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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on the fine structural organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the mouse (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Morphology (ultrastructure) ; Mouse ; Synaptic vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal perikarya, dendrites, extraglomerular neuropil, and synaptic glomeruli were examined by electron microscopy in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) of the mouse. Particular attention was paid to boutons containing “flattened” synaptic vesicles. In line with recent studies of rat LGd (Lieberman and Webster, 1972; Lieberman, 1973), but in contrast to the findings of Rafols and Valverde (1973) on the mouse LGd, two distinct classes of ‘flat’-vesicle-containing boutons could be distinguished. P-boutons—were traced to and probably originate entirely from the presynaptic dendrites of the intrinsic neurons. They are concentrated within the glomeruli and are postsynaptic as well as presynaptic, being the intermediate elements in numerous intraglomerular serial synapses. F-boutons—are interpreted as axon terminals and are exclusively presynaptic. Some were traced from myelinated fibres. Synaptic vesicles are more concentrated in F-boutons than in P-boutons, appear flatter, and lie in a darker matrix. F-boutons synapse extensively in the extraglomerular neuropil, but are outnumbered by P-boutons in the glomeruli. The synaptic relationships established within the glomeruli are summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519637
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of non-pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of the rat (1979)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 155 (1979), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the maturation of non-pyramidal cells in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of albino rats from birth to maturity, using Golgi-Cox and rapid Golgi preparations. At birth, non-pyramidall cells are sparse, immature and concentrated in the deep part of the cortical plate: their number increases towards the end of the first week but they remain sparse and immature in the upper part of the cortical plate. During the second postnatal week, the number, size and extent of dendritic and axonal branching of these cells undergo considerable increases and the cells become conspicuous in layer IV and apparent in the supragranular layers: this “growth spurt’ occurs just after (and may be related to) the arrival and establishment in the cortex during the second half of the first postnatal week, of extrinsic afferents. During the third postnatal week, most of the cells complete their maturation. At the end of this week, the number of spinous cells is greater and the spine density of some cells is higher than in the adult, falling to adult values during the fourth postnatal week. It is noteworthy that the non-pyramidal cells appear to reach maturity at about the same time in all the layers studied, and at the same time as the pyramidal cells with which they are associated. These observations are not in accord with the prevalent view that non-pyramidal cells complete their differentiation much later than pyramidal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315726
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and choline acetyl transferase immunohistochemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 335-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior thalamus ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ; Pedunculopontine nucleus ; Cholinergic neurons Double-labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry to study cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP placed into different subdivisions of the anterior thalamic nuclear complex resulted in distinct patterns of retrograde labelling in two major cholinergic cell groups of the mesopontine tegmentum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), in which a majority of the labelled cells was located, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). After injections into the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVp), double-labelled neurons were present predominantly in the ipsilateral LDTg while a smaller number was found in the PPT. In the ipsilateral LDTg, 60–70% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled, and 90–95% of the HRP-labelled neurons were ChAT-positive. In the contralateral LDTg, 30–40% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled. After injections in the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVm), the pattern of labelling in LDTg was similar to that detected after injections in the AVp. The number of double-labelled neurons in the LDTg and PPT was much lower after injections into AVm than after injections into AVp. When injections were confined to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD), no HRP-labelled cells were present in the LDTg or PPT. These results show that the LDTg and PPT are the sources of the cholinergic input to the rat anterior thalamus. The major projection from LDTg and PPT is to the AVp, whereas there is a lighter cholinergic projection to the AVm. The AD does not receive a projection from cholinergic cells in the mesopontine tegmentum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710103
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  • 14
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    Unknown
    Updating Impressions of the Military-Industry Complex (1969)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    California Management Review. 11:4 (1969:Summer) 51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0008-1256
    Topics: Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5018-1969-011-04-000009
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcortical afferent and efferent connections of the superior colliculus in the rat and comparisons between albino and pigmented strains (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Connections ; Albinism ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcortical connections of the superior colliculus were investigated in albino and pigmented rats using retrograde and anterograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), following unilateral injection of HRP into the superior colliculus. Afferents project bilaterally from the parabigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the optic tract, the posterior pretectal region, the dorsal part of the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus; and ipsilaterally from the substantia nigra pars reticulata, the pars lateralis of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the intergeniculate leaflet, the zona incerta, the olivary pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the lateral thalamus, Forel's field H2, and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Collicular efferents terminate ipsilaterally in the anterior, posterior and olivary pretectal nuclei, the nuclei of the optic tract and posterior commissure, the ventrolateral part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the pars lateralis of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the intergeniculate leaflet, and the zona incerta; and bilaterally in the parabigeminal nuclei and lateral posterior-pulvinar complex (chiefly its dorsal part). The general topographical patterns of some of the afferent and efferent projections were also determined: the caudal and rostral parts of the parabigeminal nucleus project to the caudal and rostral regions, respectively, of the superior colliculus; caudal superior colliculus projects to the most lateral, and lateral superior colliculus to the most caudal part of the terminal field in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; caudolateral superior colliculus projects to the caudal ventrolateral part of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, while rostromedial parts of the colliculus project more rostrally and dorsomedially. Following comparable injections in pigmented and albino animals, fewer retrogradely labelled cells were found in subcortical structures in the albino than in the pigmented rats. The difference was most marked in nuclei contralateral to the injected colliculus. Thus, the effects of albinism on the nervous system may be more widespread than previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237409
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dendritic invagination of developing optic tract axons in the hamster (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 519-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinogeniculate pathway ; Axonal branching ; Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Anterograde HRP labelling ; Visual system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between E15 and P4 in the hamster, axons of retinal ganglion cells in the optic tract over the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, are invaginated by, and make synaptic contacts with, small processes interpreted as tips or appendages of geniculate dendrites. In some cases a branch-like protrusion emerges from the axon at or close to the invagination. We hypothesize that the invaginations may be part of the mechanism by which retinocollicular axons are induced to branch and establish the retinogeniculate pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406609
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic study of γ-aminobutyric acid inputs to identified thalamocortical projection neurons in the anterior thalamus of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Anterodorsal thalamic nucleus ; Anteroventral thalamic nucleus ; Retrograde labelling ; Postembedding immunoelectron microscopy ; Inhibitory synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have carried out a semi-quantitative ultrastructural study to determine the characteristics and distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing constituents of the anterodorsal (AD) and anteroventral (AV) thalamic nuclei in adult rats. We used a polyclonal antibody to GABA and a postembedding immunogold detection method in animals in which the cortical projection neurons of these nuclei had been labelled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the retrosplenial granular cortex. Two types of GABA-immunopositive structures were identified, with gold particle densities 4–40 times higher than the highest densities over blood-vessel lumens and areas of empty resin: (1) an apparently homogeneous population of axon terminals with Gray type-2 (symmetric) synaptic contacts corresponding to F-axon terminals; and (2) small–medium sized myelinated axons scattered individually or in small groups within the neuropil which may be their parent axons. These axons and terminals may originate from the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus; others may arise from the basal forebrain or brainstem. The GABA-immunopositive terminals comprised approximately 16% of all axon terminal profiles in AD and 12% in AV, a significant difference. However, because the immunoreactive axon terminals in AD were significantly larger than those in AV (1.09±0.47 µm2 vs 0.90±0.43 µm2) and would therefore be encountered more frequently, it is not possible to conclude that the GABAergic innervation of AD is heavier than that of AV. The GABA-positive terminals established synaptic contacts with cell bodies and dendrites of all sizes (some of which were HRP-labelled) with the following frequency distribution (AD/AV, no significant difference): somata 5%/7%; large dendrites (≥1.5 µm) 14%/9%; medium dendrites (1.00–1.49 µm) 35%/45% and small dendrites (〈1 µm) 46%/40%. Despite evidence from previous studies, we found no evidence in this study for the presence of GABAergic interneurons or for GABA-containing projection neurons in AD or AV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050744
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulmonary edema secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction. Hemodynamic study in a child (1984)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 10 (1984), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Hypoventilation ; Pulmonary hypertension ; Cor pulmonale ; Pulmonary edema ; Upper airway obstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 22-month-old girl with the syndrome of hypoventilation, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale and pulmonary edema due to adenoidal hypertrophy is described. Adenoidectomy resulted in relief of all symptoms and signs within 24 h. Hemodynamic study using pulmonary artery catheter showed that the pulmonary artery pressure returned to normal 48 h after relief of the obstruction. The normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, measured throughout the period of obstruction, in the presence of severe pulmonary edema, could suggest a non-cardiogenic “low pressure” pulmonary edema. However, the highly negative pleural pressure which existed during upper airway obstruction indicated an elevation of transmural left ventricular end diastolic pressure (compared to pulmonary wedge pressure) and thus, suggested that the pulmonary edema in this syndrome is secondary to both — right and left heart failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254324
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GAP-43 in the axons of mammalian CNS neurons regenerating into peripheral nerve grafts (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axotomy ; CNS regeneration ; PNS grafts ; Axonal sprouting ; GAP-43 ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although mature mammalian CNS neurons do not normally regenerate axons after injury, it is well established that they will regrow axons over long distances into peripheral nerve implants. We have autografted segments of sciatic nerve into the brains of adult albino rats and have used light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to examine the distribution of the growth associated protein GAP-43 in and around the graft in the first two weeks following implantation. GAP-43 was present, 3–14 days after grafting, in small non-myelinated axonal sprouts in the brain parenchyma around the proximal tip of the graft. At 11–14 days after implantation similar sprouts within the graft itself were GAP-43 immunoreactive. The sprouts were either naked or associated with other cell processes (chiefly of Schwann cells; to a lesser extent of astrocytes). We also show that small numbers of neuronal perikarya around the tip of the graft become GAP-43 immunoreactive 11–14 days after implantation. Thus mature mammalian CNS neurons regenerating axons into a PNS graft display a marked increase in their content of GAP-43. In addition, we report that small plaques of GAP-43 reaction product are sometimes present on the plasma membranes of Schwann cells or astrocytes adjacent to immunoreactive axons, and that narrow sheet-like or filopodial processes of astrocytes, Schwann cells and possibly other non-neuronal cell types, may contain small amounts of GAP-43.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228507
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for collateral projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus from glutamate and/or aspartate-containing neurons of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Amino acid immunocytochemistry ; Axon collateralization ; Thalamus ; Fluorescent tracers ; Limbic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Small, stereotaxically guided injections of true blue (TB) were made into the retrosplenial granular cortex (RSg) and of diamidino yellow (DY) into the dorsal portion of the rostral pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in 16 adult rats to determine whether axons projecting from the anterior thalamic nuclear complex (ATN) to the TRN are branches of axons also projecting to the RSg. Following injections of the fluorescent dyes, serial coronal sections of the brain revealed single retrogradely labelled, and large numbers of double retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies in the ipsilateral anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei and smaller numbers in the anteromedial nucleus of the ATN complex. In a se- cond series of six adult rats with similar double injections of TB and DY, two sections in three were immunoreacted, one with antiserum against glutamate and one with antiserum against aspartate, using indirect immunofluorescence with rhodamine to detect reactive cells. The great majority of both single and double retrogradely labelled cell bodies were also immunoreactive for aspartate or glutamate. In addition, a moderate to small number of non-immunolabelled neurons projecting to the TRN and/or to the RSg were also found in all three nuclei of the ATN complex. These results are compatible with the possibility that large numbers of neurons in the ATN send axonal branches to both the RSg and the TRN, and that many such neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as transmitters. The findings also suggest that the projections from the ATN might be heterogeneous with respect to transmitter phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005745
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