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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene in females living in an industrial area of Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 585-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOPYR), and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (HOPHE) as metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene, were measured in urine samples collected from 124 housewives (27 smokers and 97 nonsmokers) living in Bottrop, an industrial city located in the Ruhr area in Germany. The urine samples were analyzed by a very sensitive and practical high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a two-column switching technique and a special precolumn packing material followed by fluorescence detection. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites are selectively enriched on the precolumn and separated from the matrix. Therefore, laborious clean-up steps were omitted. The above-mentioned PAH metabolites could be detected in all urine samples investigated. Smokers had significantly higher urine concentrations of 1-HOPYR (median 0.48 μg/g creatinine), 3-HOPHE (median 0.61 μg/g creatinine), 2-HOPHE (0.41 μg/g creatinine) and 4-HOPHE (median 0.10 μg/g creatinine) than non-smokers (median 0.15 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine and 0.04μg/g creatinine, respectively). The study shows that the influence of smoking is of such an order of magnitude that potential environmental exposure to PAH in this highly industrialized area is obscured by smoking habits. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the determination of 1-HOPYR, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-HOPHE in urine is a diagnostically useful method for the biological monitoring of persons environmentally exposed to PAH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212444
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary Levels of 1-Hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene in Females Living in an Industrial Area of Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 585-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1- HOPYR), and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (HOPHE) as metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene, were measured in urine samples collected from 124 housewives (27 smokers and 97 nonsmokers) living in Bottrop, an industrial city located in the Ruhr area in Germany. The urine samples were analyzed by a very sensitive and practical high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a two-column switching technique and a special precolumn packing material followed by fluorescence detection. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites are selectively enriched on the precolumn and separated from the matrix. Therefore, laborious clean-up steps were omitted. The above-mentioned PAH metabolites could be detected in all urine samples investigated. Smokers had significantly higher urine concentrations of 1-HOPYR (median 0.48 μg/g creatinine), 3-HOPHE (median 0.61 μg/g creatinine), 2-HOPHE (0.41 μg/g creatinine) and 4-HOPHE (median 0.10 μg/g creatinine) than non-smokers (median 0.15 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine and 0.04μg/g creatinine, respectively). The study shows that the influence of smoking is of such an order of magnitude that potential environmental exposure to PAH in this highly industrialized area is obscured by smoking habits. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the determination of 1-HOPYR, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-HOPHE in urine is a diagnostically useful method for the biological monitoring of persons environmentally exposed to PAH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900148
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 51 (1983), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth-lead concentrations ; Blood-lead concentrations ; Children ; Intelligence ; Perceptual-motor integration ; Behavior ratings ; Sociohereditary background ; Multiple regression-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results from neuropsychological tests, collected under double-blind-precautions, were evaluated for 115 schoolage children (mean age: 9.4 years) living in a lead smelter area (Stolberg, FRG). Tooth-lead concentrations (PbT) from shed incisor teeth as measures of longtime lead-exposure were available for these children (x = 6.16 ppm; range: 1.9–38.5 ppm), and for 83 of them blood-lead concentrations (PbB) were available as well (x = 14.3 μg/dl; range: 6.8-33.8 μg/dl). The following functional capacities were tested: intelligence (German WISC), perceptual-motor integration (Göttinger Formreproduktionstest = GFT, Diagnosticum for Cerebralschüdigung = DCS), reaction performance (Wiener Determinationsgerät), finger-wrist tapping-speed, and repetitive cancellation-performance (Differentieller Leistungstest). In addition standardized behavior ratings were obtained by the examiners, the mothers, and the teachers. Multiple stepwise regression-analysis (forced solution) was calculated for outcome-variables and Pb-tooth, including age, sex, duration of labor, and socio-hereditary background as covariates. Significant (P〈 0.05) or near-significant (P〈 0.1) association was established between Pb-tooth and GFT-performance (errors), reaction-performance (false reactions), and four behavioral dimensions as rated by the mothers, namely distractability, restlessness, lack of information, and wasting of time; the proportion of explained variance never exceeded 6%, however, No significant association was found between PbT and WISC verbal-IQ after the effects of “socio-hereditary background” had been eliminated, although there was still a tendency for high level-children (PbT 〉 10 ppm) to be inferior to low level-children (PbT ≦ 4 ppm) by 4.6 IQ-points after correction for confounding. There was a near-significant, inverse relationship between fingerwrist tapping-speed and Pb-blood. The results are discussed within the framework of attention-deficit disorder, and compared to neurobehavioral Pb-effects from animal-experiments, which provide suggestive evidence for a causal relationship between developmental lead-exposure and certain neurobehavioral deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377755
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated surveillance of exposure to thallium in a population living in the vincinity of a cement plant emitting dust containing thallium (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 52 (1983), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thallium exposure ; Cement factories ; Biological monitoring ; Congenital malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary From 1979 to 1981, several medical surveys were carried out among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant that emitted dust containing thallium until August, 1979. Air, soil, plants, and domestic animals in the area were contaminated by thallium and this led to an increased intake of thallium in the population, mainly due to the consumption of home-grown vegetables and fruit. In order to assess the degree of the individuals' exposure to thallium, thallium levels in 24-h urine samples (TIU) were determined. Three surveys were carried out from September to December, 1979 to assess the degree of thallium exposure of different parts of the general population. Subjects with relatively high exposure, as indicated by the results of the above mentioned population surveys, or those suffering from health disorders that might be related to an increased intake of thallium, were reexamined several times from 1979–1981. Special attention was also given to children attending a kindergarten situated about 0.5 km from the cement plant. As compared to an “unexposed” reference population (mean TIU: 0.3 μg/1), the majority of the population living in the cement plant area had significantly elevated urinary thallium levels (range: 〈 0.1–76.5 μg/1) indicating a substantially increased environmental exposure. A reduction of the intake of thallium was mainly achieved by the fact that the population, as advised by the authorities, largely avoided the consumption of home-grown, potentially contaminated food-stuffs. Reports on the teratogenicity of thallium in certain animal species caused great concern that thallium might have exerted teratogenic effects on the newborn of women exposed to thallium during pregnancy. Therefore, an investigation of children born between January, 1978 and August, 1979 (n = 297) was carried out. Although the number of congenital malformations was greater than expected, we conclude, considering carefully all data available, that there is likely no causal relationship between thallium and the occurrence of congenital malformations in the children investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380610
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of cadmium and lead in blood in relation to smoking, sex, occupation, and other factors in an adult population of the FRG (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 52 (1983), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium in blood ; Lead in blood ; Smoking ; Sex ; Occupation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Levels of cadmium (CdB) and lead (PbB) were determined in the blood of 579 60–65 year-old residents of Cologne and two small cities near Cologne. CdB-levels in cigarette smokers are on the average 3–4 times higher than in non-smokers (geometric means: non-smokers, 0.44 μg/1; ≤ 10 cigaretrettes/d, 1.16 μg/l; 〉 10 cigarettes/d, 1.85 μg/1). The results indicate that, with regard to the internal dose, cadmium exposure via smoking may contribute even more than does exposure via food. PbB-levels (geometric mean: 8.49 μg/100 ml; range: 2.9–30.3 μg/100 ml) are in the acceptable range as defined by the CEC reference values. Male smokers have on the average slightly higher PbB-levels than male non-smokers. In women PbB-levels are on the average lower than in men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405420
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure to lead and cadmium of children living in different areas of North-West Germany: results of biological monitoring studies 1982–1986 (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead exposure ; Cadmium exposure ; Children ; North-West Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between 1982 and 1986 several surveys were carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and shed deciduous teeth (incisors only) of children living in rural, suburban, urban, and industrial areas of North-West Germany. Blood lead (PbB) and blood cadmium (CdB) were measured in about 4000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbB levels vary between 5.5 and 7 μg/dl, with 98th percentiles varying between 10 and 13 μg/dl. The median CdB levels are between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/dl, with 95th percentiles between 0.3 and 0.4 μg/l. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbB levels than children from rural and suburban areas. Regarding CdB no differences could be detected. Children living in areas around lead and zinc smelters, particularly those living very close to the smelters, have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. Children from lead worker families also have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. The lead levels in shed milk teeth (PbT) were determined in about 3000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbT levels are between 2 and 3 μg/g, with 95th percentiles between 4 and 7 μg/g. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbT levels than children from rural and suburban areas. The highest PbT levels (on a group basis) are in children from nonferrous smelter areas. The median levels of lead in urine (PbU) are between 6 and 10 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles between 20 and 30 μg/g creatinine. Children from polluted areas have higher PbU levels than children from less polluted areas. The median levels of cadmium in urine (CdU) are in the order of 0.1 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles being in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/g creatinine. Girls have higher CdU levels than boys. There are no differences between groups of children from different areas. Children from lead worker families have higher PbU and CdU levels than otherwise comparable children. The results of the present studies indicate a further decrease of PbB in children from North-West Germany since the CEC blood lead campaigns carried out in 1979 and 1981. The decrease of lead exposure also seems to be reflected by a decrease of tooth lead levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378699
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiologische untersuchungen zur ökologischen bleibelastung von männlichen gro\stadtbewohnern in Nordwestdeutschland (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 46 (1980), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Environment ; Lead ; Free erythrocyte porphyrin ; Smoking ; Biological quality guide for lead ; Umwelt ; Blei ; freies Erythrocyten-Porphyrin ; Rauchen ; biologische Überwachung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Blutbleikonzentrationen (PbB) and FEP-Werte von 1423 bzw. 673 50jährigen Männern aus einer westdeutschen Großstadt (Köln) bestimmt. Der geometrische Mittelwert der PbB-Werte beträgt 12,8 μg/100 g, der Mittelwert der FEP-Werte 35,3 μg/100 ml Erythrocyten. Probanden, die überwiegend im Bereich der Produktion and Verarbeitung tätig waren, wiesen im Durchschnitt höhere PbB-Werte auf als die im Bereich von Büro, Verwaltung, Schule etc. Tätigen. Zigarettenraucher hatten signifikant höhere PbB-Werte als Nie-Raucher. Die höchsten mittleren PbB-Werte traten im Innenstadtbereich Bowie in drei stark industrialisierten Stadtteilen auf; in Stadtrandgebieten wurden deutlich niedrigere Werte gefunden. In dem untersuchten PbB-Bereich (3,5–56,4 μg/100 g) konnte kein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen erhbhten PbB- and FEP-Werten nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung der PbB-Bestimmung als primarer Screening-Test zur biologischen Überwachung der Bevölkerung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei wird hervorgehoben.
    Notes: Summary Blood lead levels (PbB) and FEP-levels were measured in 1423 and 673 50-year-old males, respectively, from Cologne, a large West German city. The mean PbB value was 12.8 μg/ 100 g and the mean FEP was 35.3 μg/100 ml erythrocytes. Subjects working in production lines or in processing plants had higher PbB values than subjects working as employees and officers in administration, management, schools etc. Cigarette smokers had significant higher PbB values than non-smokers. The highest mean PbB values were found in the city centre as well as in three highly industrialized areas. PbB values were smaller in suburban areas. Within the range of PbB levels studied (3.5–56.6 μg/100 g), no statistically significant relationship between PbB and FEP could be demonstrated. The importance of PbB as a primary test for the biological screening of the population for lead is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377460
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thallium exposure ; Cement factories ; Biological monitoring ; Thallium levels in urine ; Thallium levels in hair ; Health effects of low-level chronic thallium exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the degree of thallium exposure in a population living around a thallium emitting cement plant in a small city in North-West Germany thallium levels in 24 h urine samples of 1,265 subjects and in hair samples of 1,163 subjects were determined. Urinary thallium levels in two groups of subjects living in an urban and a rural area of West Germany were determined for reference. As compared to these subjects the population living around the cement plant exhibited obvious signs of increased thallium intake. The mean urinary thallium concentration was 2.6 μg/1 and ranged up to 76.5 pg/1. In contrast, the mean urinary thallium levels of the two reference groups were 0.2 and 0.4 μg/1, respectively. Hair thallium levels of the population living around the cement plant were also markedly increased (mean: 9.5 ng/g). The major route of the population's increased intake of thallium was found to be the consumption of vegetables and fruit grown in private gardens in the vicinity of the cement plant. As was shown by chemical analyses vegetables and fruit grown in these gardens were contaminated by thallium-containing atmospheric dust fall-out caused by emissions of the cement plant. The pulmonary route of uptake as well as other sources did not seem to play a significant role in the population's exposure to thallium. Polyneuritic symptoms, sleep disorders, headache, fatigue and other signs of psychasthenia were found to be the major health effects associated with increased thallium levels in urine and hair. No positive correlation was found between the thallium levels in hair and urine and the prevalence of skin alterations, hair-loss and gastro-intestinal dysfunctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378686
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lead in deciduous teeth of children living in a non-ferrous smelter area and a rural area of the FRG (1982)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 50 (1982), S. 139-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth lead levels ; Blood lead levels ; Current lead exposure ; Long-term lead exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lead concentrations were measured in the deciduous teeth (incisors) of 302 children living in a lead-smelter area in the FRG (Stolberg, Rheinland) and of 86 children living in a nonpolluted rural area (Gummersbach, Bergisches Land). Blood lead levels were determined in 83 of the children living in the lead smelter area. On average, tooth lead levels of children living in the smelter area (mean: 6.0 μg/g; range: 1.49–38.5 μg/g) were significantly higher than those of children living in the rural area (mean: 3.9 μg/g; range: 1.6–9.4 μg/g). Blood lead levels were 6.8–33.8 μg/100 ml (mean: 14.3 μg/100 ml). Children of lead workers had on average higher tooth lead and blood lead levels than children of people who were not lead-workers. Tooth lead levels increased with increasing duration of residence in the lead-smelter area and with the degree of local environmental pollution by lead, as indicated by the lead content of the atmospheric dust fall-out around the children's homes. The correlation coefficient of tooth lead vs blood lead was 0.47. The intra-individual variability of tooth lead levels was low (r=0.86), and tooth lead levels of brothers and sisters were similar (r=0.75), suggesting that tooth lead may be used as a representative and reliable indicator of long-term lead exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378076
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium in kidney cortex of inhabitants of North-West Germany: its relationship to age, sex, smoking and environmental pollution by cadmium (1987)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Kidney cortex ; Autopsy study ; Environmental pollution by cadmium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cadmium concentration in kidney cortex (CdKc) was determined in 388 deceased persons, who at the time of death had lived in the cities of Düsseldorf and Duisburg, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and surrounding areas. The average CdKc concentration was found to be 17.1 μg/g wet weight. Individual values range from 〈 0.4 to 94.3 μg/g wet weight. The CdKc levels rapidly increase during the first decades of life. At the age of about 40 years, a plateau phase is reached. At high ages (〉 70 years), the CdKc levels tend to decrease. Cigarette smokers have significantly higher CdKc concentrations than non-smokers. The increase of CdKc depends on the number of cigarettes smoked. Cigar and pipe smokers have slightly increased CdKc levels compared to non-smokers. Non-smokers who had spent the major part of their life in the area of Duisburg, a cadmium-polluted area, have, on the average, significantly higher CdKc levels than non-smokers from the less-polluted surrounding areas. In smokers the residential factor is masked by the effect of cigarette smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378494
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