffract x-rays to ≈3.2 Å resolution. Proteins 28:298-300, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 522-529 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein structure prediction ; protein fold recognition ; empirical energy function ; protein folding force field ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The threading approach to protein structure prediction suffers from the limited number of substantially different folds available as templates. A method is presented for the generation of artificial protein structures, amenable to threading, by modification of native ones. The artificial structures so generated are compared to the native ones and it is shown that, within the accuracy of the pseudoenergy function or force field used, these two types of structures appear equally useful for threading. Since a multitude of pseudonative artificial structures can be generated per native structure, the pool of pseudonative template structures for threading can be enormously enlarged by the inclusion of the pseudonative artificial structures. Proteins 28:522-529, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 139
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): scorpion ; toxin ; NMR ; structure ; hydrophobic potentials ; electrostatic potentials ; CSαβ motif ; sodium channel ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The solution structure of the anti-mammal and anti-insect LqqIII toxin from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatuswas refined and compared with other long-chain scorpion toxins. This structure, determined by 1H-NMR and molecular modeling, involves an α-helix (18-29) linked to a three-stranded β-sheet (2-6, 33-39, and 43-51) by two disulfide bridges. The average RMSD between the 15 best structures and the mean structure is 0.71 Å for Cα atoms. Comparison between LqqIII, the potent anti-mammal AaHII, and the weakly active variant-3 toxins revealed that the LqqIII three-dimensional structure is closer to that of AaHII than to the variant-3 structure. Moreover, striking analogies were observed between the electrostatic and hydrophobic potentials of LqqIII and AaHII. Several residues are well conserved in long-chain scorpion toxin sequences and seem to be important in protein structure stability and function. Some of them are involved in the CSαβ (Cysteine Stabilized α-helix β-sheet) motif. A comparison between the sequences of the RII rat brain and the Drosophila extracellular loops forming scorpion toxin binding-sites of Na+ channels displays differences in the subsites interacting with anti-mammal or anti-insect toxins. This suggests that hydrophobic as well as electrostatic interactions are essential for the binding and specificity of long-chain scorpion toxins. Proteins 28:360-374, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): serine esterase ; enantiomeric inhibition ; stochastic dynamics ; ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Herein a molecular mechanic study of the interaction of a lethal chemical warfare agent, O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (also called VX), with Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (TcAChE) is discussed. This compound inhibits the enzyme by phosphonylating the active site serine. The chirality of the phosphorus atom induces an enantiomeric inhibitory effect resulting in an enhanced anticholinesterasic activity of the SP isomer (VXS) versus its RP counterpart (VXR). As formation of the enzyme-inhibitor Michaelis complex is known to be a crucial step in the inhibitory pathway, this complex was addressed by stochastic boundary molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical calculations. For this purpose two models of interaction were analyzed: in the first, the leaving group of VX was oriented toward the anionic subsite of TcAChE, in a similar way as it has been suggested for the natural substrate acetylcholine; in the second, it was oriented toward the gorge entrance, placing the active site serine in a suitable position for a backside attack on the phosphorus atom. This last model was consistent with experimental data related to the high inhibitory effect of this compound and the difference in activity observed for the two enantiomers. Proteins 28:543-555, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 556-567 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): molecular recognition ; automated docking ; protein domains ; secondary structure elements ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Evaluation of Surface Complementarity, Hydrogen bonding, and Electrostatic interaction in molecular Recognition (ESCHER) is a new docking procedure consisting of three modules that work in series. The first module evaluates the geometric complementarity and produces a set of rough solutions for the docking problem. The second module identifies molecular collisions within those solutions, and the third evaluates their electrostatic complementarity. We describe the algorithm and its application to the docking of cocrystallized protein domains and unbound components of protein-protein complexes. Furthermore, ESCHER has been applied to the reassociation of secondary and supersecondary structure elements. The possibility of applying a docking method to the problem of protein structure prediction is discussed. Proteins 28:556-567, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 568-579 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Gly-rich motif ; phosphate binding P-loop ; Motif 5 of dUTPases ; MgdUDP binding ; limited trypsinolysis ; circular dichroism spectroscopy ; secondary structure determination ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), a ubiquitous enzyme of DNA metabolism, has been implicated as a novel target of anticancer and antiviral drug design. This task is most efficiently accomplished by X-ray crystallography of the relevant protein-inhibitor complexes. However, the topic of the present investigation, a glycine-rich strictly conserved structural motif of dUTPases, could not be located in the crystal structure of the Escherichia coli enzyme, probably due to its increased flexibility. The present work shows that removal of a C-terminal 11-residue fragment, including this motif, by limited trypsinolysis strongly impairs catalytic activity. Kinetic analysis of the intact and digested variants showed that kcat decreases 40-fold, while KM increases less than twofold upon digestion. The tryptic site was identified by mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing. The shortened enzyme variant retains the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (trimeric) structure of the intact species as suggested by UV absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and analytical gel filtration. Moreover, binding affinity of the shortened variant toward the substrate analogue MgdUDP is identical to the one displayed by the intact enzyme. I conclude that the glycine-rich motif is functionally relevant for E. coli dUTPase. It may play a role in enzymatic catalysis by contributing to the formation of the catalytically potent enzyme-substrate complex. Proteins 28:568-579, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 580-585 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): B. pasteurii ; gram positive ; cytochrome c553 ; purification ; electron transfer ; crystallization ; x-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We report here the purification and characterization of a c-type cytochrome present in the soluble fraction of the gram-positive, alkaliphilic, and highly ureolytic soil bacterium Bacillus pasteurii. The cytochrome is acidic (pI = 3.3), has a molecular mass of 9.5 kDa, and appears to dimerize in 150 mM ionic strength solution. The electronic spectrum is typical of a low-spin hexa-coordinated heme iron. Crystals of the protein in the oxidized state were grown by vapor diffusion at pH 5, by using 3.2 M ammonium sulfate as precipitant. Diffraction data at ultrahigh resolution (0.97 Å) and completeness (99.9%) have been collected under cryogenic conditions, by using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with cell constants a = 37.14, b = 39.42, c = 44.02 Å, and one protein monomer per asymmetric unit. Attempts to solve the crystal structure by ab initio methods are in progress. Proteins 28:580-585, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 586-589 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): ribosome inactivating protein ; RIP ; ricin ; dimer formation ; molecular replacement ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The quaternary structure of ricin agglutinin (RCA) has been determined by x-ray crystallography. The refined structure of ricin proved to be a successful search model using the molecular replacement method of phase determination. RCA forms an elongated molecule of dimensions 120 Å × 60 Å × 40 Å with two A chains at the center and a B chain at each end. The A chains are covalently associated via a disulfide bridge between Cys 156 of both chains. Additional contacts at residues 114-115 stabilize the dimer interface. The covalent association of RCA A chains was confirmed by gel filtration under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Proteins 28:586-589, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 145
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): SacY ; antiterminator ; RNA-binding motif ; crystallization ; x-ray crystallography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: SacY is the antiterminator protein involved in the induction by sucrose of the expression of the levansucrase gene (sacB) of Bacillus subtilis. In the presence of sucrose, SacY is activated and prevents premature termination of transcription by binding to a RNA-antiterminator (RAT) sequence partially overlapping with the terminator sequence. SacY consists of a RNA-binding N-terminal domain, SacY(1-55), and a regulatory domain, SacY(56-280), sensitive to the sucrose concentration. SacY(1-55) is in itself capable of binding to the RAT sequence and preventing termination independently of the sucrose concentration. In this paper we describe the overexpression, the purification, and the crystallization of SacY(1-55). We obtained six different crystal forms, some of them diffracting to high resolution (〉1.5 Å). Self rotation function calculations indicated the presence of a dimer in the asymmetric unit, which is in agreement with a proposed oligomeric state in solution as observed by high-resolution NMR measurements. The crystallization of some site-directed cysteine mutants opens the way of solving the structure by multiple isomorphous replacement. Proteins 28:590-594, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein architecture ; hinge-bending ; lactoferrin ; hexokinase ; actin ; human tissue factor ; human growth factor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The activity of many proteins induces conformational transitions by hinge-bending, which involves the movement of relatively rigid parts of a protein about flexible joints. We present an algorithm to identify and visualize the movements of rigid domains about common hinges in proteins. In comparing two structures, the method partitions a protein into domains of preserved geometry. The domains are extracted by an adaptive selection procedure using least-squares fitting. The user can maintain the spatial connectivity of the domains and filter significant structural differences (domain movements) from noise in the compared sets of atomic coordinates. The algorithm subsequently characterizes the relative movements of the found domains by effective rotation axes (hinges). The method is applied to several known instances of domain movements in protein structures, namely, in lactoferrin, hexokinase, actin, the extracellular domains of human tissue factor, and the receptor of human growth factor. The results are visualized with the molecular graphics package VMD (Humphrey et al., J. Mol. Graphics 14(1):33-38, 1996). Applications of the algorithm to the analysis of conformational changes in proteins and to biomolecular docking are discussed. Proteins 29:1-14, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 147
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase ; macroseeding ; S-adenosine-L-homocysteine ; protein crystallization ; L-S-adenosyl methionine ; cryocrystallography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Recombinant human fetal brain protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.77, was crystallized in PEG 8000 with adenosine homocysteine by a macroseeding technique. The space group was P21 with a = 47.4 Å, b = 53.9 Å, c = 48.7 Å and β = 116.4° for cryofrozen crystals at 90 K. The crystals diffracted to 2.1 Å and have one molecule per asymmetric unit. Proteins 28:457-460, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 454-456 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): bull seminal plasma ; fibronectin type II module ; PDC-109 ; heparin-binding protein ; phosphorylcholine-binding protein ; x-ray crystallography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: PDC-109 is a 13 kDa glycoprotein and the major phosphorylcholine- and heparin-binding protein of bull seminal plasma. It is built by an acidic 23-residue N-terminal sequence followed by a tandem of fibronectin type II domains. Full-length PDC-109 was crystallized in complex with o-phosphorylcholine by vapor diffusion in sitting drops. Crystals grew to maximal size of 0.5 × 0.3 × 0.2 mm3, diffract x-rays beyond 2.6 Å resolution, and belong to space group P321 with unit cell dimensions a = b = 93.6 Å, c = 52.7 Å. Proteins 28:454-456, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 465-466 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 467-480 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): peptide helix prediction ; statistical model ; circular dichroism ; residue statistical weights ; peptide bond ellipticity ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Traditional statistical models for the prediction of peptide helicity are written in terms of the mean fractional helicity of the peptide residues. Far ultraviolet circular dichroic measurements of peptide solutions are converted to mean fractional helicity by partitioning the observed ellipticity between that of a perfect helix and a random coil. This partition does not adequately represent the ensemble of peptide molecules present in solution that populate imperfect helical conformations of quite variable lengths. A new dichroic statistical model has been written in terms of ellipticity rather than fractional helical content that recognizes (1) the source of ellipticity, peptide bond adsorption; (2) the differential ellipticity of peptide bonds in the terminal and interior helical turns; and (3) the contributions of each participant in a conformational ensemble to the observed ellipticity. Comparative analyses of host/guest peptides indicates that significant differences are obtained between residue w and n weights and ellipticity values using the traditional and dichroic statistical models. Proteins 28:467-480, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 515-521 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein crystallization ; space group symmetry ; protein-protein contacts ; aggregation ; critical nuclei ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: To attempt to understand the physical principles underlying protein crystallization, an algorithm is described for simulating the crystal nucleation event computationally. The validity of the approach is supported by its ability to reproduce closely the well-known preference of proteins for particular space group symmetries. The success of the algorithm supports a recent argument that protein crystallization is limited primarily by the entropic effects of geometric restrictions imposed during nucleation, rather than particular energetic factors. These simulations provide a new tool for attacking the problem of protein crystallization by allowing quantitative evaluation of new ideas such as the use of racemic protein mixtures. Proteins 28:515-521, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 494-514 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): potential of mean force ; molecular recognition ; protein interfaces ; salt bridges ; hydrophobic interaction ; protein crystallization ; contact patches ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A survey was compiled of several characteristics of the intersubunit contacts in 58 oligomeric proteins, and of the intermolecular contacts in the lattice for 223 protein crystal structures. The total number of atoms in contact and the secondary structure elements involved are similar in the two types of interfaces. Crystal contact patches are frequently smaller than patches involved in oligomer interfaces. Crystal contacts result from more numerous interactions by polar residues, compared with a tendency toward nonpolar amino acids at oligomer interfaces. Arginine is the only amino acid prominent in both types of interfaces. Potentials of mean force for residue-residue contacts at both crystal and oligomer interfaces were derived from comparison of the number of observed residue-residue interactions with the number expected by mass action. They show that hydrophobic interactions at oligomer interfaces favor aromatic amino acids and methionine over aliphatic amino acids; and that crystal contacts form in such a way as to avoid inclusion of hydrophobic interactions. They also suggest that complex salt bridges with certain amino acid compositions might be important in oligomer formation. For a protein that is recalcitrant to crystallization, substitution of lysine residues with arginine or glutamine is a recommended strategy. Proteins 28:494-514, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): bactericidal antibody ; crystal structure ; Neisseria meningitidis ; peptide-fluorescein conjugate ; PorA outer membrane protein ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Class 1 outer membrane protein PorA of Neisseria meningitidis is a vaccine candidate against bacterial meningitis. Antibodies against PorA are able to induce complement-mediated bacterial killing and thereby play an important role in protection against meningococcal disease. Bactericidal antibodies are all directed against variable regions VR1 and VR2 of the PorA sequence, corresponding to loops 1 and 4 of a two-dimensional topology model of the porin with eight extracellular loops. We have determined the crystal structure to 2.6 Å resolution of the Fab fragment of bactericidal antibody MN12H2 against meningococcal PorA in complex with a linear fluorescein-conjugated peptide TKDTNNNL derived from the VR2 sequence of sero-subtype P1.7,16 (residues 180-187) from meningococcal strain H44/76. The peptide folds deeply into the binding cavity of the Fab molecule in a type I β-turn, with the minimal P1.16 epitope DTNNN virtually completely buried. The structure reveals H-bonds and van der Waals interactions with all minimal epitope residues and one essential salt bridge between Asp-182 of the peptide and His-31 of the MN12H2 light chain. The key components of the recognition of PorA epitope P1.16 by bactericidal antibody MN12H2 correspond well with available thermodynamic data from binding studies. Furthermore, they indicate the structural basis of an increased endemic incidence of infection by group B meningococci in England and Wales since 1981 associated with the occurrence of an Neisseria meningitidis escape mutant (strain MC58). The observed three-dimensional conformation of the peptide provides a rationale for the development of a synthetic peptide vaccine against meningococcal disease. Proteins 29:113-125, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 127-140 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): loops ; proteins ; backbone entropy ; flexibility ; Molecular Dynamics ; Ras protein ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The flexibility of surface loops plays an important role in protein-protein and protein-peptide recognition; it is commonly studied by Molecular Dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations. We propose to measure the relative backbone flexibility of loops by the difference in their backbone conformational entropies, which are calculated here with the local states (LS) method of Meirovitch. Thus, one can compare the entropies of loops of the same protein or, under certain simulation conditions, of different proteins. These loops should be equal in size but can differ in their sequence of amino acids residues. This methodology is applied successfully to three segments of 10 residues of a Ras protein simulated by the stochastic boundary molecular dynamics procedure. For the first time estimates of backbone entropy differences are obtained, and their correlation with B factors is pointed out; for example, the segments which consist of residues 60-65 and 112-117 have average B factors of 67 and 18 Å2, respectively, and entropy difference T ΔS = 5.4 ± 0.1 kcal/mol at T = 300 K. In a large number of recent publications the entropy due to the fast motions (on the ps-ns time scale) of N-H and C-H vectors has been obtained from their order parameter, measured in nuclear magnetic resonance spin relaxation experiments. This enables one to estimate differences in the entropy of protein segments due to folding-unfolding transitions, for example. However, the vectors are assumed to be independent, and the effect of the neglected correlations is unknown; our method is expected to become an important tool for assessing this approximation. The present calculations, obtained with the LS method, suggest that the errors involved in experimental entropy differences might not be large; however, this should be verified in each case. Potential applications of entropy calculations to rational drug design are discussed. Proteins 29:127-140, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein dynamics ; molecular dynamics ; crambin ; X-ray ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Debye and Waller showed how to adjust scattering intensities in diffraction experiments for harmonic motions of atoms about an average, static reference configuration. However, many motions, particularly in biological molecules as compared to simple crystals, are far from harmonic. We show how, using a variety of simple anharmonic, multiconformational models, it is possible to construct a variety of Generalized Debye-Waller Factors, and understand their meaning. A central result for these cases is that, in principle, intensity factors cannot be obtained from true total mean square displacements of the atoms. We make the distinction between the intensity factors for unimodal quasiharmonic motions and those for the anharmonic, multimodal (valley hopping) motions. Only the former affect the conventional B factors. Proteins 29:153-160, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 161-171 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein ; antibody humanization ; quaternary structure ; complementarity-determining region ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The crystal structures of two pairs of Fab fragments have been determined. The pairs comprise both a murine and an engineered human form, each derived from the antitumor antibodies A5B7 and CTM01. Although antigen specificity is maintained within the pairs, antigen affinity varies. A comparison of the hypervariable loops for each pair of antibodies shows their structure has been well maintained in grafting, supporting the canonical loop model. Detailed structural analysis of the binding sites and domain arrangements for these antibodies suggests the differences in antigen affinity observed are likely to be due to inherent flexibility of the hypervariable loops and movements at the VL:VH domain interface. The four structures provide the first opportunity to study in detail the effects of protein engineering on specific antibodies. Proteins 29:161-171, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 157
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): nonheme iron enzyme ; dinuclear iron center ; leucine gate ; reductase binding site ; protein crystallography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The crystal structure of the nonheme iron-containing hydroxylase component of methane monooxygenase hydroxylase (MMOH) from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) has been solved in two crystal forms, one of which was refined to 1.7 Å resolution. The enzyme is composed of two copies each of three subunits (α2β2γ2), and all three subunits are almost completely α-helical, with the exception of two β hairpin structures in the α subunit. The active site of each α subunit contains one dinuclear iron center, housed in a four-helix bundle. The two iron atoms are octahedrally coordinated by 2 histidine and 4 glutamic acid residues as well as by a bridging hydroxide ion, a terminal water molecule, and at 4°C, a bridging acetate ion, which is replaced at -160°C with a bridging water molecule. Comparison of the results for two crystal forms demonstrates overall conservation and relative orientation of the domain structures. The most prominent structural difference identified between the two crystal forms is in an altered side chain conformation for Leu 110 at the active site cavity. We suggest that this residue serves as one component of a hydrophobic gate controlling access of substrates to and products from the active site. The leucine gate may be responsible for the effect of the B protein component on the reactivity of the reduced hydroxylase with dioxygen. A potential reductase binding site has been assigned based on an analysis of crystal packing in the two forms and corroborated by inhibition studies with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the proposed docking position. Proteins 29:141-152, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 172-185 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): non-bonded contacts ; coordination of amino acids ; Kirchhoff matrices ; lattice models ; singular value decomposition ; secondary structure content prediction ; contact patterns ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Knowledge of amino acid composition, alone, is verified here to be sufficient for recognizing the structural class, α, β, α+β, or α/β of a given protein with an accuracy of 81%. This is supported by results from exhaustive enumerations of all conformations for all sequences of simple, compact lattice models consisting of two types (hydrophobic and polar) of residues. Different compositions exhibit strong affinities for certain folds. Within the limits of validity of the lattice models, two factors appear to determine the choice of particular folds: 1) the coordination numbers of individual sites and 2) the size and geometry of non-bonded clusters. These two properties, collectively termed the distribution of non-bonded contacts, are quantitatively assessed by an eigenvalue analysis of the so-called Kirchhoff or adjacency matrices obtained by considering the non-bonded interactions on a lattice. The analysis permits the identification of conformations that possess the same distribution of non-bonded contacts. Furthermore, some distributions of non-bonded contacts are favored entropically, due to their high degeneracies. Thus, a competition between enthalpic and entropic effects is effective in determining the choice of a distribution for a given composition. Based on these findings, an analysis of non-bonded contacts in protein structures was made. The analysis shows that proteins belonging to the four distinct folding classes exhibit significant differences in their distributions of non-bonded contacts, which more directly explains the success in predicting structural class from amino acid composition. Proteins 29:172-185, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Goverment work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 159
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): aldo-keto reductase ; diabetic complications ; drug design ; site-directed mutagenesis ; α/β-barrel ; X-ray crystallography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Aldehyde reductase is an enzyme capable of metabolizing a wide variety of aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols. The tertiary structures of aldehyde reductase and aldose reductase are similar and consist of an α/β-barrel with the active site located at the carboxy terminus of the strands of the barrel. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of porcine aldehyde reductase holoenzyme in complex with an aldose reductase inhibitor, tolrestat, at 2.4 Å resolution to obtain a picture of the binding conformation of inhibitors to aldehyde reductase. Tolrestat binds in the active site pocket of aldehyde reductase and interacts through van der Waals contacts with Arg 312 and Asp 313. The carboxylate group of tolrestat is within hydrogen bonding distance with His 113 and Trp 114. Mutation of Arg 312 to alanine in porcine aldehyde reductase alters the potency of inhibition of the enzyme by aldose reductase inhibitors. Our results indicate that the structure of the inhibitor-binding site of aldehyde reductase differs from that of aldose reductase due to the participation of nonconserved residues in its formation. A major difference is the participation of Arg 312 and Asp 313 in lining the inhibitor-binding site in aldehyde reductase but not in aldose reductase. Proteins 29:186-192, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein G ; molecular dynamics ; protein folding ; NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography ; bound water ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The immunoglobulin binding protein, segment B1 of protein G, has been studied experimentally as a paradigm for protein folding. This protein consists of 56 residues, includes both β sheet and α helix and contains neither disulfide bonds nor proline residues. We report an all-atom molecular dynamics study of the native manifold of the protein in explicit solvent. A 2-ns simulation starting from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure and a 1-ns control simulation starting from the x-ray structure were performed. The difference between average structures calculated over the equilibrium portion of trajectories is smaller than the difference between their starting conformations. These simulation averages are structurally similar to the x-ray structure and differ in systematic ways from the NMR-determined structure. Partitioning of the fluctuations into fast (〈20 ps) and slow (〈20 ps) components indicates that the β sheet displays greater long-time mobility than does the α helix. Clore and Gronenborn [J. Mol. Biol. 223:853-856, 1992] detected two long-residence water molecules by NMR in a solution structure of segment B1 of protein G. Both molecules were found in the fully exposed regions and were proposed to be stabilized by bifurcated hydrogen bonds to the protein backbone. One of these long-residence water molecules, found near an exposed loop region, is identified in both of our simulations, and is seen to be involved in the formation of a stable water-mediated hydrogen bond bridge. The second water molecule, located near the middle of the α helix, is not seen with an exceptional residence time in either as a result of the conformation being closer to the x-ray structure in this region of the protein. Proteins 29:193-202, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): peptide folding ; NMR ; gp 120 ; CD4 binding domain ; inverse γ-turn ; nucleation site ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: LAV44 and LAV15 (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) peptides of the CD4-binding region of gp 120 per se bind to the CD4 receptor (Reed and Kinzel, Biochemistry 30:4521-4528, 1991; Lasky et al., Cell 50:975-985, 1987). Depending on the environment, the LAV peptides exhibit the ability to switch cooperatively between β-sheet and helical conformation when solvent polarity is changed past a critical point. This property, which is dependent on the amino acid sequence LPCR, is crucial for receptor binding (Reed and Kinzel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6761-6765, 1993). Structure determination with 2D-NMR-spectroscopy reveals that LAV6 peptide (sequence: TLPCRI) has a well-defined structure, partially exhibiting inverse γ-turn conformation in aqueous solution. Quantitative evaluation of the NMR data discloses 90% trans-conformation for the peptide bond between leucine and proline. The Ψ- and Φ-angles fall into the typical range for amino acids located in turns. On the other hand, the amino acid sequence C-terminal to the LPCR tetrad has been shown to fold atypically in the absence of these residues. All these results show that the short sequence of LAV6 peptide, with the central amino acids LPCR, displays a matrix-independent structure and may, therefore, act as a conformational template for forming secondary structure in the intact CD4-binding domain of gp 120. Proteins 29:203-211, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 212-227 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein folding ; compactness ; hydrogen bonding ; peptide conformation ; β hairpin ; Molecular Dynamics simulations ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Experimental evidence and theoretical models both suggest that protein folding is initiated within specific fragments intermittently adopting conformations close to that found in the protein native structure. These folding initiation sites encompassing short portions of the protein are ideally suited for study in isolation by computational methods aimed at peering into the very early events of folding. We have used Molecular Dynamics (MD) technique to investigate the behavior of an isolated protein fragment formed by residues 85 to 102 of barnase that folds into a β hairpin in the protein native structure. Three independent MD simulations of 1.3 to 1.8 ns starting from unfolded conformations of the peptide portrayed with an all-atom model in water were carried out at gradually decreasing temperature. A detailed analysis of the conformational preferences adopted by this peptide in the course of the simulations is presented. Two of the unfolded peptide conformations fold into a hairpin characterized by native and a larger bulk of nonnative interactions. Both refolding simulations substantiate the close relationship between interstrand compactness and hydrogen bonding network involving backbone atoms. Persistent compactness witnessed by side-chain interactions always occurs concomitantly with the formation of backbone hydrogen bonds. No highly populated conformations generated in a third simulation starting from the remotest unfolded conformer relative to the native structure are observed. However, nonnative long-range and medium-range contacts with the aromatic moiety of Trp94 are spotted, which are in fair agreement with a former nuclear magnetic resonance study of a denaturing solution of an isolated barnase fragment encompassing the β hairpin. All this lends reason to believe that the 85-102 barnase fragment is a strong initiation site for folding. Proteins 29:212-227, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 259-263 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 240-251 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): molecular dynamics ; essential dynamics ; protein dynamics ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A method is presented that generates random protein structures that fulfil a set of upper and lower interatomic distance limits. These limits depend on distances measured in experimental structures and the strength of the interatomic interaction. Structural differences between generated structures are similar to those obtained from experiment and from MD simulation. Although detailed aspects of dynamical mechanisms are not covered and the extent of variations are only estimated in a relative sense, applications to an IgG-binding domain, an SH3 binding domain, HPr, calmodulin, and lysozyme are presented which illustrate the use of the method as a fast and simple way to predict structural variability in proteins. The method may be used to support the design of mutants, when structural fluctuations for a large number of mutants are to be screened. The results suggest that motional freedom in proteins is ruled largely by a set of simple geometric constraints. Proteins 29:240-251, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 252-257 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): software ; crystallization ; experimental design ; JAVA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: SAmBA is a new software for the design of minimal experimental protocols using the notion of orthogonal arrays of strength 2. The main application of SAmBA is the search of protein crystallization conditions. Given a user input defining the relevant effectors/variables (e.g., pH, temperature, salts) and states (e.g., pH: 5, 6, 7 and 8), this software proposes an optimal set of experiments in which all tested variables and the pairwise interactions between them are symmetrically sampled. No a priori restrictions on the number and range of experimental variables is imposed. SAmBA consists of two complementary programs, SAm and BA, using a simulated annealing approach and a backtracking algorithm, respectively. The software is freely available as C code or as an interactive JAVA applet at http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr. Proteins 29:252-257, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 166
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): activity prediction ; 2-keto acid ; molecular dynamics ; energy minimization ; enzyme ; hydride transfer ; proton transfer ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Current methods for reengineering enzyme substrate specificities rely heavily on the use of static x-ray crystallographic models. In this article we detail the use of a molecular mechanics approach for suggesting regions of Bacillus stearothermophilus L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) involved in substrate specificity, and hence areas of interest for protein engineers. The approach combines molecular dynamics with energy minimization (MD/EM) to search the conformational space available to a 15-Å sphere of the ternary complex centered on the catalytic histidine. The search is carried out by calculating a 30-ps dynamics trajectory at 300 K and minimizing structures at 1-ps intervals. The protocol has been performed on 14 systems containing different combinations of substrate and mutant /wt LDH. In order to discover which interactions are important in defining substrate specificity, eight conformational parameters representing substrate-active site interactions were measured in each of the 420 minimized structures. These parameters were then compared to the measured catalytic activity of the protein-substrate combinations. These comparisons show that arginine 109 orientation is a major determining factor in LDH specificity. Using this methodolgy it is possible to estimate the catalytic activity of proteins of varied sequence by computer simulation before synthesis. Proteins 29:228-239, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 264-281 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): hemagglutinin-neuraminidase ; modeling ; paramyxovirus ; propellor fold ; protein structure prediction ; threading ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein exhibits neuraminidase activity and has an active site functionally similar to that in influenza neuraminidases. Earlier work identified conserved amino acids among HN sequences and proposed similarity between HN and influenza neuraminidase sequences. In this work we identify the three-dimensional fold and develop a more detailed model for the HN protein, in the process we examine a variety of protein structure prediction methods.    We use the known structures of viral and bacterial neuraminidases as controls in testing the success of protein structure prediction and modeling methods, including knowledge-based threading, discrete three-dimensional environmental profiles, hidden Markov models, neural network secondary structure prediction, pattern matching, and hydropathy plots. The results from threading show that the HN protein sequence has a 6 β-sheet propellor fold and enable us to assign the locations of the individual β-strands. The three-dimensional environmental profile and hidden Markov model methods were not successful in this work.    The model developed in this work helps to understand better the biological function of the HN protein and design inhibitors of the enzyme and serves as an assessment of some protein structure prediction methods, especially after the x-ray crystallographic solution of its structure. Proteins 29:264-281, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 282-291 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein folding kinetics ; folding energy landscapes ; transition state approximation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The role of local interactions in protein folding has recently been the subject of some controversy. Here we investigate an extension of Zwanzig's simple and general model of folding in which local and nonlocal interactions are represented by functions of single and multiple conformational degrees of freedom, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamics of folding are studied for a series of energy functions in which the energy of the native structure is fixed, but the relative contributions of local and nonlocal interactions to this energy are varied over a broad range. For funnel shaped energy landscapes, we find that 1) the rate of folding increases, but the stability of the folded state decreases, as the contribution of local interactions to the energy of the native structure increases, and 2) the amount of native structure in the unfolded state and the transition state vary considerably with the local interaction strength. Simple exponential kinetics and a well-defined free energy barrier separating folded and unfolded states are observed when nonlocal interactions make an appreciable contribution to the energy of the native structure; in such cases a transition state theory type approximation yields reasonably accurate estimates of the folding rate. Bumps in the folding funnel near the native state, which could result from desolvation effects, side chain freezing, or the breaking of nonnative contacts, significantly alter the dependence of the folding rate on the local interaction strength: the rate of folding decreases when the local interaction strength is increased beyond a certain point. A survey of the distribution of strong contacts in the protein structure database suggests that evolutionary optimization has involved both kinetics and thermodynamics: strong contacts are enriched at both very short and very long sequence separations. Proteins 29:282-291, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): comparative modeling ; homologous modeling ; protein structure ; structure prediction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Following the first experiment for the Critical Assessment of methods for protein Structure Prediction (CASP1), numerical criteria were devised to analyze the performance of prediction methods. We report here the criteria for comparative modeling, and how effective they were in CASP2. These criteria are intended to evolve into a set of numerical measures that provide a comprehensive assessment of the quality of a structure produced by comparative modeling, and provide a means of investigating which modeling methods are most effective, so as to establish where future effort may be most productively applied. Proteins, Suppl. 1:7-13, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 170
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): glycoprotein ; insecticide ; bruchids ; crystallization ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Arcelin-1 and α-amylase inhibitor are two lectin-like glycoproteins expressed in the seeds of the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). They display insecticidal activities and protect the seeds from predation by larvae of various bruchids through different biological actions. Solution-state investigations by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) show the dimeric structure of arcelin-1, a requirement for its hemagglutinating properties. Anions were found to have specific properties in their effectiveness to disrupt protein aggregates, affect solubility, and improve crystallizability. The SAXS results were used to improve crystallization conditions, and single crystals diffracting beyond 1.9 Å resolution were obtained. X-ray diffraction data analysis shows that noncrystallographic symmetry-related arcelin-1 molecules form a lectin-like dimer and reveals the presence of a solvent-exposed anion binding site on the protein, at a crystal-packing interface. The solution state properties of arcelin-1 and crystal twinning may be explained by the anion specificity of this binding site. Proteins 29:433-442, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 50-58 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): evaluation ; comparative protein modeling ; Modeller ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We evaluate homology-derived 3D models of dihydrofolate reductase (DFR1), phosphotransferase enzyme IIA domain (PTE2A3), and mouse/human UBC9 protein (UBC924) which were submitted to the second Meeting on the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP). The DFR1 and PTE2A3 models, based on alignments without large errors, were slightly closer to their corresponding X-ray structures than the closest template structures. By contrast, the UBC924 model was slightly worse than the best template due to a misalignment of the N-terminal helix. Although the current models appear to be more accurate than the models submitted to the CASP meeting in 1994, the four major types of errors in side chain packing, position, and conformation of aligned segments, position and conformation of inserted segments, and in alignment still occur to almost the same degree. The modest improvement probably originates from the careful manual selection of the templates and editing of the alignment, as well as from the iterative realignment and model building guided by various model evaluation techniques. This iterative approach to comparative modeling is likely to overcome at least some initial alignment errors, as demonstrated by the correct final alignment of the C terminus of DFR1. Proteins, Suppl. 1:50-58, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 74-82 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): fold recognition ; protein threading ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Threading predictions for CASP2 target proteins were compared to their true structures using a series of precisely defined measures of agreement, calculated in a fully automatic way. Fold recognition specificity was calculated as the proportion of a predictor's “bet” that was placed on previously-known structures similar to the prediction target, as identified by a “jury” of well-tested structure-structure comparison methods. Values approaching 100% indicate that a prediction correctly identified the structural and/or evolutionary family to which a target belongs. Alignment specificity was calculated as the proportion of aligned residue pairs in the predicted target-to-known-structure alignment that also occur in the structure-structure alignments produced by the “jury” methods. Contact specificity was calculated as the proportion of nonlocal residue contacts in the molecular model implied by threading alignment, that also occur in the experimental structure of the target. Alignment specificity and contact specificity measure the accuracy of a predicted 3-dimensional model. Values approaching 100% indicate that target residues have been assigned to the correct spatial locations and that the model is as accurate as possible for a threading prediction. Proteins, Suppl. 1:74-82, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 173
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): secondary structure prediction ; vitamin k-dependent ; blood coagulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Protein S (PS) and growth arrest specific factor 6 (GAS6) are vitamin K-dependent proteins with similar structures. They are mosaic proteins possessing a carboxyl-terminal region presenting sequence similarity with plasma sex hormone binding globulin (plasma SHBG), although apparently not involved in steroid binding. The SHBG-like modules have sequence similarity with the G repeats of the chain A of laminin. Laminin G repeats have been reported to contain mainly β-strands (about 40-50%) but no or little α structure by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Secondary structure predictions carried out in the present work unexpectedly showed a 20 to 27% helices content in the SHBG region of PS/GAS6 (about 100 residues), while plasma SHBG and laminin G repeats had around 10% helices. CD measurements for human PS indicated also that its SHBG region had about 100 residues in α-helical structure. These data suggest that the SHBG region of PS/GAS6 on the one hand, and the laminin G repeats and possibly plasma SHBG on the other hand, could present important structural differences. Previously reported polymorphisms and point mutations leading to PS deficiency and thrombophilia have been analyzed with our structural predictions. We found a good agreement between these structural predictions, CD measurements, experimental and clinical data. This information allows us to gain insights into the three-dimensional structure of PS that will be helpful for the design of new experiments and future clinical investigations. Proteins 29:478-491, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 174
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein-saccharide interactions ; isothermal titration calorimetry ; binding and dehydration energetics ; molecular interactions in vacuum ; hydrogen bonds ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to characterize thermodynamically the association of hevein, a lectin from the rubber tree latex, with the dimer and trimer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Considering the changes in polar and apolar accessible surface areas due to complex formation, we found that the experimental binding heat capacities can be reproduced adequately by means of parameters used in protein-unfolding studies. The same conclusion applies to the association of the lectin concanavalin A with methyl-α-mannopyranoside. When reduced by the polar area change, binding enthalpy values show a minimal dispersion around 100°C. These findings resemble the convergence observed in protein-folding events; however, the average of reduced enthalpies for lectin-carbohydrate associations is largely higher than that for the folding of proteins. Analysis of hydrogen bonds present at lectin-carbohydrate interfaces revealed geometries closer to ideal values than those observed in protein structures. Thus, the formation of more energetic hydrogen bonds might well explain the high association enthalpies of lectin-carbohydrate systems. We also have calculated the energy associated with the desolvation of the contact zones in the binding molecules and from it the binding enthalpy in vacuum. This latter resulted 20% larger than the interaction energy derived from the use of potential energy functions. Proteins 29:467-477, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): molecular recognition ; ligand binding ; flexible docking ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Eight protein-ligand complexes were simulated by using global optimization of a complex energy function, including solvation, surface tension, and side-chain entropy in the internal coordinate space of the flexible ligand and the receptor side chains [Abagyan, R.A., Totrov, M.M. J. Mol. Biol. 235:983-1002, 1994]. The procedure uses two types of efficient random moves, a pseudobrownian positional move [Abagyan, R.A., Totrov, M.M., Kuznetsov, D.A. J. Comp. Chem. 15:488-506, 1994] and a Biased-Probability multitorsion move [Abagyan, R.A., Totrov, M.M. J. Mol. Biol. 235:983-1002, 1994], each accompanied by full local energy minimization. The best docking solutions were further ranked according to the interaction energy, which included intramolecular deformation energies of both receptor and ligand, the interaction energy, surface tension, side-chain entropic contribution, and an electrostatic term evaluated as a boundary element solution of the Poisson equation with the molecular surface as a dielectric boundary. The geometrical accuracy of the docking solutions ranged from 30% to 70% according to the relative displacement error measure at a 1.5 Å scale. Similar results were obtained when the explicit receptor atoms were replaced with a grid potential. Proteins, Suppl. 1:215-220, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 59-67 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): blind trials ; CASP2 ; homology modelling ; protein structure prediction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The CASP blind trials (Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction) assess the accuracy of protein prediction that includes evaluation of comparative model building of protein structures. Comparative models of four proteins (T0001, T0003, T0017, and T0028) for CASP2 (held during 1996) were constructed using computer algorithms combined with visual inspection. Essentially the main-chain modelling involves construction of the target structure from rigid-body segments of homologues and loop fragments extracted from homologous and nonredundant databases. Side-chains were initially constructed by inheritance from the parent or from a rotamer library. Side-chain conformations were then refined using a novel mean field approach that includes solvation. Comparison of the models with the subsequently released X-ray structures identified the successes and limitations of our approach. The most problematic area is the quality of the sequence alignments between parent(s) and target. In this respect the overinterpretation of the conserved features within homologous families can be misleading. Several features of our approach have a positive effect on the accuracy of the models. For T0003, inspection correctly identified that a lower sequence identity parent provides the best framework for this model. Loop selection worked well where a homologous protein fragment was used, but that the use of nonredundant fragment library remains problematic for hinge movements and displacements in secondary structure elements relative to the parent. Side-chain refinement improved residue conformations relative to the initial model. Use of limited energy minimization improved the stereochemical quality of the model without increasing the RMS deviation. This study has identified methods that are effective and areas requiring further attention to improve model building by comparison. Proteins, Suppl. 1:59-67, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 92-104 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein folding ; fold recognition ; threading ; alignment accuracy ; CASP ; Asilomar ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The predictions made for fold recognition and modeling accuracy at the 1996 Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction meeting (CASP2) were assessed to discover which groups did best. With 32 groups making a total of 369 predictions, it was necessary to use simple criteria for distinguishing between the entries. By focusing on the predictors' ability to use the sequence of the unknown target structure to recognize the target fold from a database of known folds and also on the quality of the model judged by the accuracy of the predicted alignment, it is easy to determine the best predictions for a given target. Assessing overall performance of the predictors on all the targets is much more difficult and use was made of weighted averages of fold recognition and alignment accuracy with and without normalization for target difficulty. By plotting these results in two dimensions the winning groups stand out, allowing readers to focus their attention on the most promising methods. When the present results are compared with the results of the earlier CASP1 meeting, held in 1994, it is clear that threading predictions have progressed dramatically. For this assessor, the strongest lesson learned is that subjectivity is pervasive and affects us all. It is abundantly clear that the blind predictions made at CASP are essential if progress is to be made in predicting protein structure. Proteins, Suppl. 1:92-104, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein fold assignment ; structure prediction ; critical assessment of protein structure prediction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: New and newly extended methods for fold assignment were tested for their abilities to assign folds to amino acid target sequences of unknown three-dimensional structure. These target sequences, released through the CASP2 experiment, are not obviously related to any sequence of known three-dimensional (3D) structure. We assigned 3D folds to target sequences and filed these predictions with CASP2 before their 3D structures were released. The methods tested were (1) Environmental 3D profiles of Bowie and colleagues [Bowie, J.U., Luthy, R., Eisenberg, D. Science 253:164-170, 1991]; (2) A variation of this is termed Directional Profiles; (3) The H3P2 five-dimensional sequence-structure substitution matrix of Rice and Eisenberg [Rice, D., Eisenberg, D.J. Mol. Biol. 267:1026-1037, 1997]; and (4) The Sequence Derived Property methods of Fischer and Eisenberg [Fischer, D., Eisenberg, D. Prot. Sci. 5:947-955, 1996]. When the 3D structures of the sequences were released, 17 of our predictions were evaluated. Of these 17, we assigned high probabilities to 11, of which 9 were correct. Five of these correct predictions were of known 3D structures similar to the targets and four of these were of new folds. The evaluation demonstrated that our methods were effective in assigning the proper fold to more than half of the CASP2 targets with known folds (5/9) and also were able to detect half of the sequences that corresponded to no known folds (4/8). Even when the correct fold is assigned to a sequence, proper alignment of the sequence to the structure remains a challenge. Our methods were able to produce accurate alignments (〈1.2 mean residue shift error from the structural alignment) for four of the targets, including the particularly difficult alignment (only 7% residue identity in the structurally aligned regions) of the ferrochelatase sequence to the fold of a periplasmic binding protein. Proteins, Suppl. 1:113-122, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein structure prediction ; hidden Markov models ; fold recognition ; secondary structure ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We present an analysis of the blind predictions submitted to the fold recognition category for the second meeting on the Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction. Our method achieves fold recognition from predicted secondary structure sequences using hidden Markov models (HMMs) of protein folds. HMMs are trained only with experimentally derived secondary structure sequences of proteins having similar fold, therefore protein structures are described by the models at a remarkably simplified level. We submitted predictions for five target sequences, of which four were later found to be suitable for threading. Our approach correctly predicted the fold for three of them. For a fourth sequence the fold could have been correctly predicted if a better model for its structure was available. We conclude that we have additional evidence that secondary structure information represents an important factor for achieving fold recognition. Proteins, Suppl. 1:123-128, 1997. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 140-150 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): protein structure prediction ; secondary structure prediction ; contact prediction ; prediction assessment ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: As part of the CASP2 protein structure prediction experiment, a set of numerical criteria were defined for the evaluation of “ab initio” predictions. The evaluation package comprises a series of electronic submission formats, a submission validator, evaluation software, and a series of scripts to summarize the results for the CASP2 meeting and for presentation via the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation package is accessible for use on new predictions via WWW so that results can be compared to those submitted to CASP2. With further input from the community, the evaluation criteria are expected to evolve into a comprehensive set of measures capturing the overall quality of a prediction as well as critical detail essential for further development of prediction methods. We discuss present measures, limitations of the current criteria, and possible improvements. Proteins, Suppl. 1:140-150; 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 192-197 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): prediction of protein secondary structure ; residue solvent accessibility ; multiple alignments ; neural networks ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Accuracy of predicting protein secondary structure and solvent accessibility has been improved significantly by using evolutionary information contained in multiple sequence alignments. For the second Asilomar meeting, predictions were made automatically for all targets using the publicly available prediction service PredictProtein. Additionally, a semiautomatic procedure for generating more informative alignments was used in combination with the PHD prediction methods. Results confirmed the estimates for prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the more informative alignments yielded better predictions. The fairly accurate predictions of 1D structure were successfully used by various groups for the Asilomar meeting as first step toward predicting higher dimensions of protein structure. Proteins, Suppl. 1:192-197, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 29 (1997), S. 210-214 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): molecular recognition ; ligand-receptor contacts ; complementarity function ; ligand flexibility ; drug design ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Seven docking predictions were made with the LIGIN program. In six cases the location of the binding pocket was identified correctly by systematically docking everywhere within the protein structure. In two cases the ligand was docked to within 1.8 Å RMSD of the experimentally determined structure. LIGIN has not been optimized to deal with highly flexible ligands that dock at the surface of proteins. Consequently, in three cases the exposed part of the ligand was docked poorly, although the buried parts were docked well, and made similar atomic contacts with the protein as in the experimentally determined structure. Proteins, Suppl. 1:210-214, 1997. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 9-25 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): CHARMM ; enzyme reaction intermediate ; strong hydrogen bonds ; Marcus formalism analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Citrate synthase forms citrate by deprotonation of acetyl-CoA followed by nucleophilic attack of this substrate on oxaloacetate, and subsequent hydrolysis. The rapid reaction rate is puzzling because of the instability of the postulated nucleophilic intermediate, the enolate of acetyl-CoA. As alternatives, the enol of acetyl-CoA, or an enolic intermediate sharing a proton with His-274 in a “low-barrier” hydrogen bond have been suggested. Similar problems of intermediate instability have been noted in other enzymic carbon acid deprotonation reactions. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations of the pathway of acetyl-CoA enolization within citrate synthase support the identification of Asp-375 as the catalytic base. His-274, the proposed general acid, is found to be neutral. The acetyl-CoA enolate is more stable at the active site than the enol, and is stabilized by hydrogen bonds from His-274 and a water molecule. The conditions for formation of a low-barrier hydrogen bond do not appear to be met, and the calculated hydrogen bond stabilization in the reaction is less than the gas-phase energy, due to interactions with Asp-375 at the active site. The enolate character of the intermediate is apparently necessary for the condensation reaction to proceed efficiently. Proteins 27:9-25 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): crystallization ; lectin ; plant lectin ; neutrophil migration ; erythrocyte agglutination ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The tetrameric KM+ lectin from the seeds of Artocarpus integrifolia has, when compared to other plant lectins, the singular property of directly inducing neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity or into the air pouch of rats. This protein crystals have been grown and they belong to the orthorhombic system with space group C2221. The unit cell parameters are a = 54.4 Å, b = 127.9 Å and c = 99.8 Å. A native diffraction dataset to 2.8 Å was collected and an analysis of the self-rotation function has shown the presence of only one independent non-crystallographic 2-fold axis orthogonal to the crystal b-axis, compatible with a dimer in the asymmetric unit. Proteins 27:157-159 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 459-468 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): binding site ; comparative study ; cytokines ; dimerization ; growth hormone ; prolactin hormone ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The pituitary hormone prolactin (prl) is implicated in a number of biological functions, especially lactation, which is mediated through specific lactogenic receptors (PrlR). Human growth hormone (hGH) is also a pituitary hormone responsible for linear growth. While the growth hormone receptor (hGHR) binds only hGH, hPrlR can interact with both hGH and hPrl. Using structural information from the human growth hormone (hGH)/receptor (hGHR) complex, we modeled by homology a complex between rabbit prolactin hormone (rbPrl) and its receptor (rbPrlR). While the somatogenic hormone/somatogenic receptor (hGH/hGHR) and somatogenic hormone/lactogenic receptor (hGH/hPrlR) interactions are now known and well studied, here we propose a model for the interaction of the lactogenic hormone with its receptor (rbPrl/rbPrlR), and compare these three kinds of ligand/receptor interaction. We identified residues contributing to the active site and tested the potential dimerization of the receptor. Biochemical studies and information deduced from the modeled complex do not exclude a homodimeric form but point to a functional heterodimeric complex. Proteins 27: 459-468, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Starting from the simple case of an external field acting on noninteracting particles, a formulation of the self-consistent field theory for treating proteins and unfolded protein chains with multiple interacting titratable groups is given. Electrostatic interactions between the titratable groups are approximated by a Debye-Huckel expression. Amino acid residues are treated as polarizable bodies with a single dielectric constant. Dielectric properties of protein molecules are described in terms of local dielectric constants determined by the space distribution of residue volume density around each ionized residue. Calculations are based on average charges of titratable groups, distance of separation between them, on their pKa's, residue volumes and on the local dielectric constant. A set of different residue volumes is used to analyze the influence of the permanent dipole of polar parts of the residue on calculated titration curves, electrostatic contribution to the free energy of protein stability, and pK shifts. Calculations with zero volumes - which means that charged portions of protein molecules are viewed as part of the high dielectric medium - give good agreement with experimental data. The theory was tested against most accurate approaches currently available for the calculation of the pKa's of ionizable groups based upon finite difference solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (FDPB). For 70 theoretically calculated pKa's in a total of six proteins the accuracy of the approach presented here is assessed by comparison of computed pKa's with that measured. The overall root-mean-square error is 0.79, compared to the value 0.89 obtained by FDPB approach given in the paper of Antosiewicz et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 238:415-436, 1994). The test of Debye-Huckel approximation for the electrostatic pair interactions shows that it is in excellent agreement with experimental data as well as the calculations of the FDPB and Tanford-Kirkwood methods on the pK shifts of His64 in the active site of subtilisin over the whole range of ionic strengths. (Gilson and Honig, Proteins 3:32-52, 1988; Russell et al., J. Mol. Biol. 193:803-813, 1987). The theory was also analytically and numerically tested on a simple models where the exact statistical mechanical treatment is still simple (Yang et al., Proteins 15:252-265, 1993; Bashford and Karplus, J. Phys. Chem. 95:9556-9561, 1991). © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 545-555 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): semi-empirical ; PM3 method ; quantum mechanics ; molecular mechanics ; reaction pathway ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Different pathways of the metal-induced isomerization of D-xylose to D-xylulose are investigated and compared in detail using energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulation. Two theoretical models are constructed for the reaction: in vacuum and in the enzyme D-xylose isomerase. The vacuum model is constructed based on the X-ray structure of the active site of D-xylose isomerase. It contains the atoms directly involved in the reaction and is studied using a semi-empirical molecular orbital method (PM3). The model in the enzyme includes the effects of the enzyme environment on the reaction using a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical potential. For both models, the structures of the reactants, products, and intermediate complexes along the isomerization pathway are optimized. The effects of the position of the “catalytic Mg2+ ion” on the energies of the reactions are studied. The results indicate: 1) in vacuum, the isomerization reaction is favored when the catalytic metal cation is at site A, which is remote from the substrate; 2) in the enzyme, the catalytic metal cation, starting from site A, moves and stays at site B, which is close to the substrate; analysis of the charge redistribution of the active site during the catalytic process shows that the metal ion acts as a Lewis acid to polarize the substrate and catalyze the hydride shift; these results are consistent with previous experimental observations; and 3) Lys183 plays an important role in the isomerization reaction. The ε-NH3+ group of its side chain can provide a proton to the carboxide ion of the substrate to form a hydroxyl group after the hydride shift step. This role of Lys183 has not been suggested before. Based on our calculations, we believe that this is a reasonable mechanism and consistent with site-directed mutation experiments. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 597-600 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): signal transduction ; phosphotransferase ; crystallization ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The phosphotransferase protein Spo0B, a component of the sporulation signal transduction system in Bacillus subtilis was expressed from the Escherichia coli strain BL21DE3. It was purified, crystallized, and 2.25 Å data measured using the synchrotron source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The search for heavy atom derivatives is in progress. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
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    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 27 (1997), S. 601-603 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): FAD ; catalysis ; X-ray crystallography ; molecular symmetry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Vanillyl-alcohol oxidase catalyses the oxidation of several 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols by using 8-α-(N3-histidyl)-FAD as a covalently bound prosthetic group. Crystals of vanillyl-alcohol oxidase from Penicillium simplicissimum have been grown by using the vapor diffusion technique. The space group was found to be I4, with cell dimensions a = b = 140.5 Å, c = 132.9 Å. Diffraction data have been recorded to 3.2 Å resolution by using a laboratory source and to 2.5 Å resolution on flash freezing the crystal at the ELETTRA Synchrotron X-ray diffraction beam line. Proteins 27:601-603, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 10-28 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ; dinucleotide binding pockets ; molecular recognition ; protein structures ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The ubiquitous redox cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides [NAD and NADP] are very similar molecules, despite their participation in substantially different biochemical processes. NADP differs from NAD in only the presence of an additional phosphate group esterified to the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribose at the adenine end and yet NADP is confined with few exceptions to the reactions of reductive biosynthesis, whereas NAD is used almost exclusively in oxidative degradations. The discrimination between NAD and NADP is therefore an impressive example of the power of molecular recognition by proteins. The many known tertiary structures of NADP complexes affords the possibility for an analysis of their discrimination. A systematic analysis of several crystal structures of NAD(P)-protein complexes show that: 1) the NADP coenzymes are more flexible in conformation than those of NAD; 2) although the protein-cofactor interactions are largely conserved in the NAD complexes, they are quite variable in those of NADP; and 3) in both cases the pocket around the nicotinamide moiety is substrate dependent. The conserved and variable interactions between protein and cofactors in the respective binding pockets are reported in detail. Discrimination between NAD and NADP is essentially a consequence of the overall pocket and not of a few residues. A clear fingerprint in NAD complexes is a carboxylate side chain that chelates the diol group at the ribose near the adenine, whereas in NADP complexes an arginine side chain faces the adenine plane and interacts with the phosphomonoester. The latter type of interaction might be a general feature of recognition of nucleotides by proteins. Other features such as strand-like hydrogen bonding between the NADP diphosphate moeties and the protein are also significant. The NADP binding pocket properties should prove useful in protein engineering and design. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): cytokines ; glycoproteins ; iodination ; protein modification ; tyrosine environment ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Urinary and recombinant human erythropoietin differ with respect to ease of iodination, inactivation by iodination, second derivative and circular dichroic spectra, rate of inactivation by trypsin and glycosylation pattern. All of these differences are compatible with a significant difference in conformation of these two forms of erythropoietin. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): hydrophobic centroid ; hydrophilic centroid ; wenxiang diagram ; polar-apolar interface ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: It is known that α helices in globular proteins usually consist of two types of residues, hydrophobic and hydrophilic, with the number of each type being roughly equal. Except for many transmembrane helices, α-helices are generally amphiphilic to some degree. This is not entirely surprising because α-helices typically reside in heteropolar environments that arise from the polar aqueous solution that surrounds a protein and the apolar “hydrophobic core” located at its center. The packing of α-helices in such heteropolar environments is driven by the minimization of free energy brought about by placing hydrophobic sidechains into apolar environments and hydrophilic sidechains into polar environments. The interface between the two environments can be characterized by an interfacial plane, called the demarcation plane, that optimally separates the two classes of residues. The inclination angle Ω between the axis of the helix and the demarcation plane provides a measure of the degree of amphiphilicity of an α-helix. For highly amphiphilic helices, Ω ≈ 0. The inclination angle provides a new measure of amphiphilicity that complements the hydrophobic moments of Eisenberg et al. Based on the simple physical model described above, an algorithm is developed for predicting the helix inclination angle. The calculated results show that the inclination angle for most α-helices extracted from globular proteins is less than 25° in magnitude. This suggests that helices found in globular proteins tend to be reasonably amphiphilic with half their face dominated by hydrophobic residues and the other half by hydrophilic residues. A new two-dimensional representation that characterizes the disposition of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in α-helices, called a “wenxiang diagram,” is presented. The wenxiang diagram can also be used as an important element to represent a protein molecule. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): apocalmodulin ; calmodulin antagonists ; bisindol alkaloids ; fendiline analogues ; circular dichroism spectroscopy ; protein crystallization ; X-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Ca2+-calmodulin is crystallized with two new and potent drugs: a bisindol derivative (KAR-2, 3”-(β-chloroethyl)-2”,4”-dioxo-3,5”-spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine) with antitumor activity and an arylalkylamine fendiline analogue (N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-N'-[1-(3,4-di-n-butoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1,3-diaminopropane) with anticalmodulin activity. The crystals diffract beyond 2.8 Å and differ in unit cell parameters from each other as well as from crystals of Ca2+-calmodulin or Ca2+-calmodulin-ligand complexes, as reported thus far. Attempts to crystallize Ca2+-free calmodulin without drugs failed, in consonance with earlier results; however, single Ca2+-free calmodulin crystals diffracting beyond 2.5 Å resolution were grown in the presence of KAR-2. Results indicate that binding of the two drugs to apocalmodulin or Ca2+-calmodulin may induce unique novel protein conformers, targets of further detailed X-ray studies. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): structure prediction ; threading ; energy function alignment ; hydrophobicity ; salt bridges ; ATP binding ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Sequence comparisons of highly related archaeal adenylate kinases (AKs) from the mesophilic Methanococcus voltae, the moderate thermophile Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, and two extreme thermophiles Methanococcus igneus and Methanococcus jannaschii, allow identification of interactions responsible for the large variation in temperatures for optimal catalytic activity and thermostabilities observed for these proteins. The tertiary structures of the methanococcal AKs have been predicted by using homology modeling to further investigate the potential role of specific interactions on thermal stability and activity. The alignments for the methanococcal AKs have been generated by using an energy-based sequence-structure threading procedure against high-resolution crystal structures of eukaryotic, eubacterial, and mitochondrial adenylate and uridylate (UK) kinases. From these alignments, full atomic model structures have been produced using the program MODELLER. The final structures allow identification of potential active site interactions and place a polyproline region near the active site, both of which are unique to the archaeal AKs. Based on these model structures, the additional polar residues present in the thermophiles could contribute four additional salt bridges and a higher negative surface charge. Since only one of these possible salt bridges is interior, they do not appear significantly to the thermal stability. Instead, our model structures indicate that a larger and more hydrophobic core, due to a specific increase in aliphatic amino acid content and aliphatic side chain volume, in the thermophilic AKs is responsible for increased thermal stability. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 150-152 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): Dictyostelium NDP kinase ; human NDP kinase ; nm23 ; NMR dynamic filtering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Human NDP kinase B, product of the nm23-H2 gene, binds DNA. It has been suggested that a helix hairpin on the protein surface, part of the nucleotide substrate binding site, could accommodate DNA binding by swinging away. The presence of flexible regions was therefore investigated by 1H NMR dynamic filtering. Although TOCSY peaks could be assigned to five residues at the N terminus of Dictyostelium NDP kinase, no flexible region was detected in the human enzyme. These data favor the idea that the protein offers different binding sites to mono- and polynucleotides. Proteins 28:150-152, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 137-139 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): intron mobility ; endonucleases ; intervening sequences ; DNA binding ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Group I intron endonuclease I-CreI is encoded by an open reading frame contained within a self-splicing intron in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast 23S rRNA gene. I-CreI initiates the lateral transfer or homing of this intron by specifically recognizing and cleaving a pseudopalindromic 19-24 bp homing site in chloroplast 23S rRNA genes that lack the intron. The gene encoding this enzyme has been subcloned, and the protein product has been purified and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P321, with unit cell dimensions a = b = 78.2 Å, c = 67.4 Å. The crystal unit cell is consistent with an asymmetric unit consisting of the enzyme monomer. The specific volume of this unit cell is 3.3 Å3/Da. The crystals diffract to at least 3.0 Å resolution after flash-cooling, when using a rotating anode x-ray source and an RAXIS image plate detector. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 144-149 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): translational entropy ; free-volume ; cell model ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: There is a loss of translational entropy associated with the formation of a complex between two molecules in solution. Estimation of this contribution is essential for understanding binding, protein-protein association, and catalysis. Based on the cell model of liquids, it is possible to estimate the loss of translational entropy in all these cases. The resulting formulas are straightforward, and the calculations are easy to perform. Comparison of the results with experimental data suggests that the proposed method provides estimates that are much more accurate than those obtained with existing methods. Proteins 28:144-149, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 162-173 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): AutoDock ; cellobioside ; disaccharide ; docking ; gentiobioside ; glucoamylase ; kojibioside ; maltoside ; nigeroside ; simulated annealing ; trehalose ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: To better understand the molecular basis of glucomylase selectivity, low-energy conformers of glucosyl disaccharides obtained from relaxed-residue conformational mapping were flexibly docked into the glucoamylase active site using AutoDock 2.2. This procedure ensures that significant conformational space is searched and can produce bound structures comparable to those obtained by protein crystallography. α-Linked glucosyl disaccharides except α,α-trehalose dock easily into the active site while exclusively β-linked disaccharides do not, explaining why only the former are glucoamylase substrates. The optimized docking modes are similar at the nonreducing end of the different substrates. Individual atomic energies of intermolecular interaction allow the definite identification of key hydroxyl groups for each substrate. This approach confirmed the versatility of the second subsite of the glucoamylase active site in binding different substrates. Proteins 28:162-173, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 174-182 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): proteins as preorganized media ; intraprotein electric field ; ion charging ; ion formation energy ; optical and static dielectric constants ; reorganization energy ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: In the semi-continuum treatment of the energetics of charge formation (or transfer) inside a protein, two components of the energy are inevitably present: the energy of interaction of the ion with the pre-existing intraprotein electric field, and the energy due to polarization of the medium by the newly formed charge. The pre-existing field is set up by charges (partial or full) of the protein atoms fixed in a definite structure. The calculation of this field involves only the electronic polarization (the optical dielectric constant εo) of the protein because the polarization due to shifts of heavy atoms has already been accounted for by their equilibrium coordinates. At the same time, the aqueous surroundings should be described by the static constant εsw, as the positions of water molecules are not fixed. The formation of a new charge, absent in the equilibrium X-ray structure, results in shifts of electrons and polar atoms, i.e., it involves all kinds of medium polarization described by the static dielectric constant of protein εs. Thus, in calculations of the total energy, two different dielectric constants of the protein are operative simultaneously. This differs from a widely used algorithm employing one effective dielectric constant for both components of the ion's energy. Proteins: 28:174-182, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 28 (1997), S. 194-201 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Schlagwort(e): accessible and molecular surfaces ; fractal and topological dimensions ; yardstick ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: In an earlier publication [Serdyuk, I.N. et al., Biofizika, in press, 1997] we demonstrated that the asymmetry extent of globular proteins does not change with increasing their sizes, and the observed nontrivial dependence of the protein accessible surface area on the molecular mass [Miller, S., J. Mol. Biol. 196:641-656, 1987] (As - M dependence) is a reflection of the protein surface relief peculiarities. To clarify these peculiarities, an analysis of the molecular surface on the basis of high-resolution x-ray data has been done for 25 globular proteins not containing prosthetic groups. The procedure was based on studying the dependence of the minimal number (N) of probe bodies (here cubes) covering the entire protein surface, both on their size (N - R dependence) and on the value of dry protein volume (N - V dependence). Two levels of protein surface organization have been detected by molecular surface analysis. On the micro scale (2-7 Å), the surface is characterized by a D = 2.1 fractal dimension which is intrinsic to surfaces with weak deformations and reflects the local atomic group packing. On the macro scale, large-scale surface defects are revealed that are interpreted as the result of secondary structure elements packing. A simple model of protein surface representation reflecting large-scale irregularities has been proposed. Proteins 28:194-201, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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