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  • 101
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Liquordynamik ; Aquädukt ; Quantifizierung ; MRT ; Phasenkontrast ; Normalwerte ; Key Words: CSF dynamics ; Aqueduct ; Quantification ; MRI ; Phase contrast ; Normal values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: With the 2D-phase-contrast technique the volume flow of the CSF via the cerebral aqueduct can be quantified by MRI-means. In this study the stroke volume of CSF via the aqueduct per cardiac cycle (SVcc) is used to measure the extent of the volume flow. Normative values for the SVcc are not yet defined, however, they are indispensable for the clinical utility of this non-invasive method. The aim of the presented investigation is to evaluate, if the interthalamic width of the third ventricle is useful as a reference system for the extent of the SVcc via the aqueduct and if a normal CSF-flow can be defined. Hundred and seven patients (56 female, 51 male; age distribution 8 to 89 years) without clinical or imaging findings of a CSF-flow disturbance were examined on a standard 0.5 T MRI-scanner (Gyroscan, Philips). The measurements of the SVcc via the aqueduct were performed in a single slice perpendicular to the aqueduct in the level of its median third with a retrospective cardial-gated quantitative 2D-phase-contrast sequence. The interthalamic width of the third ventricle was measured in a transversal slice (bicommissural orientation, standard T1-weighted spin-echo sequence) in the level of the upper margin of the tectorial membrane. In 83 patients with a normal heart rate and without any further abnormalities in their imaging studies the SVcc is essentially dependent (r = 0.822) on the interthalamic width of the third ventricle (between 1 and 16 mm). Eleven patients with either a subcortical atrophy without leucencephalopathy, megacisterna magna, Dandy-Walker variant or bradycardia showed a significant increase of the SVcc (p 〈 0.05). On the other hand a significant decrease of the SVcc (p 〈 0.05) is seen in 13 patients with either tachycardia, Arnold-Chiari Type-1 malformation, relative aqueductal stenosis and/or severe periventricular leucencephalopathy. These results are in good agreement with the current conceptions on the physiology of the CSF-flow. As the above mentioned criterias of influence have ho pathological significance concerning a CSF-flow disturbance requiring therapy, we used the linear regression with y = B1*× +b0 (b1 = 22.2 ± 2.9; b0 = 43,5 ± 21.1) in all 107 patients to evaluate the extent of the SVcc (y) versus the interthalamic width of the third ventricle (x). This correlation offers the possibility to differentiate a hyperdynamic (above +3 standard error SE), a hypodynamic (below −3 SE) and a normodynamic (between ± 3 SE) CSF-flow via the cerebral aqueduct for the first time. Additional imaging findings and the heart rate must find their influence in the evaluation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Mit Hilfe der 2D-Phasenkontrasttechik kann der Volumenfluss des Liquors über dem Aquädukt magnetresonanztomographisch quantifiziert werden. Als Maß für die Höhe des Volumenflusses dient in vorgestellter Untersuchung das Schlagvolumen pro Herzzyklus (SVcc). Normwerte für die Höhe des SVcc konnten bislang nicht definiert werden. Sie sind jedoch für eine klinische Nutzung dieses nichtinvasiven Verfahrens unerläßlich. Ziel vorliegender Untersuchung ist es zu prüfen, ob die interthalamische Weite des dritten Ventrikels als Bezugssystem für die Höhe des SVcc über dem Aquädukt geeignet ist und sich ein normaler Liquorfluss definieren läßt. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten bei 107 Patienten (56 Frauen, 51 Männer im Alter von acht bis 89 Jahren) ohne klinische und bildmorphologische Hinweise auf eine Liquorzirkulationsstörung an einem Standardsystem 0,5 T (Gyroscan, Fa. Philips). Die Messung des SVcc über dem Aquädukt wurde in einer Eizelschicht senkrecht zum Aquädukt in Höhe des mittleren Drittels mit einer retrospektiv kardial getriggerten 2D-quantitativen Phasenkontrastsequenz durchgeführt. Die Messung der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels erfolgte im Transversalschnitt (Bikommissuralebene, Standard-T1-gewichtete SE-Sequenz) in Höhe des Oberrandes der Lamina tecti. Für 83 kardial normofrequente Patienten ohne zusätzliche bildmorphologische Auffälligkeiten wird die Höhe des SVcc maßgeblich von der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels (1 bi 16 mm) bestimmt (r = 0,822). Bei elf Patienten mit einer subkortikal betonten Atrophie ohne Leukenzephalopathie, Megacisterna magna, Dandy-Walker-Variante oder Bradykardie ist das SVcc signifikant erhöht (p 〈 0,05). Dagegen ist das SVcc für 13 Patienten mit Tachykardie, Arnold-Chiari-Malformation Typ 1, relativer Aquäduktestenose und/oder fortgeschrittener periventrikulärer Leukenzephalopathie signifikant erniedrigt (p 〈 0,05). Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich gut mit den geltenden Vorstellungen über die Physiologie des Liquorflusses in Einklang bringen. Da den vorgenannten Einflusskriterien keine pathologische Bedeutung hinsichtlich einer therapiebedürftigen Liquorzirkulationsstörung beigemessen werden kann, nutzen wir zur Bewertung der Höhe des SVcc (y) gegenüber der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels (x) die lineare Regression mit y = b1*× + b0 (b1 = 22,2 ± 2,9; b0 = 43,5 ± 21,1) für alle 107 Patienten. Diese Beziehung gibt erstmals die Möglichkeit, einen hyperdynamen (〉 +3 SE), hypodynamen (〈 −3 SE) und normodynamen (in den Grenzen ± 3SE) Liquorfluss über dem Aquädukt zu differenzieren. In die Bewertung müssen das Vorliegen zusätzlicher bildmorphologischer Einflussfaktoren und die Höhe der Herzfrequenz einfließen.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Medulloblastom ; Pubertas praecox ; MRT ; Kontrastmittel ; Key Words: Medulloblastoma ; Subarachnoid metastases ; Precocious puberty ; MRI ; Contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Medulloblastoma, the most frequent pediatric brain tumor, has known propensity for subarachnoid dissemination. Spinal metastases indicate a poor prognosis. Intraventricular spread is much less common. We report a case of primary intraventricular dissemination with precocious puberty as the first clinical symptom due to a metastasis at the infundibulary stalk. This has not been reported so far as initial symptom of a medulloblastoma. Furthermore, we encountered an unusually mild contrast enhancement of the spinal and intraventricular metastases. Delayed scanning after contrast administration and FLAIR sequences proved to be particularly valuable in this case.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Medulloblastome des Kleinhirns sind die häfigsten malignen Hirntumoren im Kindesalter. Ihre Neigung zur Ausbreitung im Subarachnoidalraum ist bekannt und Prognose bestimmend. Wir berichten über den ungewöhnlichen Fall eines Medulloblastoms mit ausgeprägter intraventrikulärer Aussaat. Eine Metastase im Reccessus infundibularis führte hierbei zum Auftreten einer Pubertas praecox als initiales Krankheitssymptom, eine Beobachtung, die bisher nicht beschrieben wurde. Bemerkenswert war zudem die ungewöhnlich schwache Kontrastmittelaufnahme der intraventrikulären und spinalen Metastasen. Für die Diagnostik erwiesen sich FLAIR-Sequenzen und Spätaufnahmen nach Kontrastmittelgabe als besonders wertvoll.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Vena ophthalmica superior ; Thrombose ; Sinus caverosus ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key Words: Superior ophthalmic vein ; Thrombosis ; Sinus cavernosus ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 65-year-old woman with persistant headache since a few weeks is presented. The day before hospitalization there was a sudden onset of protrusio bulbi and progredient swelling of the soft-tissue of the left eye. In the clinical examination left side protrusio bulbi, double-vision, chemosis and swelling of the eye-lid were found. Blood sample showed an elevation of inflammation indicators. MRI and CT revealed a thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein with partial thrombosis of the left cavernous sinus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Eine 65-jährige Patientin stellt sich mit seit Wochen bestehenden Kopfschmerzen vor. Am Tag vor der Aufnahme war morgens akut eine Protrusio bulbi mit einem periorbitalen Ödem aufgetreten. Klinisch fanden sich eine Protrusio bulbi mit Chemosis und Oberlidschwellung links, Doppelbildern sowie einer Erhöhung der Entzündungsparameter. Kernspintomographisch und computertomographisch ließ sich eine Thrombose der Vena ophthalmica superior links mit Teilthrombose des linken Sinus cavernosus nachweisen.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 83 (2000), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Achilles tendon moment arm ; MRI ; Maximum voluntary contraction ; In vivo ; Tendon excursion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare in vivo measurement-based Achilles tendon moment arm lengths at rest and during isometric plantarflexion maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using the centre-of-rotation (COR) and the tendon-excursion (TE) methods. Both methods were based on morphometric analysis of sagittal-plane magnetic resonance images of the foot. Using the COR method, moment arms were obtained at ankle angles from 15° of dorsiflexion to 30° of plantarflexion in steps of 15°, digitizing the perpendicular distance from a moving centre of rotation in the tibio-talar joint to the Achilles tendon action line. The TE method was based on measurement of calcaneal displacement along the tibial axis during 15° rotations of the ankle joint, from 30° of dorsiflexion to 45° of plantarflexion. The two methods gave similar estimations at rest varying from 4.3 to 5.6 cm. Using the COR method, the Achilles tendon moment arm during MVC was larger by 1–1.5 cm (22–27%, P 〈 0.01) than the respective resting value. In contrast, no difference (P 〉 0.05) was found between the resting and MVC moment arm estimations of the TE method. The disagreement in moment arms during MVC may be attributed to differences in the assumptions made between the two methods. The TE method has more limitations than the COR method and its estimations during MVC should be treated with caution. Resting Achilles tendon moment arm estimations of the COR method should be multiplied by 1.22–1.27 when maximal isometric plantarflexion joint moments, musculotendon forces and stresses are predicted using modelling.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: SCLC ; brain matastases ; neurologic asympotomatic ; MRI ; prophylactic radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In this study we evaluated the usefulness of MR-imaging in the detection of asymptomatic brain metastases (BM) at the initial diagnosis in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and studied the follow-up of these patients. Patients and methods. One-hundred and twenty-five patients with SCLC were investigated with MR-imaging. Results. In 112 patients with normal neurological findings, MR-imaging of the brain demonstrated BM in 17 patients (15%). Six of these 17 patients were therefore upgraded to extensive disease (ED). Two of these 17 patients died during chemotherapy because of progressive disease and 3 patients became neurologic symptomatic with progressive disease on MR-imaging of the brain. After completion of chemotherapy a repeated MR-imaging of the brain in the remaining 12 patients showed 1 complete remission, 4 partial remission and 7 progressive disease of the BM. Conclusion. This study showed that at presentation an unexpectedly high percentage of SCLC patients had asymptomatic BM on MR-imaging. We propose that MR-imaging of the brain should be included in the staging of SCLC patients as well for staging, prognosis and therapy.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: astrocytoma ; 201thallium SPECT ; MRI ; MR spectroscopy ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose To compare chemotherapy treatment monitoring in astrocytoma by 201thallium single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and photon magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to evaluate the influence of morphological tumor changes on cerebral 201thallium uptake and metabolic changes in 1H-MRS. Materials and methods Six patients with highly malignant astrocytomas were followed with quantitative 201thallium SPECT, MRI, and 1H-MRS during chemotherapy. Maximum follow-up included six examinations per patient by either method during 18 months. Criteria were set for: (1) regression (≥ 25% tumor reduction), (2) status quo (〈 25% reduction and 〈 25% increase), and (3) progression of disease (≥ 25% tumor increase). Results were compared with the clinical state of disease. Changes of tumor volume, contrast enhancement, necrosis, hemorrhage and edema on MRI were compared to changes in 201thallium uptake volumes and 1H-MRS metabolite ratios. Results Six patients were followed with a total of twenty-four examinations with 201thallium SPECT, MRI and 1H-MRS, respectively, between February 1997 and October 1998. Five patients developed clinical progression of disease, 4 out of 5 cases showed SPECT progression, 4 out of 5 cases MRI progression, and 1 out of 2 interpretable cases 1H-MRS progression at final assessment before clinical deterioration. During the phase of clinically stable disease; (A) the criterion for regression or status quo was met in 10 out of 13 assessments with SPECT, 11 out of 13 with MRI, and 8 out of 9 interpretable 1H-MRS; (B) the criterion for progression was met in 3 out of 13 with SPECT, 2 out of 13 with MRI, and 1 out of 9 interpretable 1H-MRS. The accuracy of SPECT, MRI, and 1H-MRS in identifying changes of tumor burden concordant with patients' clinical course was 78%, 83%, and 82%, respectively. SPECT regression was associated with MRI decrease of tumor size, contrast enhancement, edema and hemorrhage. SPECT progression was associated with MRI increase of the same parameters and the increase of necrosis. 1H-MRS regression was associated with decrease of edema. 1H-MRS progression was associated with increase of tumor size, hemorrhage, and increase or decrease of contrast enhancement. Conclusions Both 201thallium SPECT and 1H-MRS evaluation showed sensitivity for detection of astrocytoma progression. We did not find a higher accuracy of SPECT or MRS than of MRI in astrocytoma chemotherapy monitoring. Treatment induced MRI changes were associated with 201thallium uptake variations. 1H-MRS was difficult to apply for astrocytoma treatment monitoring. Improvements regarding size of measurement area such as multivoxel MRS and fat suppression pulses appeared desirable, and also the use of functional techniques with superior resolution such as dual isotope SPECT. However, our results suggest that 201thallium SPECT and 1H-MRS can provide additional information to MRI for chemotherapy efficacy evaluation in selected cases.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 47 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: MRI ; spinal cord ; tumor ; intramedullary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The advent of MRI has significantly changed the diagnosis of spinal cord tumors. Standard imaging provides excellent localization and characterization of the tumor in a noninvasive fashion. Exact histologic diagnosis of the two most common tumors, ependymoma and astrocytoma, remains elusive but there are some suggestive imaging characteristics. It is hoped that some of the newer MR imaging sequences will improve characterization of the tumor and thereby influence therapy. Several of these pulse sequences are already used routinely in brain imaging. Evaluation of new imaging sequences in the spine has lagged behind brain MR imaging, mainly due to technical factors. Work on animal spine models and extrapolation from brain imaging studies suggest that it is only a matter of time before some of these techniques become clinically relevant.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain ; brain tumors ; MRI ; MR spectroscopy ; diffusion imaging ; glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study sought to correlate quantitative presurgical proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H- MRSI) and diffusion imaging (DI) results with quantitative histopathological features of resected glioma tissue. The primary hypotheses were (1) glioma choline signal correlates with cell density, (2) glioma apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) correlates inversely with cell density, (3) glioma choline signal correlates with cell proliferative index. Eighteen adult glioma patients were preoperatively imaged with 1H-MRSI and DI as part of clinically-indicated MRI evaluations. Cell density and proliferative index readings were made on surgical specimens obtained at surgery performed within 12 days of the radiologic scans. The resected tissue location was identified by comparing preoperative and postoperative MRI. The tumor to contralateral normalized choline signal ratio (nCho) and the ADC from resected tumor regions were measured from the preoperative imaging data. Counts of nuclei per high power field in 5–10 fields provided a quantitative measure of cell density. MIB-1 immunohistochemistry provided an index of the proportion of proliferating cells. There was a statistically significant inverse linear correlation between glioma ADC and cell density. There was also a statistically significant linear correlation between the glioma nCho and the cell density. The nCho measure did not significantly correlate with proliferative index. The results indicate that both ADC and spectroscopic choline measures are related to glioma cell density. Therefore they may prove useful for differentiating dense cellular neoplastic lesions from those that contain large proportions of acellular necrotic space.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Cardiac imaging ; MRI ; Heart ; Ventricular function ; Schlüsselwörter Kardiale Bildgebung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Herz ; Ventrikelfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die kardiale Dysfunktion ist eine der Hauptursachen kardiovaskulärer Morbidität und Mortalität. Eine genaue und reproduzierbare Bestimmung der Herzfunktion ist essentiell für die Diagnosestellung, Prognoseabschätzung und Beurteilung des Therapieeffekts beim einzelnen Patienten. Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie (CMR) bietet eine Messmethode für die globale und regionale Herzfunktion, die nicht nur genau und reproduzierbar, sondern auch nichtinvasiv, ohne ionisierende Strahlung und unabhängig von geometrischen Annahmen und einem akustischen Fenster ist, das den Einsatz der Echokardiographie limitiert. Mit der Verfügbarkeit schnellerer MR-Scanner und automatisierter Analysesysteme sowie mit zunehmender Verbreitung und reduzierten Kosten wird CMR bald den Referenzstandard für die Messung der Herzfunktion darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac dysfunction is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accurate and reproducible assessment of cardiac function is essential for the diagnosis, the assessment of prognosis and evaluation of a patient's response to therapy. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) provides a measure of global and regional function that is not only accurate and reproducible but is noninvasive, free of ionising radiation, and independent of the geometric assumptions and acoustic windows that limit echocardiography. With the advent of faster scanners, automated analysis, increasing availability and reducing costs, CMR is fast becoming a clinically tenable reference standard for the measurement of cardiac function.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herz 25 (2000), S. 365-383 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Congenital heart disease ; MRI ; Blood flow ; MRA ; Postoperative ; Pulmonary arteries ; Schlüsselwörter Kongenitale Herzerkrankung ; MRT ; Blutfluss ; MR-Angiographie ; Postoperativ ; Pulmonalarterien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Weltweit werden jährlich etwa 1,5 Millionen Kinder mit kongenitalen Herzerkrankungen (CHD, congenital heart disease) geboren. Durch Verbesserung der verschiedenen chirurgischen und interventionellen Techniken ist die Überlebensrate von CHD-Patienten drastisch gestiegen. Immer mehr Patienten mit postoperativen Residuen, Folgezuständen und Komplikationen benötigen eine umfassende Nachsorge. Die Darstellung und Quantifizierung morphologischer und funktioneller kardiovaskulärer Anomalien erfordern zuverlässige und vorzugsweise nichtinvasive bildgebende Verfahren. Die Röntgenkontrastangiokardiographie, der bisherige Goldstandard, eignet sich nicht zur wiederholten Anwendung. Die transthorakale Echokardiographie (TTE) ist die meistverwendete nichtinvasive Methode, doch bei älteren Patienten, insbesondere mit komplexen oder operativ behandelten Malformationen, sind die damit gewonnenen Informationen unter Umständen unbefriedigend. Narben-, Knochen- und Lungengewebe sowie Thoraxdeformitäten können mit dem Schallfenster interferieren. Die transösophageale Echokardiographie (TEE) liefert bei Erwachsenen mit verschiedenen CHD-Formen eindeutig einen weitaus besseren Bildausschnitt, ist jedoch als semiinvasiv einzustufen. Bei Kleinkindern ist die TEE für die auf Intensivstationen und in Operationssälen erforderliche unmittelbare prä- und postoperative Überwachung inzwischen unentbehrlich. Die Kernspintomographie (Magnetresonanztomographie, MRT) hat sich zu einem klinischen nützlichen Verfahren zur Untersuchung des Herzens entwickelt, vor allem bei angeborenen Fehlbildungen. Sie gilt heute als etablierte nichtinvasive Methode, mit der sich die Anatomie des Herzens in jeder gewünschten Ebene mit hoher Auflösung und naturgetreuen Kontrast zwischen kardialen Strukturen und strömendem Blut darstellen läßt. Das konventionelle Spin-Echo eignet sich hervorragend zur morphologischen Beurteilung, liefert jedoch nicht unbedingt funktionelle Informationen. Die durch neuere Impulssequenzen mögliche funktionelle Analyse verleiht der MRT ihren besonderen Wert. Mehrere dieser neuen MRT-Verfahren werden gegenwärtig klinisch eingesetzt. Die Gradienten-Echo-MRT liefert ein Bild des Blutflusses. Mit ihr können Stenosen, Regurgitation oder Shunts aufgrund der durch diese hämodynamischen Läsionen verursachten Strömungsturbulenzen entdeckt werden. Außerdem ermöglicht die Gradienten-Echo-MRT eine fortlaufende Schleifendarstellung der Ventrikelwandbewegung und eine Quantifizierung der Kammerfunktion. Mit der quantitativen Phasenkontrast-MR-Angiographie lassen sich Blutströmungsgeschwindigkeit und Volumendurchfluss in den mittleren und großen Gefäßen messen. Diese Besonderheit der MRT läßt sich zur Quantifizierung von Stenosen, Regurgitation, intrakardialen Shunts und des differentiellen pulmonalen Blutstroms nutzen. Vor allem ihre Fähigheit zur Messung des Volumendurchflusses ist ein klarer Vorteil der MRT. Die kontrastverstärkte MR-Angiographie ist besonders nützlich zur Darstellung der Pulmonalarterienäste und des Aortenbogens. Pulmonaler Blutfluss, rechtsventrikuläre Funktion, pathologische Aortenbefunde und Fontan-Umgehungskreislauf sind u. a. hochinteressante Fragestellungen, die mit multifunktioneller MRT untersucht wurden. Bei Patienten mit Pulmonalstenose oder Fallot-Tetralogie lassen sich mittels MRT Morphologie und Schwere jeder pulmonalen (Rest-)Stenose beurteilen, die rechtsventrikuläre Hypertrophie bewerten sowie eine postoperative Insuffizienz der Pulmonalklappe oder ventrikuläre Dysfunktion quantifizieren. Bei Patienten, die wegen Koarktation operiert wurden, kann die Morphologie von Rest- oder Restenosen MR-tomographisch mit Hilfe von Spin-Echo-Bildern und der kontrastverstärkten MR-Angiographie des Aortenbogens beurteilt werden. Die quantitative Phasenkontrastangiographie erlaubt zusätzlich, den Druckgradienten über der Stenose und das Ausmaß des Kollateralflusses zu bestimmen. Patienten mit Transposition der großen Arterien werden in der Regel mit Umkehroperationen auf Vorhofebene behandelt. Eine Dysfunktion des rechten systemischen Ventrikels ist bei diesen Patienten eine wesentliche Frage, die mit funktionellen MRT-Verfahren untersucht wurde. Andere Komplikationen nach Vorhofumkehroperation wie Obstruktionen im pulmonalen oder systemisch-venösen Kreislauf lassen sich mit der Gradienten-Echo-MRT mühelos aufdecken. Der Fongan-Umgehungskreislauf bleibt nach wie vor ein faszinierendes, in vielerlei Hinsicht noch nicht völlig verstandenes Thema. Zahlreiche Modifikationen der ursprünglichen Fontan-Operation wurden eingeführt, mit jeweils eigenen hämodynamischen Charakteristika. Zweifellos kann die kombinierte morphologisch-funktionelle MRT zur Entwicklung weiterer Verbesserungen des Fontan-Verfahrens beitragen. Trotz aller technischen Verbesserungen, insbesondere der Einführung des Atemanhalteverfahrens, bleibt die MRT nach wie vor eine Ergänzung zu Echokardiographie und Angiokardiographie. Verfügbarkeit, Ortsgebundenheit und die bei Säuglingen und Kindern erforderliche Sedierung sind bekannte Hindernisse. Nicht zuletzt gilt es, gegen die relativ begrenzte Einbeziehung von Kardiologen in die MRT-Abteilung und die eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Radiologen mit Erfahrung in CHD anzugehen, um die MRT zu einem “vollwertigen Mitglied im Klub” der bildgebenden Verfahren bei CHD zu machen.
    Notes: Abstract With the increasing number of patients surviving after therapeutic intervention for congenital heart disease (CHD), accurate and frequent follow-up of their morphologic and functional cardiovascular status is required, preferably with a noninvasive imaging technique. Echocardiography, either transthoracic or transesophageal, has been the first choice for this purpose, and will probably keep that status, at least in a large segment of the CHD spectrum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established method for high-resolution visualization of cardiovascular morphology. In the past decade, newer MRI techniques have been developed that allow functional evaluation of CHD patients. Particularly the introduction of breath-hold imaging, contrast-enhanced MRA and user-friendly computer software for image analysis may move functional MRI of CHD from the science laboratory to clinical use. It is already evident that MRI is superior to echocardiography in certain areas of limited echocardiographic access, such as the pulmonary artery branches and the aortic arch in adult patients. But MRI has also a unique potential for accurate volumetric analysis of ventricular function and cardiovascular blood flow, without any geometric assumptions. If supported by increased cooperation between cardiologists and radiologists, MRI will grow into a useful noninvasive imaging tool that, together with echocardiography, will obviate the need for invasive catheter studies for diagnostic purposes.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arthroskopie ; Klinische Untersuchung ; Kniegelenk ; MRT ; Key words Arthroscopy ; Clinical examination ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used frequently in the diagnosis of knee injuries. The aim of this study was to compare the accruracy of MRI and clinical examination in diagnosing meniscal and cruciate ligament tears. Between January 1997 and June 1998, a total of 883 patients had undergone knee joint arthroscopy, operated on by one orthopedic surgeon. Of these, 144 patients had a preoperative MRI (group 1). This group was compared with 309 patients who had undergone arthroscopy without MRI between January 1997 and June 1997 (group 2). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for tears of the medial meniscus were 80.6%/58.8%/72.9% in group 1 and 83.3%/78.5%/80.3% in group 2, respectively, for tears of the lateral meniscus 44.4%/88.9%/83.3% in group 1 and 60.6%/98.8%/92.5% in group 2 and for tears of the anterior cruciate ligament 58.1%/92.0%/¶84.7% in group 1 and 80.1%/96.6%/¶89.6% in group 2. This study demonstrates that an experienced orthopedic surgeon can rely on the clinical diagnosis and decide whether arthroscopy is necessary in most cases without MRI. He will find intraarticular pathology in almost all cases if arthroscopy is performed. MRI should be reserved for special cases and should not be performed without first conducting a thorough clinical examination. The orthopedic surgeon should decide whether MRI is needed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Häufigkeit wird beim Verdacht auf einen Kniebinnenschaden die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Treffsicherheit von MRT und klinischer Untersuchung bei der Diagnose von Meniskusläsionen und Kreuzbandverletzungen zu vergleichen und daraus zu schlussfolgern, wann ein MRT am Kniegelenk indiziert ist. Vom 1.1.1997 bis zum 30.6.1998 wurden 883 Kniegelenkarthroskopien durchgeführt. Bei 144 Kniegelenken lag präoperativ ein MRT vor (Gruppe 1). Dieser Gruppe wurde eine Vergleichsgruppe, bestehend aus allen vom 1.1.1997 bis zum 30.6.1997 arthroskopierten Kniegelenken ohne präoperatives MRT (n = 309) gegenübergestellt (Gruppe 2). Sensitivität, Spezifität und Präzision betrugen für den medialen Meniskus 80,6%, 58,8% bzw. 72,9% in Gruppe 1 und 83,3%, 78,5% bzw. 80,3% in Gruppe 2, für den lateralen Meniskus 44,4%, 88,9% bzw. 83,3% in Gruppe 1 und 60,6%, 98,8% bzw. 92,5% in Gruppe 2 und für das vordere Kreuzband 58,1%, 92,0% bzw. 84,7% in Gruppe 1 und 80,1%, 96,6% bzw.89,6% in Gruppe 2. Mit einer sorgfältigen klinischen Untersuchung können in Verbindung mit Standardröntgenaufnahmen in den meisten Fällen die Diagnose und damit die Indikation zur Arthroskopie mit ausreichender Sicherheit gestellt werden. Die Magnetresonanztomographie sollte Spezialindikationen vorbehalten bleiben und durch den Operateur veranlasst werden.
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  • 112
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    Arthroskopie 13 (2000), S. 132-137 
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Qualitätssicherung ; Knorpeldefekte ; MRT ; Scores ; Keywords Quality control ; Cartilage repair ; MRI ; Clinical scores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Most procedures currently in use for the treatment of full thickness cartilage defects lack solid data as a proof of quality. Various techniques for quality control are advisable. Meticulous documentation of adverse events and treatment failures is crucial. Patient self-assessment and clinical scores are often biased but focussed on the basis of medical efforts: the well-being of the patient. Second-look arthroscopies produce fewer facts for quality control than expected but enable therapeutical intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging will be essential for cartilage assessment in the future. To date, the evaluation of tissue quality is experimental. Histology and immunohistochemistry are widely accepted as precise tools to characterize cartilaginous tissue. Ethical reasons prohibit daily use. Quality control following the repair of cartilage defects is complicated, expensive, and of variable outcome, but dangerous if neglected. Multiple insignificant results can lead to a sharp image of the postoperative condition and may enable quality control of treatment and surgery.
    Notes: Die meisten Verfahren zur Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten werden angewendet, ohne dass ihre Qualität zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen ist. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Qualitätssicherung können derzeit mit vertretbarem Aufwand routinemäßig eingesetzt werden. Die Beurteilung der Sicherheit einer Behandlung hinsichtlich Komplikationen und Therapieversagern ist von eminenter Bedeutung. Patientenfragebögen und klinische Scores sind subjektiv, orientieren sich aber am eigentlichen Ziel einer Therapie: der Wiederherstellung des Wohlbefindens des Patienten. Noch in den Anfängen, aber mit hervorragenden Perspektiven für die Zukunft steht die Magnetresonanztomographie. Knorpelqualität und -aktivität können heute noch nicht beurteilt werden. Die Kontrollarthroskopie nach der Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten liefert weniger harte Daten für die Qualitätssicherung als erwünscht, ermöglicht aber therapeutische Maßnahmen. Histologische Untersuchungen stehen im Ruf der unbestechlichen Präzision. Dem breiten Einsatz stehen jedoch fehlende Standards und berechtigte ethische Bedenken entgegen. Qualitätssicherung nach der operativen Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten ist schwierig, teuer und häufig ungenau – keine Qualitätssicherung ist oft gefährlich. Aus vielen, isoliert gesehen ungenauen Befunden werden die Bewertung eines Zustands immer sicherer und die Beurteilung der Qualität einer Behandlung möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
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    Cancer and metastasis reviews 19 (2000), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1573-7233
    Keywords: angiogenesis ; MRI ; permeability ; in vivo imaging ; hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a range of non-invasive measures for visualization of tumor angiogenesis in the clinic as well as in experimental tumor models. MRI methods were developed for assessment of spatial and temporal changes in perfusion, blood volume fraction, vascular permeability, vascular function, vascular maturation, vessel diameter and tortuosity. Molecular targeted contrast agents were used for mapping specific markers of neovasculature. These approaches were applied for analysis of a number of regulatory mechanisms controlling tumor angiogenesis and for preclinical evaluation of tumor response to antiangiogenic agents.
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  • 114
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    Journal of neural transmission 107 (2000), S. 1427-1436 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Brain ; MRI ; PSP ; MSA ; parkinsonism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. To establish diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from multiple system atrophy (MSA), magnetic resonance images from eight patients with probable PSP, 30 with probable MSA {nine striatonigral degeneration (MSA-P) and 21 olivopontocerebellar atrophy (MSA-C)}, and ten age-matched controls were retrospectively studied. Anteroposterior diameters in the midline sagittal T1-weighted image of the rostral (RMT) and caudal midbrain tegmentum (CMT), caudal pons and medulla were measured. Divergence of the red nuclei (RN) in the axial T2-weighted image was judged. All PSP images had a smaller RMT diameter than the lower limit of the normal range, showed RN divergence, and had a pontine diameter within the normal range. All MSA images had a CMT diameter within the normal range; no MSA images showed divergence of RN. Forty-four percent (4/9) of MSA-P and 76% (16/21) of MSA-C images had a pontine diameter smaller than the lower limit of the normal range. On basis of the results, we propose MRI diagnostic criteria for differentiating PSP from MSA.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1436-2023
    Keywords: Key words Osteonecrosis ; Femoral head ; Bone marrow edema ; MRI ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 38-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who had received corticosteroid and had developed non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The initial MR finding was a band lesion on the T1-weighted image, which had been present before the onset of symptoms. At the onset of symptoms, a diffuse bone marrow edema pattern, with a low signal intensity on T1 and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, was noted around the band lesion, extending to the femoral neck. Histopathologically, this region was found to consist of serous exudate, focal interstitial hemorrhage, and mild fibrosis, without any evidence of extension of osteonecrosis. It should be noted that extension of a low signal intensity area on MRI after the onset of hip pain may not be the result of the extension of osteonecrosis, but may represent concomitant edema due to collapse.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: EEG ; MRI ; Co-registration ; Spline ; Source localization ; Head model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two classes of functional neuroimaging methods exist: hemodynamic techniques such as PET and fMRI, and electromagnetic techniques such as EEG/ERP and MEG. In order to fusion these images with anatomical information, co-registration with volumetric MRI is needed. While such co-registration techniques are well established for hemodynamic images, additional steps are needed for electromagnetic recordings, because the activity is only recorded on the scalp surface and inverse solutions based on specific head models have to be used to estimate the 3-dimensional current distribution. To date most of the experimental and clinical studies use multi-shell concentric sphere models of the head, solve the inverse problem on this simplistic model, and then co-register the solution with the MRI using homogeneous transform operations. Contrary to this standard method, we here propose to map the MRI to the spherical system by defining transformation operations that transform the MRI to a best-fitting sphere. Once done so, the solution points are defined in the cerebral tissue of this deformed MRI and the lead field for the distributed linear inverse solutions is calculated for this solution space. The method, that we call SMAC (Spherical Model with Anatomical Constrains) is tested with simulations, as well as with the following real data: 1) estimation of the sources of visual evoked potentials to unilateral stimulation from data averaged over subjects, and 2) localization of interictal discharges of two epileptic patients, one with a temporal, the other with an occipital focus, both confirmed by seizure freedom after resection of the epileptogenic region.
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  • 117
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Deafness ; MRI ; 14-3-3 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with deafness at the onset. We report clinical features, 14-3-3 protein positivity, electroencephalography and brain stem auditory evoked potential abnormalities, and high signal on magnetic resonance imaging in basal ganglia and temporal cortex. Similarities with CJD Heidenhain variant are discussed.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1590-9999
    Keywords: Key words Disc herniation ; Lumbar spine ; Migration ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The majority of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations are located in a posterolateral position with resultant nerve root compression. Although caudal, rostral and lateral migrations of disc fragments are common, posterior epidural migration of an extruded free fragment from a lumbar disc herniation is a rare occurrence and sometimes may cause a dural sac compression with cauda equina syndrome. This retrospective case report describes a 63-year-old man with intractable lower back pain and cauda equina syndrome. Emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a posterior epidural soft tissue compressing the dural sac. The lesion was hypointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images and showed rim enhancement after intravenous injection of gadolinium. A laminectomy at L3 was performed and the extruded disc fragment was removed with dural sac decompression. Postoperatively the patient's radicular symptoms completely resolved. At the 2-year follow-up visit, the patient had recovered full motor, sensory and urinary functions. MRI is the modality of choice in the evaluation of an extruded free disc fragment and a cauda equina compression. In such cases a wide decompressive laminectomy is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Venous angioma ; MRI ; Vascular malformations ; Focal cortical dysplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of epilepsy associated with cerebral venous angiomas (VA). We examined epileptic patients in which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed VA. The characteristics of epilepsy and its relationships to VA were studied. Out of 1020 epileptic patients submitted to MRI in a 10-year period, 4 presented with VA. All had partial seizures, most frequently complex partial, with secondary generalizations in 3. Drug resistance was observed in 2. One patient had a small area of cortical dysplasia near the VA; another had a cutaneous angioma. In 2 patients, there was no topographic concordance between the VA and the focus on electroencephalography. Our study reveals that VA are rarely found in epileptic patients, differently from other vascular malformations, in particular cavernomas. Topographic and/or etiological relationships between VA and epilepsy are still undefined.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Extended twin study ; methodology ; structural equation modeling ; intermediate phenotype ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The hunt for genes influencing behavior may be aided by the study of intermediate phenotypes for several reasons. First, intermediate phenotypes may be influenced by only a few genes, which facilitates their detection. Second, many intermediate phenotypes can be measured on a continuous quantitative scale and thus can be assessed in affected and unaffected individuals. Continuous measures increase the statistical power to detect genetic effects (Neale et al., 1994), and allow studies to be designed to collect data from informative subjects such as extreme concordant or discordant pairs. Intermediate phenotypes for discrete traits, such as psychiatric disorders, can be neurotransmitter levels, brain function, or structure. In this paper we conduct a multivariate analysis of data from 111 twin pairs and 34 additional siblings on cerebellar volume, intracranial space, and body height. The analysis is carried out on the raw data and specifies a model for the mean and the covariance structure. Results suggest that cerebellar volume and intracranial space vary with age and sex. Brain volumes tend to decrease slightly with age, and males generally have a larger brain volume than females. The remaining phenotypic variance of cerebellar volume is largely genetic (88%). These genetic factors partly overlap with the genetic factors that explain variance in intracranial space and body height. The applied method is presented as a general approach for the analysis of intermediate phenotypes in which the effects of correlated variables on the observed scores are modeled through multivariate analysis.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: NMRD ; MRI ; Contrast agents ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Sulfonamides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel Gd-DTPA derivative with a built-in sulfonamide (SA) was synthesized as a contrast agent for MRI. The complex was designed to selectively target the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. It is shown that the longitudinal relaxation rates of aqueous solutions of Gd-DTPA-SA in the presence of carbonic anhydrase increase significantly. The binding constant is determined to be 15,000 ± 5,000 M-1. This value ensures substantial formation of the carbonic anhydrase adduct at imaging concentrations of Gd-DTPA-SA. The complex interacts with erythrocytes, presumably due to a high affinity for the carbonic anhydrase present on the outer surface of the latter. This takes place even though the enzyme has a low abundance and is easily saturated by small amounts of Gd-DTPA-SA. The interaction of Gd-DTPA-SA with serum proteins is negligibly small. Therefore, the complex could potentially be tested as a selective contrast agent for compartments outside the blood pool.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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