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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Bartter's syndrome ; Tubular function ; Hypokalemia ; Prostaglandins ; Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies have demonstrated that patients with Bartter's syndrome regularly exhibit a reduced tubular absorption of chloride in the ascending limb of Henle. This defect represents the most ‘proximate’ abnormality of the syndrome so far identified. It causes renal potassium loss through reduced potassium cotransport in the ascending limb of Henle as well as through increased tubular flow rate stimulating potassium secretion in the distal nephron. Hypokalemia per se may stimulate renal and vascular prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins in turn mediate the increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and may also participate in the vascular resistance to the pressor action of exogenous angiotensin II and norepinephrine. The differential diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome includes syndromes with hypokalemic alkalosis and a stimulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system such as extrarenal electrolyte losses and diuretic abuse. Extrarenal electrolyte loss can be identified through metabolic studies with determination of urinary electrolyte excretion and by the determination of the fractional free-water clearance during sustained water diuresis. Covert diuretic abuse may be identified through a screen of the urine for the presence of diuretics and by marked day-to-day variations in urinary electrolyte excretion during metabolic studies. The therapcutic approach to Bartter's syndrome includes administration of potassium chloride and potassium-sparing diuretics as well as of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Na-K-ATPase ; Ouabain ; Natriuretic hormone ; Intracellular electrolytes ; Peripheral vascular resistance ; Cardiac function ; Hypertension ; Calcium entry blockade ; Human studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An endogenous humoral factor which inhibits the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) enzyme in vitro has been incriminated recently of playing a pathogenetic role in experimental and human hypertension. The present study was therefore performed in six healthy volunteers to investigate the hemodynamic consequences of an inhibition of this enzyme by ouabain, a potent and specific inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase. In addition, the role of intracellular calcium as a potential mediator was studied indirectly by the administration of nifedipine, a potent calcium entry blocker with predominant vasodilator properties. Intravenous administration of 8.5 µg ouabain/kg body weight inhibited red blood cell (RBC) — Na-K-ATPase by 49% which was accompanied by a significant increase in RBC — ATP and a decrease in intracellular potassium concentrations. This enzyme inhibition resulted in a 24% increase in peripheral vascular resistance. The parallel decrease in cardiac output and heart rate, however, prevented a rise in arterial pressure. This increase in vascular resistance was completely abolished by pretreatment with nifedipine (10 mg orally). In the absence of an effect of nifedipine on Na-K-ATPase, its attenuation of the vasoconstrictor effect of ouabain suggests that the effects of ouabain on the vascular smooth muscle cell are mediated by intracellular calcium. These results demonstrate that inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase enzyme in vivo causes a marked peripheral vaso-constriction. They are also compatible with the concept that an endogenous inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase — in the presence of decreased baroreceptor reflex sensitivity due to blood volume expansion — may play a role in the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Essential hypertension ; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system ; β-adrenergic blockade ; diurnal rhythm ; Essentielle Hypertension ; β-Receptorenblokkade ; Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System ; zirkadianer Rhythmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Arterieller Blutdruck, Plasma-Reninaktivität (PRA) und die Konzentration von Aldosteron (PA) und Cortisol (PC) im Plasma wurden bei 8 männlichen Patienten mit essentieller Hypertension vor und nach β-Receptorenblockade mit Propranolol und Prindolol bestimmt. Die Blutentnahme zur Bestimmung von PRA, PA und PC erfolgten halbstündlich zwischen 22.00 und 6.00 Uhr. Vor der β-Receptorenblockade fand sich ein typisches rhythmisches Verhalten von PRA, PA und PC mit relativ niedrigen Werten zwischen 22.00 und 24.00 Uhr und höheren Werten zwischen 1.00 und 4.00 Uhr. Unter einer Dosis von 3×50 mg Propranolol täglich über 4 Wochen kam es bei allen Patienten zu einer signifikanten Senkung des arteriellen Blutdruckes sowie der Pulsfrequenz. PRA und PA fielen signifikant ab. Der typische Rhythmus von PRA war nicht mehr nachweisbar. Dagegen wiesen PA und PC eine qualitativ unveränderte Rhythmik auf. Prindolol führte in einer Dosis von 3×10 mg zu einer vergleichbaren Blutdrucksenkung. Die mittlere PRA und PA blieben unverändert. Die typische Rhythmik der PRA wurde durch Prindolol ebenfalls aufgehoben, während der PA- und PC-Rhythmus unbeeinflußt blieb. Die hypotensive Wirkung von Prindolol kann nicht über eine Hemmung der PRA erklärt werden. Die Dissoziation des PRA- und des PA-Rhythmus weist darauf hin, daß unter β-Receptorenblockade die zirkadiane Rhythmik der Aldosteronsekretion nicht durch das Renin-angiotensin-System reguliert wird. Die normale Cortisolrhythmik ist mit einem unveränderten ACTH-Rhythmus vereinbar, der für die qualitativ normale zirkadiane Aldosteronsekretion unter β-Receptorenblokkade verantwortlich zu sein scheint.
    Notes: Summary Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma concentration of aldosterone (PA) and cortisol (PC) were determined in essential hypertensive patients before and after β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and prindolol. Serial measurements of PRA, PA and PC at 30 min intervals (8 p.m. to 6 a.m.) were performed in 8 patients. Administration of propranolol (50 mg three times daily) over a period of 4 weeks was followed by a significant reduction in BP, PRA and PA. PC remained unaltered. The pattern of rhythmic secretion of renin was abolished whereas that of aldosterone persisted at a lower level. Prindolol (10 mg three times daily) had a similar effect on BP as propranolol but failed to lower PRA and PA. Rhythmic secretion of renin was also markedly altered with prindolol in the absence of any change in rhythmicity of PA and PC. The hypotensive action of prindolol was not mediated via inhibition of renin release. The dissociation between PRA and PA rhythmicity indicates that during β-adrenergic blokkade diurnal rhythm of aldosterone secretion is not regulated by the renin-angiotensin-system. Rhythmicity of PC was normal, indicating that also ACTH-secretion was unaltered. Thus, under β-blockade unchanged diurnal rhythm of aldosterone may be due to normal ACTH-secretion.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 881-887 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Potassium depletion ; Angiotensin ; Aldosterone ; Norepinephrine ; Vascular sensitivity ; Renal concentrating ability ; Glucose tolerance ; Kaliummangel ; Angiotensin ; Aldosteron ; Noradrenalin ; Gefäßsensitivität ; renales Konzentrationsvermögen ; Glucosetoleranz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs gesunden Versuchspersonen wurde mit Hilfe einer kaliumarmen Diät und dreitägiger Gabe von täglich 40 mg Furosemid eine Kaliumverarmung von 217±16 mÄq mit einem Abfall der Serum Kalium-Konzentration von 4,2±0,1 auf 3,2±0,1 mÄq/l induziert. Körpergewicht, arterieller Blutdruck, Serum Natrium- und Bicarbonat-Konzentrationen, Plasma Cortisol- und Noradrenalin-Konzentrationen, Plasma Renin-Aktivität, Urinvolumen und — Osmolarität, endogene 24 h — Kreatinin-Clearance und die Ausscheidung der 17-Hydroxycorticosteroide im Harn blieben unverändert. Dagegen waren sowohl die Plasma Aldosteron-Konzentration in Ruhe (2,6±0,3 vs. 7,2±2,6 pg/ml;p〈0,01) und nach Orthostase (5,5±1,3 vs. 19,8±8,1 pg/ml;p〈0,01) als auch die Ausscheidung von Aldosteron-18-Glucuronid (1,64±0,14 vs. 3,45±0,61 µg/24 h;p〈0,01) signifikant supprimiert. Während der Blutdruckanstieg unter Infusion von Noradrenalin während Hypokaliämie unverändert blieb, war die Sensitivität gegenüber exogen zugeführtem Angiotensin II signifikant vermindert. Kaliumverarmung hatte keinen Effekt auf die Nüchtern-Glucose-Konzentration, veränderte jedoch die Plasma Glucose-Kinetik nach oraler Gabe von 100 g Glucose, ohne eine pathologische Glucosetoleranz zu bewirken. Die verspätete maximale Plasma Glucose-Konzentration ist dabei mit einer supprimierten Sekretion von Insulin 30 min nach Glucosezufuhr vergesellschaftet (74,0±19,2 vs. 126,0±23,5 µU/ml;p〈0,05). Während der Kaliumverarmung wurden von den Probanden keine subjektiven Beschwerden geäußert. Unsere Untersuchung zeigt, daß eine akute mäßiggradige Kaliumverarmung bei jungen, gesunden Versuchspersonen eine signifikante Suppression der adrenalen Aldosteronsekretion, eine Abnahme der Gefäßsensitivität gegenüber Angiotensin II und eine verzögerte Glucoseutilisation aufgrund einer supprimierten Insulinsekretion bei nicht pathologischer Glucosetoleranz bewirkt.
    Notes: Summary In six healthy volunteers, potassium depletion of 217±16 mEq with a decrease in serum potassium concentration from 4.2±0.1 to 3.2±0.1 mEq/l was induced by a diet low in potassium and furosemide, 40 mg/day over three days. Body weight, arterial blood pressure, serum sodium and bicarbonate concentrations, plasma cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations, plasma renin activity, urine volume and osmolarity, endogenous 24 h creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were unchanged. Potassium depletion significantly decreased supine (2.6±0.3 vs. 7.2±2.6 pg/ml;p〈0.01) and upright plasma aldosterone concentrations (5.5±1.3 vs. 19.8±8.1 pg/ml;p〈0.01) and urinary excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide (1.64±0.14 vs. 3.45±0.61 µg/24 h;p〈0.01). The response of arterial blood pressure to exogenous norepinephrine was unchanged by potassium depletion while the vascular sensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II was significantly decreased. Potassium depletion had no effect on fasting plasma glucose or on plasma glucose concentrations following a 100 g oral glucose load but delayed the peak plasma glucose. This was associated with a suppressed early (30 min) insulin response (74.0±19.2 vs. 126.0±23.5 µU/ml;p〈0.05). Potassium depletion was not associated with any subjective complaints on the side of the volunteers. Our studies show that acute moderate potassium depletion in young healthy volunteers significantly suppresses adrenal aldosterone secretion and decreases the vascular sensitivity to exogenous angiotensin II. Furthermore, it is associated with a delayed glucose utilization due to decreased insulin secretion but does not impair overall glucose tolerance.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 59 (1981), S. 415-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hepato-renal syndrome ; Functional renal failure ; Diagnosis ; Pathophysiology ; Therapeutic approach ; Hepatorenales Syndrom ; Funktionelles Nierenversagen ; Diagnose ; Pathophysiologie ; Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das hepatorenale Syndrom wird als potentiell reversibles funktionelles Nierenversagen definiert, das bei fortgeschrittener Leberinsuffizienz auftritt und durch Oligurie, Azotämie, renale Natrium-und Wasserretention sowie Hyponatriämie charakterisiert ist. Die auf weniger als 10 mÄq/l reduzierte Natrium-Konzentration im Urin spricht für eine intake tubuläre Natrium-Resoprtion, während die renale Freiwasser-Bildung eingeschränkt ist. Sonstige im Verlauf von Leber- oder Gallenwegserkrankungen auftretende spezifische Nierenschädigungen dürfen nicht dem Begriff des hepatorenalen Syndroms zugeordnet, sondern müssen als solche gekennzeichnet werden. Pathophysiologisch sind hämodynamische Faktoren, wie Änderungen der intrarenalen Blutstromverteilung bei erhöhtem intrarenalem und vermindertem peripherem Gefäßwiderstand wirksam. Weiterhin dürfte ihm eine Störung des funktionellen Gleichgewichts von vasokonstriktorischen, natrium-retinierenden und antidiuretischen hormonellen Faktoren (z.B. Renin-Angiotensin, Aldosteron und Vasopressin) zu vasodilatorisch, diuretisch und natriuretisch wirkenden Hormonen (z.B. Prostaglandine, Kinine und Natriuretisches Hormon) zugrunde liegen. Schließlich bedingt das prä- und intrahepatische “Spillover” eine unzureichende Endotoxin-Clearance. Bisherige pharmakologische Interventionen zur Beseitigung einzelner Störungen ebenso wie klinischtherapeutische Maßnahmen blieben nicht zuletzt wegen ungenügender Kenntnis der relativen Bedeutung dieser Faktoren erfolglos. Die Prognose des Patienten mit hepatorenalem Syndrom wird daher heute noch vor allem vom Verlauf der zugrundeliegenden Lebererkrankung bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary The hepato-renal syndrome is defined as potentially reversible functional renal failure associated with acute fulminant hepatitis or, more often, with advanced chronic liver failure. It is characterized by oliguria, azotemia, retention of sodium and water with formation of ascites, and hyponatremia. While urinary sodium concentration of less than 10 mEq/l reflects intact tubular sodium absorption, the kidney lacks the ability for adequate free-water generation. This condition must be separated from specific renal diseases which may arise during the course of intraor extrahepatic diseases and which must be classified accordingly. Pathophysiological aspects of the hepato-renal syndrome include hemodynamic factors, such as changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution in the presence of elevated intrarenal and reduced peripheral vascular resistance. The functional relationship of vasoconstrictor, sodium retaining, and antidiuretic hormones (e.g., renin-angiotensin, aldosterone, and vasopressin) to vasodilator, diuretic, and natriuretic hormonal factors (e.g., prostaglandins, kinins, and natriuretic hormone) may be altered as well. Finally, a pre- and intrahepatic spillover resulting in decreased endotoxin clearance must be considered. Due to the lack of understanding of their complex interactions, so far pharmacological and therapeutic approaches remained ineffective to correct at least some of these factors. Today, recovery from hepato-renal syndrome will, therefore, mainly depend on the course of the underlying liver disease.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1234-1239 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: 8-arginine-vasopressin ; Hemodynamic effects ; inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis ; Renin ; Hypertension ; 8-Arginin-Vasopressin ; Hämodynamische Wirkungen ; Hemmung der Prostaglandin-Synthese ; Renin ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisher vorliegende Untersuchungen lassen vermuten, daß in einem normotensiven Organismus der vasopressorische Effekt von 8-Arginin-Vasopressin (AVP) effektiv durch cardiovaskuläre Reflexe abgeschwächt wird. Die Gabe von exogenem AVP führt zu nur vorübergehenden Pressorreaktionen trotz fortgeführter ADH-Infusion und deutlich erhöhter Plasma-AVP-Konzentrationen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung versucht den Mechanismus der nur vorübergehenden Blutdruckerhöhungen, die oft als “Tachyphylaxie” bezeichnet werden, weiter zu charakterisieren. Unsere Ergebnisse bei gesunden Versuchspersonen zeigen einen zweiphasigen Verlauf nach i.v. Gabe von AVP: eine initiale Phase, die durch cardiovaskuläre Reflexe gekennzeichnet ist und eine zweite Phase, während der sich der periphere Gefäßwiderstand normalisiert. Hemmung der Prostaglandin-Synthese mit Indomethacin schwächt die vaskuläre Gegenregulation auf exogenes AVP ab und läßt so eine prostaglandinvermittelte Vasodilatation als Reaktion auf AVP als Ursache der „Vasopressintachyphylaxie“ vermuten. Die Bedeutung des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems und unterschiedlicher regionaler hämodynamischer Effekte von AVP werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Previous investigations suggest that in a normotensive organism the vasopressor effect of 8-arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is very effectively buffered by cardiovascular reflex mechanisms. Exogenous AVP administration shows only small, transient increases in blood pressure in spite of continued AVP-infusion and high plasma AVP concentrations. The present study aims to clarify the mechanism of the observed transient blood pressure elevations which are often referred to as “tachyphylaxis”. Our results in healthy subjects show a two phase response to exogenous AVP: an initial phase which is characterized by cardiac reflex mechanisms and a second phase during which a normalisation of the elevated total peripheral resistance occurs. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin almost completely attenuates this vascular counterregulation to exogenous AVP, thus providing evidence that a prostaglandin mediated vasodilation in response to AVP may be the underlying mechanism for “vasopressin tachyphylaxis”. The role of the renin-angiotensin-system and the importance of different regional hemodynamic effects of AVP are discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Prostaglandins ; NaCl excretion ; Excretory renal function ; Tubular function ; Prostaglandine ; NaCl Ausscheidung ; Exkretorische Nierenfunktion ; Tubuläre Funktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An sechs gesunden Versuchspersonen wurde die Wirkung einer oral verabreichten Einzeldosis von 75 mg Indometacin auf die Nierenfunktion und die Urinausscheidung von Prostaglandin (PG) E2 untersucht. Indometacin bewirkte eine signifikante Reduktion der NaCl Ausscheidung über einen Zeitraum von 12 h ohne gleichzeitige Wirkung auf die GFR. Diese Wirkung auf die exkretorische Nierenfunktion war von einer gleichzeitigen Abnahme der Urinausscheidung von PGE2 begleitet, welche ebenfalls nach 12 h wieder auf Kontrollwerte anstieg. In einer zweiten Versuchsserie wurde die Wirkung einer Indometacingabe auf proximale und distale Tubulusfunktion während Wasserdiurese mittels Clearance-Methoden ermittelt. Dabei kam es nach Indometacingabe wiederum zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Urinausscheidung von Chlorid, Natrium und Kalium ohne Änderungen der GFR oder der Urinausscheidung von Phosphat. Die Indometacingabe hatte keinen Effekt auf die Chloridmenge, die den distalen Tubulus erreicht (distal delivery), führte jedoch zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der distalen fraktionellen Absorption von Chlorid (DFACl). In einer dritten Versuchsserie wurde die Wirkung von Furosemid auf die GFR und die tubuläre NaCl Absorption ohne und mit gleichzeitiger Gabe von Indometacin untersucht. Nach Gabe von Furosemid kam es zu einem fast zwölffachen Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von Natrium und Chlorid, einem etwa dreifachen Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von Kalium und einem signifikanten Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von Phosphat. Weiterhin kam es nach Furosemidgabe zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der “distal delivery”, einer Abnahme der DFACl und einem Anstieg der Urinausscheidung von PGE2. Unter gleichzeitiger Gabe von Indometacin kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Urinausscheidung von PGE2 ohne daß die Furosemid-induzierten Änderungen der exkretorischen Nierenfunktion dadurch verändert wurden. Unsere Ergebnisse legen eine Rolle des endogenen PG-Systems bei der Regulation der renalen NaCl Ausscheidung nahe und lokalisieren eine solche Wirkung in das Verdünnungssegment des distalen Tubulus. Furosemide vermag die renale Synthese von PGE2 zu stimulieren aber die tubuläre Wirkung dieses Diuretikums scheint nicht über das renale PG System vermittelt zu werden.
    Notes: Summary The effect of a single oral dose of 75 mg of indomethacin on renal function and urinary excretion of prostaglandin (PG) E2 was investigated in six healthy volunteers. In the absence of changes in GFR, indomethacin significantly reduced urinary excretion of sodium and chloride for 12 h with a return to control values afterwards. This effect on the renal excretory function was closely paralleled by a decrease in urinary excretion of PGE|12|0 which also returned to control values after 12 h. In a second series of experiments, inhibition of PG synthesis was performed in healthy volunteers during sustained water diuresis to determine the tubular site of altered NaCl absorption using clearance methods. Again, indomethacin induced a significant suppression of urinary excretion of sodium, chloride and potassium without changes in GFR or urinary excretion of phosphate. Indomethacin treatment had no effect on the delivery of chloride beyond the proximal tubule to the distal tubules (distal delivery) but significantly increased the distal fractional absorption of chloride (DFACl). In a third series of experiments, the effect of furosemide on GFR and tubular NaCl absorption was studied without and with concomitant administration of indomethacin. Furosemide induced an almost twelvefold increase in the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride, an approximately threefold increase in urinary excretion of potassium and a significant increase in urinary phosphate excretion. Furosemide also increased distal delivery and decreased DFACl and also increased urinary excretion of PGE2. Concomitant indomethacin treatment significantly suppressed urinary excretion of PGE2 but did not affect any of the furosemide induced changes in renal function. Our results support the concept that PG participate in the regulation of renal NaCl excretion and suggest that the diluting segments of the nephron may be the site of action of renal PG. Furthermore, furosemide stimulates renal synthesis of PGE2 but the tubular effects of this diuretic appear not to be mediated by the renal PG system.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme ; Aprotinin ; Kinins ; Prostacyclin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was performed to investigate the effect of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril on vascular synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2). Administration of ramipril (Hoe 498) to rats significantly stimulated prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis, quantified by radioimmunoassay of its stable hydrolysis product 6-keto-PGF1α, by portions of the animals' isolated aorta. This effect was maximal at a dose range of 10−7 mol/kg ramipril. The addition of the active ramipril metabolite ramipril diacid directly into the incubation buffer at final concentrations of 10−9, 10−6, and 10−4 M resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of 6-keto-PGF1α released by isolated aortic tissue. Pretreatment of rats with aprotinin (40,000 U s.c. 60 min before the incubations) attenuated the ramipril-induced effect on aortic 6-keto-PGF1α synthesis. Our results show that the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril stimulates PGI2 synthesis in vascular tissue and that this effect may be secondary to changes in the activity of the kinin system.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diuretics ; Na+ channel ; Frog skin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short-circuit current (SCC) techniques were used to monitor the effects of various diuretic agents on Na+ transport in isolated frog skin, a model for the late distal tubule and the collecting duct of the mammalian kidney. Acctazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide, torasemide, and ethacrynic acid did not affect sodium transport (as indicated by the SCC) or transepithelial electrical resistance when added either to the apical (outer) or to the inner (basolateral, corial) bathing solution of the tissue. However, Na+ transport was sensitive to amiloride, the triamterene derivate dimethylamino-hydroxypropoxytriamterene (RPH 2823), and to furosemide. Whereas apical amiloride, and RPH 2823 induced a dose-dependent decrease in SCC and increase in transepithelial electrical resistance, apical furosemide resulted in a dose-dependent increase in SCC and a decrease in electrical resistance. None of the three diuretic agents caused a significant change in SCC when applied to the inner bathing Ringer's solution. The small furosemide-induced decrease in resistance compared with the huge increase in SCC suggests that furosemide affects Cl− permeability as well as Na+ permeability. Evidence for this notion was achieved by the following findings: (a) The decrease in resistance after furosemide was more pronounced in tissues bathed in Cl−-free solutions compared with Cl−-containing solutions. (b) In contrast, SCC stimulation by apical furosemide is Cl−-ion independent, but strongly Na+-ion dependent. (c) SCC stimulation by furosemide is amiloride-sensitive. With respect to the onset, locus, and reversibility of action, it seems reasonable to assume that amiloride, RPH 2823, and furosemide all influence transepithelial Na+ transport by interacting with the Na+ channel or a regulator site of it within the apical membrane. The stoichiometry of the amiloride (RPH 2823)-receptor site interaction revealed Hill-coefficient(s) of less than 1, indicating a negative cooperativity among the receptor sites. The interaction between Na+ ions and amiloride or RPH 2823 displayed mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that amiloride and Na+ as well as RPH 2823 and Na+ may act at different loci on the apical entry mechanism inRana esculenta skin.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Na+/H+ antiport ; Hypertension ; Diabetic nephropathy ; Hereditary factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) may depend on factors other than the quality of diabetes control. Hypertension is an additional factor associated with a high degree of renal involvement in IDDM. One abnormality consistantly observed in various tissues of patients with essential hypertension is enhanced activity of the Na+/H+ antiport. In the present study we have therefore studied platelet antiport activity in 41 healthy subjects (control), in 22 patients with untreated essential hypertension (EH), and in 35 normotensive IDDM patients (type 1). Of these patients 17 exhibited signs of diabetic nephropathy (group 1) while 18 had no evidence for renal involvement of IDDM in spite of a duration of IDDM of at least 10 years (group 2). The two IDDM patient groups were undistinguishable with respect to age, body mass index, and arterial blood pressure (group 1, 117.9±2.4/78.4±1.5 mmHg; group 2, 113.9±3.6/76.1±1.8 mmHg). Antiporter activity was determined from the rate of cell volume changes induced by propionic acid. Platelet Na+/H+ exchange activity averaged 23.43±0.43 10−3·s−1 in control subjects and was markedly elevated in EH (28.38±0.62 10−3·s−1 P〈0.01). Antiport activity in group 2 patients without nephropathy averaged 24.54±0.57 10−3·s−1 and was undistinguishable from the control group. However, platelet Na+/H+ antiport activity was significantly stimulated in group 1 patients with nephropathy as compared to group 2(26.95±0.73 10−3. s−1 ; P〈0.025). Our results show that renal involvement in IDDM is associated with enhanced activity of the platelet Na+/H+ antiport.
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