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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Aldosterone Antagonists ; β-Methyl-Digoxin ; Guinea Pigs ; Potassium ; Cardiac Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of aldosterone antagonists on the cardiotoxicity of β-methyl-digoxin in guinea pigs were investigated in vivo and in vitro. 1. Three days of pretreatment with spironolactone influenced neither plasma concentrations, urinary output and tissue distribution of radioactivity after intravenous injection of β-methyl-digoxin nor the pattern of lipid soluble metabolites in the urine. 2. Spironolactone injected intraduodenally 1 h before the infusion of β-methyl-digoxin decreased the cardiotoxicity of the latter if hypokalemia was reduced or prevented by giving 0.4–1.0 mEq/kg KCl 1 h before β-methyl-digoxin. 3. Three days of pretreatment with canrenoate-K decreased the cardiotoxicity of β-methyl-digoxin in vivo without the administration of KCl. 4. Isolated hearts from guinea pigs pretreated with canrenoate-K for 3 days tolerated the perfusion with toxic concentrations of β-methyl-digoxin better than those from controls although the rate of potassium extrusion from the heart was not decreased. 5. The addition of canrenone to the fluid perfusing isolated hearts decreased the potassium extrusion produced by and the toxicity of β-methyl-digoxin. The results suggest that the decreased glycoside toxicity is due to the stimulation of inward transport of potassium by aldosterone-antagonists described in the preceding paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cardiac Glycosides ; Brain ; Behaviour ; Distribution ; Protein Binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats and mice were injected with 3H-labelled β-methyldigoxin, digoxin or digitoxin i.p. Four hours later, the concentrations of radioactivity were measured in the plasma and in skeletal muscle or in the brain. Protein binding in the plasma was determined and the concentration of radioactivity in the plasma water was calculated. By dividing the injected dose or the concentration in the tissue by that in the plasma water, distribution coefficients (DCs) were calculated for the whole body, skeletal muscle and brain. Some extra-cardiac effects of the three glycosides were quantified and the concentrations that may be expected in plasma water, skeletal muscle and brain after the administration of equiactive doses were calculated. 1. The DC of the injected dose was lower for β-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin and digitoxin. This difference cannot be explained by a slow elimination of β-methyl-digoxin suggesting that it has a low distribution volume in these species. 2. In rats, the DC between skeletal muscle and plasma water decreased in the order digitoxin 〉 digoxin ≫ β-methyl-digoxin. 3. In mice and rats, the DC between brain and plasma water decreased in the order digitoxin ≫ β-methyl-digoxin 〉 digoxin. 4. Protein binding decreased in the order digitoxin ≫ digoxin 〉 β-methyldigoxin. 5. In rats, the doses producing an equal increase in potassium excretion decreased in the order digitoxin 〉 digoxin 〉 β-methyl-digoxin. On the other hand, the concentrations of radioactivity in the plasma water correlated with these doses decreased in the order β-methyl-digoxin 〉 digitoxin ≫ digoxin. There was no significant difference between the intracellular concentrations of digoxin and β-methyl-digoxin in skeletal muscle. 6. In mice, there was no clear correlation between inhibition of spontaneous motility or righting reflexes on the rotating rod and the concentrations of radioactivity in the plasma water or in the brain. β-Methyl-digoxin is moee lipophilic than digoxin but it penetrates less into skeletal muscle. It is as lipophilic as digitoxin, but it penetrates less into the brain of rats and mice. This shows that penetration of the cell membrane by cardiac glycosides does not solely depend on lipid solubility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 249 (1970), S. 100-105 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die spektrometrische Analyse von weiß erstarrtem Roheisen (auf C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cu) ist mit der gleichen Anregung und in der gleichen Funkzeit wie diejenige von Stahl möglich. Eine spezielle Kalibriertechnik mit Stahlproben garantiert ein ausreichend reproduzierbares und richtiges Resultat in relativ kurzer Zeit (20 sec).
    Notes: Abstract The conditions of pig iron analysis by using a direct reading spectrometer for routine determination of C, Si, Mn, P, S and Cu, the influence of sampling and a new calibration technique of the instrument are described. The whole time needed for complete spectrometrical analysis is about 20 sec.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 250 (1970), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Verbesserung der Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse der emissionsspektrometrischen Analyse bei Fertigproduktproben aus Roheisen und Stahl, sowie gewalztem Stahl oder Blech kann mit Hilfe des Mehrfleckanfunkens in Kombination mit einer beschriebenen Kalibriertechnik unter Festlegung der Eichkurve im Koordinatensprung und dem Anfunken durch eine Bornitrid-Blende bewirkt werden. Durch eine geringe Änderung im Meßkreis des verwendeten Spektrometers kann erreicht werden, daß die Meßkondensatoren nicht nach jedem Anfunkprozeß entladen werden und die bei wiederholtem Anfunken resultierenden Spannungen zusätzlich auf diesen integriert werden können. Vier verschiedene Anfunkungen in dieser Weise mit je 5 sec Integration ergeben eine bessere Reproduzierbarkeit und Richtigkeit gegenüber der gebräuchlichen einmaligen Anfunkung mit 20 sec Integration. Mit Hilfe dieser Methodik ist auch die schnelle spektrometrische Analyse von gewalztem Stahl mit nicht erfaßbarer Seigerung möglich. Die Ergebnisse an Spanpreßlingen werden ebenfalls verbessert.
    Notes: Abstract An increase of precision in emission-spectrometric analysis of samples from finished pig iron and steel charges or rolled steel and sheet-iron is effected by a combination of the method of more-spot sparking, the described technique of calibration with electronic fixation of zero of the calibration curves and sparking through a bornitride disc. By making a simple change in the switch in the measuring circuit of the spectrometer in application, it can be effected that after a single spark the recording by the measuring condensers does not get discharged when the next sparking process takes place. On account of this the intensities of the various successive sparks add together and then integrate on the charged condensers. Thus when sparked each 5 sec for four times it accounts to a considerable increase in the precision and accuracy when compared with the usual method to spark for 20 sec only once. Due to the appearance of a insignificant amount of segregation in rolled steel the application of emission-spectrometry to its analysis is possible and better results are obtained from sparking briquetted chips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 249 (1970), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die direkte Bestimmung von Kobalt in unterschiedlichen Substanzen im Gehaltsbereich von 0,001 bis 5% ist nach einem einfachen Verfahren möglich, wenn die Komplexbildungsreaktion und der tatsächliche Störeffekt durch andere Elemente bekannt sind. Die für eine Bestimmung benötigte Zeit beträgt 25 min. Die relative Standardabweichung liegt zwischen 0,02–20%.
    Notes: Abstract A simple procedure without any separation is described; the complex formation and the interfering effects of other elements are studied. This method is suitable for the accurate determination of 0.001 to 5% of cobalt in several materials. The time required for one determination is 25 min only. The coefficients of variation are within 0.02–20%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektrographie, Emission ; Mikroanalyse mit Lösungen, Preßelektroden, Schmelzperle/Laser-Anregung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der spektrographischen Methoden mit dem Zerstäuben von Lösungen und über Preßelektroden zur Bestimmung zahlreicher Elemente aus kleinen Probemengen — wie sie z.B. als Rückstände nach der Isolierung von Einschlüssen in Stahl anfallen — wird beschrieben. Während der letzten 20 Jahre zeigt sich dabei eine signifikante Verkleinerung der hierzu benötigten Probemenge bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Nachweisempfindlichkeit der Methoden. Jetzt ist es möglich, die quantitative Bestimmung vieler interessierender Elemente mit nur 10–20 μg einer oxidischen Probesubstanz nach Schmelzaufschluß und einfacher Vorbereitung mit Hilfe der Laser-Mikrospektrographie ohne Verlust an Genauigkeit durchzuführen.
    Notes: Abstract The development of the spectrographic methods by solution atomizing and the techniques of briquette electrodes for the determination of many elements from small sample quantities, like residues from the isolation of inclusions in steel for example, is described. During the last 20 years there is a significant decrease in sample quantity needed for this analysis in combination with an increase of sensitivity of the methods. Now a quantitative determination of many interesting elements can be obtained from only 10–20 μg of oxidic samples after a melting fusion and a simple preparation by the Laser-excited emission spectrography without the loss of accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 186-196 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Probenvorbereitung von Ferrolegierungen ; Spektrometrie, Röntgenfluorescenz-Spektrometrie ; Umschmelztechnik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Entwicklung und Einsatz eines Umschmelzverfahrens berichtet, das der Probenvorbereitung von Ferrolegierungen für die Bestimmung der Haupt- und Nebenbestandteile — einschließlich Kohlenstoff — an Röntgenfluorescenz- und Vakuumemissionsspektrometern dient. Bei diesem Verfahren wird ein Gemenge von 10 g der Ferrolegierung und 30 g elektrolytischem Reinstoder Armcoeisen in einem Hochfrequenzschleuderofen aufgeschmolzen und in eine Kupferkokille ausgeschleudert. Die erstarrte Probe kann nach dem Abschleifen der Gießhaut unmittelbar analysiert werden. Das Mengenverhältnis von Ferrolegierung und Eisenzusatz wurde durch Versuche ermittelt. Unter den beschriebenen Bedingungen haben die abgegossenen Proben das für die Untersuchung optimale Gefüge, sie sind homogen, zerspringen nicht und können einwandfrei durch Schleifen für die Analyse vorbereitet werden. Diese Umschmelztechnik ist zusammen mit den angegebenen spektrochemischen Analysenverfahren für die Untersuchung von Ferromangan, Ferrochrom und Ferrovanadin seit längerer Zeit im täglichen Einsatz. Es wird versucht, diese Verfahren auch auf die Untersuchung anderer Ferrolegierungen anzuwenden.
    Notes: Abstract The report deals with the development and use of a recasting process, by which experiments can be carried out on ferroalloys for the determination of all main and secondary components — including carbon — on rationally functioning fluorescent X-ray and optical spectrometres. In this process a mixture of 10 g of ferroalloy and 30 g of purest electrolyte or Armco-iron are melted together in a high-frequency centrifugal furnace and poured into a copper-mould. The solidified specimen can be analysed after the polishing of the surface. The combination indicated, of ferroalloy and Armco-iron, was determined by experiment. Under these given conditions the specimens, when poured-off, have the optimum texture for the tests, they are homogeneous, do not split and can be satisfactorily prepared for the analysis by polishing. The melting-process described and the spectro-chemical analytical process mentioned for the testing of the ferromanganese, ferrochromium and ferrovanadium have been approved for some time. At the moment attempts are being made to use these processes in the testing of other ferroalloys. The precision of the spectro-chemical analyses and the accuracy of the comparison of spectro-chemically acquired values and those obtained by the chemical process are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 85 (1973), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Antibioticum Hygromycin B, eine Verbindung C20H37N3O13 aus Streptomyces hygroscopicus, wurde hydrolytisch gespalten und die Spaltprodukte charakterisiert und identifiziert. Die Kenntnis ihrer Struktur und die Interpretation von 13C-NMR.- (CMR.)- Spektren führten zur Strukturaufklärung des Antibiotikums.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 12 (1973), S. 236-237 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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