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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7431-7437 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the micromagnetic structure of domains and domain walls in Co/Pt multilayer films is reported. Magneto-optically written domains have been imaged in a scanning transmission electron microscope by using the modified differential phase contrast mode of Lorentz electron microscopy. These have been compared with computer-simulated images based on a two-dimensional model of a circular, perpendicular magnetized domain with a Bloch-like wall structure. Agreement is found for the domain and stray field contrast, but the absence of wall contrast in the experimental images indicates a more complex wall structure in the multilayer than was assumed by the model. In a further series of calculations the magnetic microstructure of a Co/Pt multilayer was modeled by solving the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equations. These suggest that the wall structure varies throughout the thickness of the multilayer, allowing significant saving of magnetostatic energy through the establishment of flux closure paths close to the walls, and are consistent with experimental observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7438-7442 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis is presented of the detailed effects of varying the write parameters in Co/Pt multilayer films. Domains written thermomagnetically by laser modulation have been imaged using the modified differential phase contrast mode of Lorentz electron microscopy. The effects of different laser powers and bias fields were investigated. While the domain size increases with laser power, the bias field is found to have a profound effect on domain regularity. The periodicity of the irregular circumference of the domains written at high-bias fields closely resembles the mean repeat in the ac-demagnetized state suggesting that it arises as a relaxation phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 2447-2452 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The modified differential phase contrast (MDPC) mode of Lorentz electron microscopy was used to study the micromagnetic structure of cross-tie walls in permalloy. The distribution of magnetic induction along these walls is characterized and studied in detail by vector mappings calculated from MDPC image pairs. The wall thickness of the cross-tie wall is determined by fitting the calculated image signal of an analytical function to the MDPC wall profiles. A pronounced dip in the wall width is found at the center of the vortex structure of the cross-tie wall. The results are compared to theoretical calculations by Nakatani, Uesaka, and Hayashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 28, 2485 (1989).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 6078-6083 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Foucault and differential phase contrast modes of transmission electron microscopy are described and their uses for mapping induction distributions in magnetic thin films compared. The former is simpler to implement but the latter can provide quantitative information to much higher spatial resolution. Examples are given of instances where each is most suitable. Foucault images recorded during in situ magnetizing experiments provide valuable information on the magnetization process in small regular particles while the detailed magnetization distribution close to walls in soft magnetic films is best investigated using modified differential phase contrast microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 1924-1930 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy studies have been carried out on partially disproportionated NdFeB-type alloys. A new intermediate magnetic (NIM) phase has been identified. Moreover, the lamella structure which subsequently develops from the tetragonal NIM phase comprises a tetragonal NdFe-containing (IL) phase and α-Fe. The experimental data show strong evidence of a well-defined crystallographic relation between both the NIM and lamella phases and between the IL phase and α-Fe. These observations give insight into how crystallographic texture, and hence anisotropy, can be developed in NdFeB-type powders processed by the hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption, and recombination route. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 92 (2002), S. 1458-1465 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used transmission electron microscopy to study directly the way magnetization reversal proceeds in the ferromagnetic layer for sets of bilayers in which the ferromagnetic layer (CoFe) was of constant thickness while the thickness of the antiferromagnetic layer (IrMn) was varied. The first set studied was in the as-deposited state while the second was subjected to rapid thermal processing. For IrMn thicknesses of 20 Å, no shift fields were observed, although significant coercivities (∼70 Oe) were recorded and reversal involved rather simple domain processes. By contrast, complex small-scale domains dominated the reversal processes for samples where the IrMn thickness exceeded 60 Å; here, strong exchange biasing and higher coercivities were the norm. For all thicknesses of IrMn, an unexpected variation in the dominant orientation of domain walls on the outward and return parts of the magnetization cycle tended to be observed. A possible origin of this, together with the differences between the as-deposited samples and those subjected to rapid thermal processing, are discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5753-5755 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have studied Co(15 Å)/Cu(t) multilayers with nominal Cu spacer layer thicknesses of 7, 8, 9, and 10 Å. For multilayers with identical dimensions, transport measurements showed that the introduction of oxygen during growth increased the magnetoresistance while transmission electron microscopy revealed the effect of the oxygen bleed on the microstructure was reduced grain size, suppression of the Cohcp phase, and reduced texturing. Lorentz microscopy was used to determine the angle between magnetization vectors in adjacent magnetic layers and the values so deduced were found to correlate well with the variation of magnetoresistance within the multilayer sets. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 2994-2999 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin film elements of a soft magnetic nickel–iron alloy have been fabricated with structured edges in order to determine their effect on the magnetization reversal processes. Lorentz microscopy was used to study acicular elements with different edge structures and these were compared with standard elements with straight edges. The presence of the structured edges results in deviations of the magnetization along the length of the elements in the remanent state. Switching processes are described for a number of different elements and the effect of structuring the edges is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5105-5107 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic nano-elements made from NiFe and Co have been investigated using magnetic imaging in the transmission electron microscope. Nano-elements like these have possible uses for in-plane patterned media or solid state memory. In both cases the elements will need to be patterned into closely spaced arrays and magnetostatic interactions between the elements will begin to become significant. Arrays must therefore be designed so that an element's interactions with its neighbors will be small compared to its coercivity. Arrays of NiFe elements 300 nm long, 50–100 nm wide, and 26 nm thick, were fabricated by electron beam lithography and lift-off patterning. Their switching behavior and the interactions between them were studied in detail. Magnetization sequences were recorded and hysteresis loops constructed. For rows of NiFe elements with the gap between elements the same as the element width or larger, the interactions turn out to be small, suggesting that denser arrays would be possible. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 1611-1620 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used transmission electron microscopy to study magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers with the Cu spacer layer thickness close to 9 Å. The films show giant magnetoresistance (GMR) values (approximate)25%, saturation fields of 1–2 kOe, and very little magnetoresistive hysteresis; they are of interest as position sensors. While the Cu thickness was chosen to correspond to the first antiferromagnetic maximum, magnetic images taken throughout a magnetization cycle attest to the fact that the antiferromagnetic coupling is far from complete. Detailed analysis of image sequences and the corresponding low angle diffraction patterns suggests that the coupling is dominated by a biquadratic component. This is consistent with the relatively low value of GMR. Furthermore, the well-defined and relatively simple domain processes which are observed over the low field regime (±50 Oe) explain why little hysteresis is observed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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