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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 59 (1981), S. 415-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hepato-renal syndrome ; Functional renal failure ; Diagnosis ; Pathophysiology ; Therapeutic approach ; Hepatorenales Syndrom ; Funktionelles Nierenversagen ; Diagnose ; Pathophysiologie ; Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das hepatorenale Syndrom wird als potentiell reversibles funktionelles Nierenversagen definiert, das bei fortgeschrittener Leberinsuffizienz auftritt und durch Oligurie, Azotämie, renale Natrium-und Wasserretention sowie Hyponatriämie charakterisiert ist. Die auf weniger als 10 mÄq/l reduzierte Natrium-Konzentration im Urin spricht für eine intake tubuläre Natrium-Resoprtion, während die renale Freiwasser-Bildung eingeschränkt ist. Sonstige im Verlauf von Leber- oder Gallenwegserkrankungen auftretende spezifische Nierenschädigungen dürfen nicht dem Begriff des hepatorenalen Syndroms zugeordnet, sondern müssen als solche gekennzeichnet werden. Pathophysiologisch sind hämodynamische Faktoren, wie Änderungen der intrarenalen Blutstromverteilung bei erhöhtem intrarenalem und vermindertem peripherem Gefäßwiderstand wirksam. Weiterhin dürfte ihm eine Störung des funktionellen Gleichgewichts von vasokonstriktorischen, natrium-retinierenden und antidiuretischen hormonellen Faktoren (z.B. Renin-Angiotensin, Aldosteron und Vasopressin) zu vasodilatorisch, diuretisch und natriuretisch wirkenden Hormonen (z.B. Prostaglandine, Kinine und Natriuretisches Hormon) zugrunde liegen. Schließlich bedingt das prä- und intrahepatische “Spillover” eine unzureichende Endotoxin-Clearance. Bisherige pharmakologische Interventionen zur Beseitigung einzelner Störungen ebenso wie klinischtherapeutische Maßnahmen blieben nicht zuletzt wegen ungenügender Kenntnis der relativen Bedeutung dieser Faktoren erfolglos. Die Prognose des Patienten mit hepatorenalem Syndrom wird daher heute noch vor allem vom Verlauf der zugrundeliegenden Lebererkrankung bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary The hepato-renal syndrome is defined as potentially reversible functional renal failure associated with acute fulminant hepatitis or, more often, with advanced chronic liver failure. It is characterized by oliguria, azotemia, retention of sodium and water with formation of ascites, and hyponatremia. While urinary sodium concentration of less than 10 mEq/l reflects intact tubular sodium absorption, the kidney lacks the ability for adequate free-water generation. This condition must be separated from specific renal diseases which may arise during the course of intraor extrahepatic diseases and which must be classified accordingly. Pathophysiological aspects of the hepato-renal syndrome include hemodynamic factors, such as changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution in the presence of elevated intrarenal and reduced peripheral vascular resistance. The functional relationship of vasoconstrictor, sodium retaining, and antidiuretic hormones (e.g., renin-angiotensin, aldosterone, and vasopressin) to vasodilator, diuretic, and natriuretic hormonal factors (e.g., prostaglandins, kinins, and natriuretic hormone) may be altered as well. Finally, a pre- and intrahepatic spillover resulting in decreased endotoxin clearance must be considered. Due to the lack of understanding of their complex interactions, so far pharmacological and therapeutic approaches remained ineffective to correct at least some of these factors. Today, recovery from hepato-renal syndrome will, therefore, mainly depend on the course of the underlying liver disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Prostaglandins ; NaCl excretion ; Excretory renal function ; Tubular function ; Prostaglandine ; NaCl Ausscheidung ; Exkretorische Nierenfunktion ; Tubuläre Funktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An sechs gesunden Versuchspersonen wurde die Wirkung einer oral verabreichten Einzeldosis von 75 mg Indometacin auf die Nierenfunktion und die Urinausscheidung von Prostaglandin (PG) E2 untersucht. Indometacin bewirkte eine signifikante Reduktion der NaCl Ausscheidung über einen Zeitraum von 12 h ohne gleichzeitige Wirkung auf die GFR. Diese Wirkung auf die exkretorische Nierenfunktion war von einer gleichzeitigen Abnahme der Urinausscheidung von PGE2 begleitet, welche ebenfalls nach 12 h wieder auf Kontrollwerte anstieg. In einer zweiten Versuchsserie wurde die Wirkung einer Indometacingabe auf proximale und distale Tubulusfunktion während Wasserdiurese mittels Clearance-Methoden ermittelt. Dabei kam es nach Indometacingabe wiederum zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Urinausscheidung von Chlorid, Natrium und Kalium ohne Änderungen der GFR oder der Urinausscheidung von Phosphat. Die Indometacingabe hatte keinen Effekt auf die Chloridmenge, die den distalen Tubulus erreicht (distal delivery), führte jedoch zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der distalen fraktionellen Absorption von Chlorid (DFACl). In einer dritten Versuchsserie wurde die Wirkung von Furosemid auf die GFR und die tubuläre NaCl Absorption ohne und mit gleichzeitiger Gabe von Indometacin untersucht. Nach Gabe von Furosemid kam es zu einem fast zwölffachen Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von Natrium und Chlorid, einem etwa dreifachen Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von Kalium und einem signifikanten Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von Phosphat. Weiterhin kam es nach Furosemidgabe zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der “distal delivery”, einer Abnahme der DFACl und einem Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von PGE2. Unter gleichzeitiger Gabe von Indometacin kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Urinausscheidung von PGE2 ohne daß die Furosemid-induzierten Änderungen der exkretorischen Nierenfunktion dadurch verändert wurden. Unsere Ergebnisse legen eine Rolle des endogenen PG-Systems bei der Regulation der renalen NaCl Ausscheidung nahe und lokalisieren eine solche Wirkung in das Verdünnungssegment des distalen Tubulus. Furosemide vermag die renale Synthese von PGE2 zu stimulieren aber die tubuläre Wirkung dieses Diuretikums scheint nicht über das renale PG System vermittelt zu werden.
    Notes: Summary The effect of a single oral dose of 75 mg of indomethacin on renal function and urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) E2 was investigated in six healthy volunteers. In the absence of changes in GFR, indomethacin significantly reduced urinary excretion of sodium and chloride for 12 h with a return to control values afterwards. This effect on the renal excretory function was closely paralleled by a decrease in urinary excretion of PGE|12|0 which also returned to control values after 12 h. In a second series of experiments, inhibition of PG synthesis was performed in healthy volunteers during sustained water diuresis to determine the tubular site of altered NaCl absorption using clearance methods. Again, indomethacin induced a significant suppression of urinary excretion of sodium, chloride and potassium without changes in GFR or urinary excretion of phosphate. Indomethacin treatment had no effect on the delivery of chloride beyond the proximal tubule to the distal tubules (distal delivery) but significantly increased the distal fractional absorption of chloride (DFACl). In a third series of experiments, the effect of furosemide on GFR and tubular NaCl absorption was studied without and with concomitant administration of indomethacin. Furosemide induced an almost twelvefold increase in the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride, an approximately threefold increase in urinary excretion of potassium and a significant increase in urinary phosphate excretion. Furosemide also increased distal delivery and decreased DFACl and also increased urinary excretion of PGE2. Concomitant indomethacin treatment significantly suppressed urinary excretion of PGE2 but did not affect any of the furosemide induced changes in renal function. Our results support the concept that PG participate in the regulation of renal NaCl excretion and suggest that the diluting segments of the nephron may be the site of action of renal PG. Furthermore, furosemide stimulates renal synthesis of PGE2 but the tubular effects of this diuretic appear not to be mediated by the renal PG system.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Na-K-ATPase ; Ouabain ; Natriuretic hormone ; Intracellular electrolytes ; Peripheral vascular resistance ; Cardiac function ; Hypertension ; Calcium entry blockade ; Human studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An endogenous humoral factor which inhibits the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) enzyme in vitro has been incriminated recently of playing a pathogenetic role in experimental and human hypertension. The present study was therefore performed in six healthy volunteers to investigate the hemodynamic consequences of an inhibition of this enzyme by ouabain, a potent and specific inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase. In addition, the role of intracellular calcium as a potential mediator was studied indirectly by the administration of nifedipine, a potent calcium entry blocker with predominant vasodilator properties. Intravenous administration of 8.5 µg ouabain/kg body weight inhibited red blood cell (RBC) — Na-K-ATPase by 49% which was accompanied by a significant increase in RBC — ATP and a decrease in intracellular potassium concentrations. This enzyme inhibition resulted in a 24% increase in peripheral vascular resistance. The parallel decrease in cardiac output and heart rate, however, prevented a rise in arterial pressure. This increase in vascular resistance was completely abolished by pretreatment with nifedipine (10 mg orally). In the absence of an effect of nifedipine on Na-K-ATPase, its attenuation of the vasoconstrictor effect of ouabain suggests that the effects of ouabain on the vascular smooth muscle cell are mediated by intracellular calcium. These results demonstrate that inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase enzyme in vivo causes a marked peripheral vaso-constriction. They are also compatible with the concept that an endogenous inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase — in the presence of decreased baroreceptor reflex sensitivity due to blood volume expansion — may play a role in the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Na+/H+ antiport ; Hypertension ; Diabetic nephropathy ; Hereditary factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) may depend on factors other than the quality of diabetes control. Hypertension is an additional factor associated with a high degree of renal involvement in IDDM. One abnormality consistantly observed in various tissues of patients with essential hypertension is enhanced activity of the Na+/H+ antiport. In the present study we have therefore studied platelet antiport activity in 41 healthy subjects (control), in 22 patients with untreated essential hypertension (EH), and in 35 normotensive IDDM patients (type 1). Of these patients 17 exhibited signs of diabetic nephropathy (group 1) while 18 had no evidence for renal involvement of IDDM in spite of a duration of IDDM of at least 10 years (group 2). The two IDDM patient groups were undistinguishable with respect to age, body mass index, and arterial blood pressure (group 1, 117.9±2.4/78.4±1.5 mmHg; group 2, 113.9±3.6/76.1±1.8 mmHg). Antiporter activity was determined from the rate of cell volume changes induced by propionic acid. Platelet Na+/H+ exchange activity averaged 23.43±0.43 10−3·s−1 in control subjects and was markedly elevated in EH (28.38±0.62 10−3·s−1 P〈0.01). Antiport activity in group 2 patients without nephropathy averaged 24.54±0.57 10−3·s−1 and was undistinguishable from the control group. However, platelet Na+/H+ antiport activity was significantly stimulated in group 1 patients with nephropathy as compared to group 2(26.95±0.73 10−3. s−1 ; P〈0.025). Our results show that renal involvement in IDDM is associated with enhanced activity of the platelet Na+/H+ antiport.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 710-710 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 519-521 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Iron-deficiency anemia ; Celiac disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on a 40-year-old woman with a 2-year history of iron-deficiency anemia of unknown origin. Repeated endoscopic investigations in the past had revealed no abnormality of the gastrointestinal system on macroscopic examination. Oral iron supplementation was shown to have no effect on serum iron levels and had no influence on the anemia. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed at our hospital confirmed normal macroscopic findings. However, jejunal biopsies revealed subtotal villous atrophy of the mucosa of the small intestine. A strict gluten-free diet led to an increase in serum iron, resolution of the anemia, and restitution of normal mucosal architecture. Thus iron-deficiency anemia may be the lone manifestation of celiac disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Insulin ; Smooth muscle cell ; Vascular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypertension has a high prevalence among subjects with decreased insulin sensitivity and/or hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, angiotensin II plays a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tone and is known to induce hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the present study, the effect of insulin on angiotensin II induced smooth muscle cell growth (Wistar-Kyoto rat) was investigated. Cell growth was assessed by the measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporation into cell DNA. Insulin in a concentration range of 1.7 × 10−10–1.7 × 10−6 M lacked any effect on cell DNA synthesis. However, insulin enhanced the angiotensin 11 induced DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was similar in cells with a weak and in cells with a marked response in DNA synthesis to stimulation with 100 nM angiotensin 11. In conclusion, insulin is able to enhance angiotensin 11 induced DNA synthesis and may therefore function as a growth cofactor in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cell volume regulation ; Hypertonicity ; Lymphocytes ; Na+/H+ antiport ; Saline infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Na+/H+ antiport is a membrane transport protein that extrudes intracellular protons in exchange for extracellular sodium. Some details of its physiological and pathophysiological role remain poorly defined. Experimental evidence suggests that the antiporter is involved in the regulation of cell volume. In the present study, we therefore investigated the activity of the lymphocyte Na+/H+ antiport in nine healthy volunteers following acute hypertonic (2.5%) saline infusion (4 mmol NaCl/kg over 120 min). Antiport activity was measured after acidifying the cells with Na+ propionate (5–40 mM) using the fluorescent dye bis-carboxyethyl carboxyfluorescein. Hypertonic saline induced significant increases in plasma osmolality (308.4±2.3 vs. 293.5±2.7 mOsm/kg; P〈0.01), serum Na+ (150.8±3.7 vs. 138.9±0.5 mmol/kg; P〈0.01), and Cl− concentrations (118.0±3.9 vs. 101.1±1.0 mmol/kg; P〈0.01). Extracellular hypertonicity was followed by a stimulated activity of the lymphocyte Na+/H+ antiport with an increase in the apparent V max values from 2.44±0.16 to 3.27±0.34 10−3 s−1 (P〈0.01) and a slight rise in pK from 6.81±0.03 to 6.87±0.03 (P〈0.05) after hypertonic saline. In addition to antiport activation, cytosolic alkalinization was observed with cytosolic pH values averaging 6.90±0.02 before and 6.99±0.02 (P〈0.01) after hypertonic saline. Our results show for the first time that acute extracellular hypertonicity in man due to hypertonic NaCl loading is associated with a stimulated lymphocyte Na+/H+ antiport activity and cytosolic alkalinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 881-887 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Potassium depletion ; Angiotensin ; Aldosterone ; Norepinephrine ; Vascular sensitivity ; Renal concentrating ability ; Glucose tolerance ; Kaliummangel ; Angiotensin ; Aldosteron ; Noradrenalin ; Gefäßsensitivität ; renales Konzentrationsvermögen ; Glucosetoleranz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs gesunden Versuchspersonen wurde mit Hilfe einer kaliumarmen Diät und dreitägiger Gabe von täglich 40 mg Furosemid eine Kaliumverarmung von 217±16 mÄq mit einem Abfall der Serum Kalium-Konzentration von 4,2±0,1 auf 3,2±0,1 mÄq/l induziert. Körpergewicht, arterieller Blutdruck, Serum Natrium- und Bicarbonat-Konzentrationen, Plasma Cortisol- und Noradrenalin-Konzentrationen, Plasma Renin-Aktivität, Urinvolumen und — Osmolarität, endogene 24 h — Kreatinin-Clearance und die Ausscheidung der 17-Hydroxycorticosteroide im Harn blieben unverändert. Dagegen waren sowohl die Plasma Aldosteron-Konzentration in Ruhe (2,6±0,3 vs. 7,2±2,6 pg/ml;p〈0,01) und nach Orthostase (5,5±1,3 vs. 19,8±8,1 pg/ml;p〈0,01) als auch die Ausscheidung von Aldosteron-18-Glucuronid (1,64±0,14 vs. 3,45±0,61 µg/24 h;p〈0,01) signifikant supprimiert. Während der Blutdruckanstieg unter Infusion von Noradrenalin während Hypokaliämie unverändert blieb, war die Sensitivität gegenüber exogen zugeführtem Angiotensin II signifikant vermindert. Kaliumverarmung hatte keinen Effekt auf die Nüchtern-Glucose-Konzentration, veränderte jedoch die Plasma Glucose-Kinetik nach oraler Gabe von 100 g Glucose, ohne eine pathologische Glucosetoleranz zu bewirken. Die verspätete maximale Plasma Glucose-Konzentration ist dabei mit einer supprimierten Sekretion von Insulin 30 min nach Glucosezufuhr vergesellschaftet (74,0±19,2 vs. 126,0±23,5 µU/ml;p〈0,05). Während der Kaliumverarmung wurden von den Probanden keine subjektiven Beschwerden geäußert. Unsere Untersuchung zeigt, daß eine akute mäßiggradige Kaliumverarmung bei jungen, gesunden Versuchspersonen eine signifikante Suppression der adrenalen Aldosteronsekretion, eine Abnahme der Gefäßsensitivität gegenüber Angiotensin II und eine verzögerte Glucoseutilisation aufgrund einer supprimierten Insulinsekretion bei nicht pathologischer Glucosetoleranz bewirkt.
    Notes: Summary In six healthy volunteers, potassium depletion of 217±16 mEq with a decrease in serum potassium concentration from 4.2±0.1 to 3.2±0.1 mEq/l was induced by a diet low in potassium and furosemide, 40 mg/day over three days. Body weight, arterial blood pressure, serum sodium and bicarbonate concentrations, plasma cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations, plasma renin activity, urine volume and osmolarity, endogenous 24 h creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were unchanged. Potassium depletion significantly decreased supine (2.6±0.3 vs. 7.2±2.6 pg/ml;p〈0.01) and upright plasma aldosterone concentrations (5.5±1.3 vs. 19.8±8.1 pg/ml;p〈0.01) and urinary excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide (1.64±0.14 vs. 3.45±0.61 µg/24 h;p〈0.01). The response of arterial blood pressure to exogenous norepinephrine was unchanged by potassium depletion while the vascular sensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II was significantly decreased. Potassium depletion had no effect on fasting plasma glucose or on plasma glucose concentrations following a 100 g oral glucose load but delayed the peak plasma glucose. This was associated with a suppressed early (30 min) insulin response (74.0±19.2 vs. 126.0±23.5 µU/ml;p〈0.05). Potassium depletion was not associated with any subjective complaints on the side of the volunteers. Our studies show that acute moderate potassium depletion in young healthy volunteers significantly suppresses adrenal aldosterone secretion and decreases the vascular sensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II. Furthermore, it is associated with a delayed glucose utilization due to decreased insulin secretion but does not impair overall glucose tolerance.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Essential hypertension ; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system ; β-adrenergic blockade ; diurnal rhythm ; Essentielle Hypertension ; β-Receptorenblokkade ; Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System ; zirkadianer Rhythmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Arterieller Blutdruck, Plasma-Reninaktivität (PRA) und die Konzentration von Aldosteron (PA) und Cortisol (PC) im Plasma wurden bei 8 männlichen Patienten mit essentieller Hypertension vor und nach β-Receptorenblockade mit Propranolol und Prindolol bestimmt. Die Blutentnahme zur Bestimmung von PRA, PA und PC erfolgten halbstündlich zwischen 22.00 und 6.00 Uhr. Vor der β-Receptorenblockade fand sich ein typisches rhythmisches Verhalten von PRA, PA und PC mit relativ niedrigen Werten zwischen 22.00 und 24.00 Uhr und höheren Werten zwischen 1.00 und 4.00 Uhr. Unter einer Dosis von 3×50 mg Propranolol täglich über 4 Wochen kam es bei allen Patienten zu einer signifikanten Senkung des arteriellen Blutdruckes sowie der Pulsfrequenz. PRA und PA fielen signifikant ab. Der typische Rhythmus von PRA war nicht mehr nachweisbar. Dagegen wiesen PA und PC eine qualitativ unveränderte Rhythmik auf. Prindolol führte in einer Dosis von 3×10 mg zu einer vergleichbaren Blutdrucksenkung. Die mittlere PRA und PA blieben unverändert. Die typische Rhythmik der PRA wurde durch Prindolol ebenfalls aufgehoben, während der PA- und PC-Rhythmus unbeeinflußt blieb. Die hypotensive Wirkung von Prindolol kann nicht über eine Hemmung der PRA erklärt werden. Die Dissoziation des PRA- und des PA-Rhythmus weist darauf hin, daß unter β-Receptorenblockade die zirkadiane Rhythmik der Aldosteronsekretion nicht durch das Renin-angiotensin-System reguliert wird. Die normale Cortisolrhythmik ist mit einem unveränderten ACTH-Rhythmus vereinbar, der für die qualitativ normale zirkadiane Aldosteronsekretion unter β-Receptorenblokkade verantwortlich zu sein scheint.
    Notes: Summary Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma concentration of aldosterone (PA) and cortisol (PC) were determined in essential hypertensive patients before and after β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and prindolol. Serial measurements of PRA, PA and PC at 30 min intervals (8 p.m. to 6 a.m.) were performed in 8 patients. Administration of propranolol (50 mg three times daily) over a period of 4 weeks was followed by a significant reduction in BP, PRA and PA. PC remained unaltered. The pattern of rhythmic secretion of renin was abolished whereas that of aldosterone persisted at a lower level. Prindolol (10 mg three times daily) had a similar effect on BP as propranolol but failed to lower PRA and PA. Rhythmic secretion of renin was also markedly altered with prindolol in the absence of any change in rhythmicity of PA and PC. The hypotensive action of prindolol was not mediated via inhibition of renin release. The dissociation between PRA and PA rhythmicity indicates that during β-adrenergic blokkade diurnal rhythm of aldosterone secretion is not regulated by the renin-angiotensin-system. Rhythmicity of PC was normal, indicating that also ACTH-secretion was unaltered. Thus, under β-blockade unchanged diurnal rhythm of aldosterone may be due to normal ACTH-secretion.
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