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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) is thought to contribute to the degradation of enkephalins. Besides being the most abundant aminopeptidase in the brain, PSA is expressed in other organs as well. From a human fetal brain cDNA library, we have isolated cDNA encoding the human PSA (huPSA) protein. The isolated cDNA gave rise to a protein with a molecular mass of 99 kDa. Compared with mouse PSA, homology at the amino acid and cDNA level was 98 and 93%, respectively. Translation of the huPSA was found to be initiated at the second of two possible start codons, as shown by studies with antibodies directed against peptide sequences of both potential N-terminal regions. Northern blot analysis with RNA isolated from different human organs demonstrated that the huPSA transcript is strongest but not exclusively expressed in the brain. Vesicular stomatitis virus epitope-tagged huPSA protein was expressed in HeLa cells and found to be localized in the cytoplasm, especially in the perinuclear region. By in situ hybridization, huPSA transcript could be identified in cortical and cerebellar neurons, whereas glial cells and blood vessels remained negative.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: AimsBone marrow histopathology reveals a striking heterogeneity at diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph1+) chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). Based on semiquantitative evaluations of the number of megakaryocytes and the content of fibres, various histological subtypes have been postulated. However, little information exists on whether these groups represent stable categories of the different classification systems and whether therapeutic regimes exert any influence on the putative shift of histological patterns.Methods and resultsA retrospective clinicopathological study was performed on 396 bone marrow biopsies derived from 173 patients. There were at least two representative trephines taken at diagnosis and at median intervals of 16 months. Processing of the specimens involved immunostaining with CD61 (megakaryopoiesis) and Ret40f (erythropoiesis) and Gomori's silver impregnation technique. Based on morphometric analysis and in accordance with the general appearance of bone marrow histology three different histological subtypes were distinguished. These consisted of a granulocytic (51 patients), a predominantly megakaryocytic (73 patients) and a myelofibrotic pattern (49 patients). Follow-up biopsies revealed that a significant transition of histological groups occurred and that, independently of treatment modalities, the myelofibrotic category was associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Of the 124 patients without myelofibrosis at onset, 42% later transformed into the myelofibrotic subtype. However, these patients showed no prevalence of either a pre-existing granulocytic or megakaryocytic growth. Myelofibrotic changes were significantly associated with interferon (IFN) and busulfan (BU) therapy. On the other hand, a transition of a myelofibrotic into a nonfibrotic subtype was detectable in 17 of the 49 patients under study and related to hydroxyurea (HU) treatment.ConclusionsHistological classification systems of bone marrow features in CML do not represent stable patterns, but may be significantly altered by therapy, in particular IFN and HU.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The influence of the epithelial mucin MUC1 on T cell-mediated lysis was analysed using lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) from patients with colorectal carcinoma. LNL were stimulated with allogeneic, MUC1-transfected B cells and the bulk cultures were cloned. Alloreactive cytotoxic T cell clones were obtained which preferentially lysed MUC1-expressing targets. The majority was CD4+ and MHC-class II-restricted, and a minor group was CD8+ and MHC-class I-restricted. All the clones expressed CD3 and TCRαβ, and were CD56−. The capacity to preferentially kill MUC1-expressing targets was stable in several clones for up to 6 months in culture. The enhancing effect of MUC1 on the lysis was investigated in more detail. It was only seen after inhibition of O-linked glycosylation in the targets. Furthermore, this effect was completely abrogated by the monoclonal antibody 3C9, directed against the Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen, Galβ1–3GalNAc bound α1–3 to Ser/Thr) as well as by the soluble disaccharide Galβ1–3GalNAc, but not by other similar disaccharides. The authors conclude that in their system the preferential killing of MUC1-expressing targets is due to the recognition of an internal carbohydrate epitope accessible on underglycosylated MUC1, possibly T-antigen, by an auxiliary receptor molecule on T cells.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims:  To carry out an immunohistochemical study on bone marrow (BM) biopsy specimens in 75 patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) on long-term STI571 therapy.Methods and results:  Sequential BM specimens taken at intervals of 21 ± 6 months were investigated by enzyme- and immunohistochemistry including proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis. Evaluation was performed either by semiquantitative scoring or by morphometry (CD61+ megakaryopoiesis). In 41 patients with chronic phase CML, treatment resulted in a significant decrease in cellularity and neutrophil granulopoiesis contrasting with an accumulation of erythroid precursor cells. Morphometry showed a reduction of abnormal micromegakaryocytes consistent with normalization. Regression of myelofibrosis was identified in eight of 15 patients, whereas progression occurred in 17 patients; mostly in those with acceleration and blastic crisis. The increased post-treatment incidence of reactive lymphoid nodules was remarkable. Myeloblasts, CD34+ progenitors and immature myelomonocytic cells initially decreased, but recurred in 14 patients who later developed a relapse. STI571 exerted an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation associated with enhanced apoptosis in responding patients.Conclusion:  Long-term treatment with STI571 exerts pronounced changes on BM histopathology that not only involve haematopoiesis and stromal constituents, but also proliferation and apoptosis.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 43 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims:  To analyse systematically therapy-induced lesions of haematopoiesis in chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF).Methods and results:  A total of 759 sequential bone marrow (BM) biopsies (median interval 32 months) were performed in 261 patients with IMF. Besides a control group (symptomatic treatment), monotherapies included busulfan, hydroxyurea and interferon. In all therapy groups hypoplasia of varying degree was a frequent finding and often accompanied by a patchy distribution of haematopoiesis. Most conspicuous was gelatinous oedema showing a tendency to develop discrete reticulin fibrosis (scleroedema). Minimal to moderate maturation defects of megakaryopoiesis and erythroid precursors occurred, but overt myelodysplastic features were most prominent following hydroxyurea and busulfan therapy. Acceleration and blastic crisis were characterized by the appearance of immature and CD34+ progenitor cells. Concerning the dynamics of fibrosis, no differences were observed between controls and the various therapy groups. In 143 patients (55%) without or with little reticulin at onset, an increase in myelofibrosis was detectable that progressed to overt collagen fibrosis.Conclusions:  Therapy-related bone marrow lesions in IMF comprise a strikingly variable spectrum that may include aplasia with scleroedema and a patchy distribution of myelodysplastic haematopoiesis associated with progressive myelofibrosis.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Wound healing ; Fibrosis ; Extracellular matrix ; Cytokine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Granulation tissue fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) develop several ultrastructural and biochemical features of smooth muscle (SM) cells, including the presence of microfilament bundles and the expression of α-SM actin, the actin isoform present in SM cells and myoepithelial cells and particularly abundant in vascular SM cells. Myofibroblasts have been suggested to play a role in wound contraction and in retractile phenomena observed during fibrotic diseases. When contraction stops and the wound is fully epithelialized, myofibroblasts containing α-SM actin disappear, probably as a result of apoptosis, and the scar classically becomes less cellular and composed of typical fibroblasts with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no more microfilaments. In contrast, α-SM actin expressing myofibroblasts persist in hypertrophic scars and in fibrotic lesions of many organs, including stroma reaction to epithelial tumours, where they are allegedly involved in retractile phenomena as well as in extracellular matrix accumulation. The mechanisms leading to the development of myofibroblastic features remain to be investigated. In vivo and in vitro investigations have shown that γ-interferon exerts an antifibrotic activity at least in part by decreasing α-SM actin expression whereas heparin increases the proportion of α-SM actin positive cells. Recently, we have observed that the subcutaneous administration of transforming growth factor-β1 to rats results in the formation of a granulation tissue in which α-SM actin expressing myofibroblasts are particularly abundant. Other cytokines and growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-α, despite their profibrotic activity, do not induce α-SM actin in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, fibroblastic cells are relatively undifferentiated and can assume a particular phenotype according to the physiological needs and/or the microenvironmental stimuli. Further studies on fibroblast adaptation phenomena appear to be useful for the understanding of the mechanisms of development and regression of pathological processes such as wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Aids ; Primäre Hirnlymphome ; Epstein-Barr Virus ; Immunglobulinschwerketten-Genumlagerung ; Key words AIDS ; Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain ; Epstein-Barr virus ; Ig heavy-chain rearrangements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this study we present morphological, cytological, immunophenotypical, and molecular genetic features of ten cases of AIDS-related primary brain lymphomas obtained as sterotactic biopsies, autopsy specimens, or cerebrospinal fluid samples. Histologically, a very characteristic perivascular and diffuse lymphomatous spread in the brain parenchyma was observed. By applying a highly sensitive in situ hybridization technique (ISH) using digoxigenin-labeled anti-sense riboprobes, abundant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small nuclear RNAs (EBER) transcripts could be demonstrated in each case studied. A combination of ISH with immunohistochemical staining for latent membrane protein (LMP-1) and EBV nuclear antigen-2 (EBNA-2) showed different patterns of EBV latency with a predominance of the broad spectrum (EBER+/EBNA-2+/LMP-1+). Clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes were demonstrated in four cases using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction. In one patient the rearrangement pattern suggested biclonal lymphoproliferation. Our observations confirm the implication of the EBV in the etiology of AIDS-related primary malignant lymphomas of the brain. The demonstration of EBV gene products and clonal IgH rearrangements even in small biopsy samples is a useful tool for distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrates, which are frequently observed in brain and cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from AIDS patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung stellen wir typische morphologische, zytologische, immunphänotypische und molekulargenetische Merkmale von 10 Fällen Aids-assoziierter Hirnlymphome vor, die als stereotaktische Biopsien, Autopsiematerial oder Liquorpunktate vorlagen. Mit einer hochsensitiven In-situ-Hybridisierungstechnik (ISH) unter Verwendung von digoxigeninmarkierten Antisensesonden konnten sehr zahlreiche Epstein-Barr-Virus(EBV-)kodierte kurze nukleäre RNA(EBER)-Transkripte in jedem der untersuchten Fälle dargestellt werden. Eine Kombination der ISH mit immunhistochemischen Färbungen zum Nachweis des latenten Membranproteins (LMP-1) und des EBV-Kernantigens-2 (EBNA-2) zeigte unterschiedliche Muster der EBV-Latenz mit Prädominanz des sog. „breiten Spektrums“ (EBER+/EBNA-2+/LMP-1+). Mit einer sensitiven Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) konnten klonale Immunglobulinschwerketten (IgH)-Genumlagerungen in 4 Fällen nachgeweisen werden. Bei einem Patienten war eine biklonale Lymphoproliferation nicht auszuschließen. Unsere Beobachtungen unterstreichen die Bedeutung des EBV bei der Entstehung primärer Aids-assoziierter Hirnlymphome. Der Nachweis von EBV-Genprodukten und die Klonalitätsanalyse mit Hilfe der PCR können einen wichtigen Beitrag zur differentialdiagnostischen Abgrenzung von reaktiven entzündlichen gegenüber neoplastischen lymphoiden Infiltraten leisten, die bei Aids-Patienten häufig im Hirngewebe und Liquor beobachtet werden.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Chlorom ; Epidural ; Granulozytäres Sarkom ; Myeloische Leukämie ; Spinal ; Key words Chloroma ; Granulocytic sarcoma ; Leukemia ; Myeloid ; Spinal neoplasms diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Granulocytic sarcomas (so-called chloromas) are rare extramedullary tumorlike proliferates of myelogenous precursor cells that may de novo precede acute leukemia or coincide with the first manifestation or relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. Rarely, such tumors represent the initial manifestation of a blast crisis in the course of a chronic myeloproliferative disease, such as chronic myeloid leukemia. If they occur in aleukemic patients incorrect diagnoses may result. Differential diagnostic considerations are being discussed by presenting the case of a 58-year-old man who experienced spinal cord compression by an isolated epidural mass lesion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Granulozytäre Sarkome (sog. Chlorome) sind seltene extramedulläre Tumore bzw. tumorartige Proliferate myeloischer Vorläuferzellen, die de novo einer akuten Leukämie vorausgehen oder auch in zeitlichem Zusammenhang mit der Erstmanifestation oder dem Rezidiv einer AML auftreten können. Selten sind diese Tumore Ausdruck eines Blastenschubs einer chronischen myeloproliferativen Erkrankung, z.B. einer chronischen myeloischen Leukämie. Differentialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten können insbesondere dann entstehen, wenn sich das Chlorom, wie im vorgestellten Fall eines 58jährigen Mannes, primär im spinalen epiduralen Raum mit Kompression des Rückenmarks manifestiert.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 16 (1995), S. 328-335 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Bronchus-assoziiertes lymphatisches Gewebe ; Marginalzonen ; B-Zell-Lymphome ; Reaktive Keimzentren ; Follikelkolonisation ; Lymphoepitheliale Läsionen ; Key words Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue ; Marginalzone B-cell lymphoma ; Reactive germinal centers ; Follicular colonisation ; Lymphoepithelial lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The malignant B-cell lymphoma of the MALT-type shows significant differences from nodal lymphomas with respect to its biological, molecular genetic, and clinical properties. According to the proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group for a Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms, MALT-B-cell lymphomas have been defined as an extranodal subgroup of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas and may have lower and higher grade types. We have applied this classification to 24 cases of primary B-cell lymphomas of the lung. These tumors showed histopathologic features of low (n = 20) and/or high grade neoplasms (n = 4) recapitulating the structure of the acquired bronchus- associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). According to our experience, the diagnosis of BALT-type B-cell lymphoma, is both practically feasable and reproducible not only for surgical material but even for biopsy specimens.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Maligne B-Zell-Lymphome vom MALT-Typ unterscheiden sich signifikant von nodalen Lymphomen bzgl. ihrer biologischen, molekulargenetischen und klinischen Eigenschaften. Nach den Vorschlägen der Internationalen Lymphom-Studiengruppe für eine revidierte europäisch-amerikanische Klassifikation lymphatischer Neoplasien sind MALT-B-Zell-Lymphome als extranodale Form von Marginalzonen-B-Zell-Lymphomen definiert, die einen niedrigeren oder höheren Malignitätsgrad aufweisen können. Wir wandten dieses Klassifikationskonzept auf 24 Fälle primärer pulmonaler B-Zell-Lymphome an. Alle Fälle zeigten histologische Merkmale niedrigmaligner (n = 20) und/oder hochmaligner Neoplasien (n = 4), die die Struktur des erworbenen bronchusassoziierten lymphatischen Gewebes (BALT) rekapitulierten. Nach unserer Erfahrung, ist die Diagnose von B-Zell-Lymphomen des BALT-Typs nicht allein an chirurgischen Resektaten, sondern auch an Biopsien in der praktischen Diagnostik möglich und reproduzierbar.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Chronische myeloproliferative Erkrankungen ; Prognose ; Knochenmarkmorphologie ; Klinische Befunde ; Key words Chronic myeloproliferative disorders ; Survival ; Bone marrow morphology ; Clinical findings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The broad spectrum of clinical and hematological as well as histomorphological findings at diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs) is significantly associated with prognosis. However, in this context the impact of bone marrow histology is still being controversially discussed. This feature applies to CML in particular. Therefore, risk classification is mainly based on clinical data. In order to evaluate the predictive value of bone marrow morphology we performed a retrospective study on a total of 1023 patients with CMPDs. Relative survival rates and a disease-specific loss of life expectancy were calculated to adjust the age- and gender-specific mortality in older patients. Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) showed an average life expectancy of 5 years, with significantly longer survival times under interferon treatment. In contrast, the ET group did not disclose any relevant reduction in life expectancy. Initial bone marrow fibrosis and a reduction in erythropoiesis were the most important prognostic features in CML. Furthermore, Pseudo-Gaucher cells indicated a favorable outcome in the cohort of patients receiving chemotherapy. On the other hand, peripheral myelo- and erythroblasts were correlated with a worsening in survival. Regarding IMF, a simplified multivariate risk score was constructed, including age, hemoglobin level, platelet and leukocyte counts, and a leuko-erythroblastic blood picture as most important variables. The three risk groups derived showed significantly different survival patterns, but in this calculation bone marrow histology exerted no major influence on survival. On the other hand, initial (prefibrotic) stages of IMF revealed a better prognosis. In conclusion, our results underline the importance of bone marrow morphology in CMPDs, since significant correlations with patients’ outcome were calculated. Particularly in CML, myelofibrosis and reduction of erythropoiesis were associated with survival and, thus, must be regarded as important predictive and independent parameters.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die große Variabilität der klinisch-hämatologischen sowie histologischen Befunde bei Diagnose der chronischen myeloproliferativen Erkrankungen (CMPE) spiegelt sich auch in den signifikant unterschiedlichen Überlebenszeiten der einzelnen Subtypen wider. Der Stellenwert der Knochenmarkhistologie ist im Rahmen prognostischer Untersuchungen teilweise immer noch umstritten, so daß insbesondere bei der CML schwerpunktmäßig nur klinische Parameter zur Risikoabschätzung herangezogen werden. Im Rahmen einer retrospektiven Analyse an insgesamt 1023 Patienten mit CMPE haben wir deshalb versucht, die Wertigkeit der Knochenmarkmorphologie in dieser Hinsicht abzuklären. Weiterhin wurden relative Überlebensraten und ein krankheitsspezifisches Lebenserwartungsdefizit berechnet, welche das alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Sterberisiko insbesondere der alten Patienten berücksichtigen. Die CML zeigte mit einer durchschnittlichen Lebenserwartung von unter 5 Jahren die schlechteste Prognose, wobei Patienten unter Interferon-Therapie signifikant längere Überlebenszeiten erkennen ließen. Demgegenüber fand sich bei der ET keine signifikante Verkürzung der natürlichen Lebenserwartung. Eine bereits geringe Vermehrung der Faserdichte im Knochenmark sowie eine reduzierte Erythropoese waren bei der CML die wesentlichen prognostischen Einflußgrößen. Zusätzlich deuteten Pseudo-Gaucher-Zellen bei Patienten unter Chemotherapie auf einen günstigeren Verlauf hin. Als weiterer hämatologischer Parameter hatte auf der anderen Seite die Anzahl peripherer Myelo- und Erythroblasten einen negativen Einfluß auf die Prognose. Bei der IMF konnten anhand eines vereinfachten multivariaten Prognosemodells drei Risikogruppen abgegrenzt werden, welche signifikant unterschiedliche Überlebenszeiten aufwiesen. Die Histologie des Knochenmarkes übte keinen entscheidenden Einfluß aus, auch wenn Patienten mit initialen (präfibrotischen) Stadien der Erkrankung einen leichten Überlebensvorteil zeigten. Alter bei Diagnose, Grad der Anämie, Thrombozytopenie, Leukozytose sowie ein leuko-erythroblastisches Blutbild waren hier die bedeutenden Variablen. Unsere Ergebnisse untermauern den Stellenwert der Knochenmarkmorphologie bei den CMPE, wobei sich signifikante Beziehungen zur Lebenserwartung der betroffenen Patienten ableiten lassen. Insbesondere bei der CML stellen die Verfaserung und die Reduktion der Erythropoese bei Diagnose unabhängige Prognoseparameter dar, welche bessere Erkenntnisse über den Verlauf erlauben.
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