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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that axons containing substance P in the guinea-pig ileum are of intrinsic origin (1979)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 307 (1979), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Substance P ; Intestine ; Autonomic nervous system ; Peptidergic nerves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acid extracts from both normal and extrinsically denervated ileum contained a compound which was indistinguishable from synthetic substance P; this compound was assayed by examining its contractile effect on the longitudinal muscle of segments of ileum in which receptors for acetylcholine and histamine were blocked. Contractions caused by the compound were markedly and selectively antagonized when the ileum was made insensitive to the action of substance P. The activities in the extract and of synthetic substance P were both destroyed by chymotrypsin but were not affected by trypsin or carboxypeptidase B. The concentrations of substance P-like material in normal and extrinsically denervated segments were not significantly different, being equivalent to 0.48 μg of substance P per g of external muscle plus myenteric plexus. A compound with substance P-like activity was liberated by stimulation of intramural nerves, either electrically or by dimethylphenylpiperazinium, in both normal and extrinsically denervated segments of ileum. The release of this compound was prevented by tetrodotoxin and its action on the muscle was blocked when the ileum was made insensitive to the action of substance P. Experiments with transmural stimulation showed that excitatory nerve pathways involving substance P neurons extend for less than 4 cm along the intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506552
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peristaltic reflex: An analysis of the nerve pathways and their pharmacology (1976)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 294 (1976), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Autonomic pharmacology ; Peristalsis ; Intestine ; 5-hydroxytryptamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The enteric reflexes in isolated segments of the distal colon and rectum of the guinea-pig were studied by applying localized distensions and recording the consequent changes in circular muscle activity, and by recording tension changes in the circular muscle during the propulsion of a bolus in vitro. Lesions of the wall of the colon were made to locate nerve pathways involved in the reflexes and pharmacological tests were applied to investigate the natures of transmitters released and the types of receptors involved. Distension produced a transient contraction of the circular muscle on the oral side and sustained relaxation on the anal side. Both reflexes were nervemediated. They were elicited in segments deprived of mucosa and submucosa. Interruption of Auerbach's plexus, but not interruption of the submucosal plexus, prevented their conduction. The ascending excitatory reflex was partly blocked by hyoscine and was also partly blocked by methysergide or by making the preparation tachyphylactic to the excitatory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The ascending excitatory pathways apparently involve neurons releasing a 5-HT-like transmitter as well as cholinergic neurons. The descending inhibitory reflex was not antagonized by hyoscine, guanethidine, methysergide or mepyramine. It is assumed that the inhibitory neurons activated in this reflex are identical with the noncholinergic, non-adrenergic, enteric inhibitory neurons found throughout the intestine. If both the ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory reflexes acted simultaneously on the same area of circular muscle, the inhibitory response tended to dominate. Pellets of faeces, covered by a thin layer of resin, were introduced into the oral ends of isolated segments of colon. They were propelled analwards at speeds of 0.5–1.6 mm/s. Tension records showed that the pellets were preceded by relaxation and followed by a ring of contraction. The propulsion was blocked by both hyoscine and methysergide. Descending waves of contraction were also observed in empty segments of colon. These occurred spontaneously or were initiated by stretch. They did not occur in the presence of hyoscine or tetrodotoxin. It is postulated that three factors may contribute to propulsion in the guinea-pig distal colon: ascending excitatory reflexes which evoke contractions above a bolus; descending inhibitory reflexes which cause relaxations below; and contractions which, once set up in the circular muscle, travel in an anal direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692784
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calbindin neurons of the guinea-pig small intestine: quantitative analysis of their numbers and projections (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Sensory neurons ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve cells with immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calbindin, has been studied in the small intestine of the guinea-pig, and the projections of these neurons have been analysed by tracing their processes and by examining the consequences of nerve lesions. The immunoreactive neurons were numerous in the myenteric ganglia; there were 3500±100 reactive nerve cells per cm2 of undistended intestine, which is 30% of all nerve cells. In contrast, reactive nerve cells were extremely rare in submucous ganglia. The myenteric nerve cells were oval in outline and gave rise to several long processes; this morphology corresponds to Dogiel's type-II classification. Processes from the cell bodies were traced through the circular muscle in perforating nerve fibre bundles. Other processes ran circumferentially in the myenteric plexus. Removal of the myenteric plexus, allowing time for subsequent fibre degeneration, showed that reactive nerve fibres in the submucous ganglia and mucosa came from the myenteric cell bodies. Operations to sever longitudinal or circumferential pathways in the myenteric plexus indicated that most reactive nerve terminals in myenteric ganglia arise from myenteric cell bodies whose processes run circumferentially for 1.5 mm, on average. It is deduced that the calbindin-reactive neurons are multipolar sensory neurons, with the sensitive processes in the mucosa and with other processes innervating neurons of the myenteric plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318629
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and projections of neurons with immunoreactivity for both gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin in the guinea-pig small intestine (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Neuropeptides ; Gastrin releasing peptide ; Bombesin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bombesin-like and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-like immunoreactivities were localized in nerves of the guinea-pig small intestine and celiac ganglion with the use of antibodies raised against the synthetic peptides. The anti-bombesin serum (preincubated to avoid cross reactivity with substance P) and the anti-GRP serum revealed the same population of neurons. Preincubation of the antibombesin serum with bombesin abolished the immunoreactivity in nerves while absorption of the anti-GRP serum with either bombesin or the 14–27 C-terminal of GRP only reduced the immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity was abolished by incubation with GRP 1–27. Immunoreactive nerves were found in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, submucous plexus and in the celiac ganglion. Faintly reactive nerve cell bodies were found in the myenteric ganglia (3.2% of all neurons) but not in submucous ganglia. After all ascending and descending pathways in the myenteric plexus had been cut, reactive terminals disappeared in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle (including the deep muscular plexus) and the submucous plexus on the anal side. After the mesenteric nerves were cut no changes were observed in the intestinal wall but the reactive fibres in celiac ganglia disappeared. It is deduced that GRP/bombesin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in myenteric ganglia project from the myenteric plexus to other myenteric ganglia situated further anally (average length 12 mm), anally to the circular muscle (average length 9 mm), anally to submucous ganglia (average length 13 mm) and external to the intestine to the celiac ganglia. It is concluded that the GRP/bombesin-reactive neurons in the intestinal wall represent a distinct population of enteric neurons likely to be involved in controlling motility and in the coordination of other intestinal functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217852
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of enteric nerve cells projecting to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Retrograde tracing ; Calbindin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Retrograde tracing, using Fast Blue dye, was employed to determine the distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the myenteric but not submucous ganglia. When the superior mesenteric ganglion was injected, labelled neurons were found in low frequencies (less than 5 nerve cell bodies/cm2) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and proximal colon. The distal colon was analysed in five segments of equal length (1–5; oral to anal). Segment 1 had about 4 labelled nerve cells/cm2, whereas segments 2 to 5 displayed an average of about 25 nerve cells/cm2. The rectum contained about 36 labelled neurons/cm2. After injection of the inferior mesenteric ganglia with Fast Blue, no labelled neurons were found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum or caecum. No labelled cells were observed in the gallbladder. A small number of labelled cells occurred in the proximal colon and in segment 1 of the distal colon. The frequency of labelled cells increased markedly in the more anal regions of the distal colon, and reached a peak in the rectum (138 cells/cm2). Both nerve lesions and immersion of the cut nerve in Fast Blue solution showed that the superior mesenteric nerve carries the axons of neurons located in the middle distal colon to the superior mesenteric ganglion. Almost half of the neurons in the rectum that project to the inferior mesenteric ganglia do so via the hypogastric nerves. Of neurons that projected to the inferior or superior mesenteric ganglia from the colon or rectum, similar proportions (about 75–80%) showed immunoreactivity for calbindin or VIP. For each of the prevertebral ganglia (coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric) the great majority of peripheral inputs arise from the large intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318620
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, pathways and reactions to drug treatment of nerves with neuropeptide Y- and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig digestive tract (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 71-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Noradrenergic nerves ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (PPLI) has been localized in nerves of the guinea-pig stomach and intestine with the use of antibodies raised against avian, bovine and human pancreatic polypeptide (PP), the C-terminal hexapeptide of mammalian PP, and against the related peptide, NPY. Each of the antibodies revealed the same population of neurones. Reactive cell bodies were found in both myenteric (5% of all neurones) and submucous ganglia (26% of all neurones) of the small intestine, and varicose processes were observed in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, mucosa and around arterioles. The nerves were unaffected by bilateral subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy, but the staining of the periarterial nerves disappeared after treatment of animals with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine and was also absent after mesenteric nerves had been cut and allowed to degenerate. Vascular nerves showing immunoreactivity for dopamine it-hydroxylase and PPLI had the same distribution. It is concluded that PPLI is located in periarterial noradrenergic nerves. However, other noradrenergic nerves in the intestine do not show PPLI, and PPLI also occurs in nerves that are not noradrenergic. Analysis of changes in the distribution of terminals after microsurgical lesions of pathways in the small intestine showed that processes of myenteric PP-nerve cells provide terminals in the underlying circular muscle and in myenteric ganglia up to about 2 mm more anal. Submucous PP-cell bodies provide terminals to the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217403
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of inputs to longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 549-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calretinin ; Calbindin ; Bombesin ; Small intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Light- and electron-microscopic studies were used to investigate connections between specific subgroups of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guineapig small intestine. Inputs to two classes of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons, were examined. Inputs from calbindin-IR primary sensory neurons and from three classes of descending interneurons were studied. Electron-microscopic analysis showed that calbindin-IR axons formed two types of inputs, synapses and close contacts, on calretinin-IR neurons. About 40% of inputs to the longitudinal muscle motor neurons and 70% to ascending interneurons were calbindin-IR. Approximately 50% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons were surrounded by bombesin-IR dense pericellular baskets and 40% by closely apposed varicosities. At the electron-microscope level, the bombesin-IR varicosities were found to form synapses and close contacts with the motor neurons. Dense pericellular baskets with bombesin-IR surrounded 36% of all ascending interneurons, and a further 17% had closely apposed varicosities. Somatostatin-and 5-HT-IR descending interneurons provided no dense pericellular baskets to calretinin-IR nerve cells. Thus, calretinin-IR, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons receive direct synaptic inputs from intrinsic primary sensory neurons and from non-cholinergic, bombesin-IR, descending interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318359
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcium-binding proteins in enteric neurons (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig ; Rat ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity for vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been localized in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the gastrointestinal tracts of guinea-pig, rat and man. CaBP immunoreactivity was found in a high proportion of nerve cell bodies of the myenteric plexus, particularly in the small intestine. It was also found in submucous neurons of the small and large intestines. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were numerous in the myenteric ganglia, and were also common in the submucous ganglia and in the intestinal mucosa. Immunoreactive fibres were rare in the circular and longitudinal muscle coats. In the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine the immunoreactivity is restricted to one class of nerve cell bodies, type-II neurons of Dogiel, which display calcium action potentials in their cell bodies. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antibodies to spot 35 protein, a calcium-binding protein from the cerebellum. From the distribution of their terminals and the electrophysiological properties of these neurons it is suggested they might be sensory neurons, or perhaps interneurons. The discovery of CaBP in restricted sub-groups of enteric neurons may provide an important key for the analysis of their functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213828
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the coeliac ganglion of the guinea-pig (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Coeliac ganglion ; Retrograde tracing ; Calbindin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The digestive tract of the guinea-pig, from the esophagus to the rectum, was examined in detail to determine the distribution and relative abundances of neurons in these organs that project to the coeliac ganglion and the routes by which their axons reach the ganglion. A retrogradely transported neuronal marker, Fast Blue, was injected into the coeliac ganglion. The esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, caecum, proximal colon, distal colon and rectum were analysed for labelled neurons. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found only in the myenteric plexus of these organs, and in the pancreas. No labelled neurons were found in the gallbladder or the fundus of the stomach, or in the submucous plexus of any region. A small number of labelled neurons was found in the gastric antrum. An increasing density of labelled neurons was found along the duodenum. Similarly, an increasing density of labelled neurons was found from proximal to distal along the jejuno-ileum. However, the greates densities of labelled neurons were in the large intestine. many labelled neurons were found in the caecum, including a high density underneath its taeniae. An increasing density of labelled neurons was found along the length of the proximal colon, and labelled neurons were found in the distal colon and rectum. In total, more labelled cell bodies occurred in the large intestine than in the small intestine. The routes taken by the axons of viscerofugal neurons were ascertained by lesioning the nerve bundles which accompany vessels supplying regions of the digestive tract. Viscerofugal neurons of the caecum project to the coeliac ganglion via the ileocaeco-colic nerves; neurons in the proximal colon project to the ganglion via the right colic nerves, and neurons in the distal colon project to the ganglion via the mid colic and intermesenteric nerves. Neurons in the rectum project to the coeliac ganglion via the intermesenteric nerves. These nerves (except for the intermesenterics) all join nerve bundles from the small intestine that follow the superior mesenteric artery. All viscerofugal neurons of the caecum were calbindin-immunoreactive (calb-IR) and 94% were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-IR). In the proximal colon, 49% of labelled neurons were calb-IR and 85% were VIP-IR. In the distal colon, 80% of labelled neurons were calb-IR and 71% were VIP-IR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384732
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of inputs to longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 549-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calretinin ; Calbindin ; Bombesin ; Small intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Light- and electron-microscopic studies were used to investigate connections between specific subgroups of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. Inputs to two classes of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons, were examined. Inputs from calbindin-IR primary sensory neurons and from three classes of descending interneurons were studied. Electron-microscopic analysis showed that calbindin-IR axons formed two types of inputs, synapses and close contacts, on calretinin-IR neurons. About 40% of inputs to the longitudinal muscle motor neurons and 70% to ascending interneurons were calbindin-IR. Approximately 50% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons were surrounded by bombesin-IR dense pericellular baskets and 40% by closely apposed varicosities. At the electron-microscope level, the bombesin-IR varicosities were found to form synapses and close contacts with the motor neurons. Dense pericellular baskets with bombesin-IR surrounded 36% of all ascending interneurons, and a further 17% had closely apposed varicosities. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-IR descending interneurons provided no dense pericellular baskets to calretinin-IR nerve cells. Thus, calretinin-IR, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons receive direct synaptic inputs from intrinsic primary sensory neurons and from non-cholinergic, bombesin-IR, descending interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318359
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