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  • 1990-1994  (9)
  • 1992  (3)
  • 1990  (6)
Material
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  • 1990-1994  (9)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 697-702 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acidic parameters according to the GUTMANN's acceptor numbers (AN) of cellulose acetates and unmodified cellulose have been determined by means of the negatively solvatochromic probe dye Fe(phen)2(CN)2. Unmodified cellulose possesses a relatively high acceptor strength due to cooperative hydrogen bonds while increasing acetate contents in the polymer chain lower the acceptor strength. The dependence of AN on the acetate content can be used to estimate the degree of substitution (DS). Pecularities in the substitution interval (DS=0 to DS=1.5) are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The substitution patterns of methyl cellulose as well as of a thexyldimethylsilyl cellulose after permethylation were determined by hydrolysis and separation of the resulting partially methylated glucoses without further derivatization by h.p.l.c.. On an amine-modified silica column the solutes get separated into glucose, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl glucose and the groups of mono-O-methyl-and di-O-methyl glucoses. A chromatographic run on a reversed-phase column enables the identification of the single mono-O-methyl- and di-O-methyl glucoses. In this way, a determination of both the average degree of substitution and the substitution pattern of cellulose derivatives is possible. Comparison of the results with those obtained by standard methylation analysis including g.l.c.-m.s. proves the correctnes of the method employed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 25 (1990), S. 271-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 332 (1990), S. 367-374 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigations on Regioselectivity of Wittig-Horner and Reformatsky-Reactions on Selected 3,17-Dioxo SteroidsThe Reformatsky synthesis and the Wittig-Horner olefination of 3,17-dioxo steroids like androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) 1 and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) 2 is described. There are differences in the regioselective introduction of identical substructures with these two methods resulting from different nucleophilicity and stereoelectronical relations of these two reagents. In Reformatsky synthesis the oxo group in 3-position predominantly reacts, whereas in the Wittig-Horner olefination (in the case of 1) the reaction occurs mainly in the 17-position.The structures of all new compounds has been confirmed by spectroscopical data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Beads of aluminium carboxymethyl cellulose gel are prepared by dropping aqueous solution of 2 to 15% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with a degree of polymerization ranging from 140 to 950 into a solution of Al2(SO4)3. Spherical carriers can be obtained by partial drying of the gels. The swelling of the xerogel particles in water depends on the type of initial polymer and on washing processes. The particles show a regular distribution of Al3+ ions. On the other hand porous and reactive polymer beads with a relatively smooth surface characterized by SEM are prepared if the water in the gels is stepwisely exchanged by organic solvents.
    Notes: Durch Elintropfen von 2- bis 15%iger wäßriger Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose mit Polymerisationsgraden im Bereich von 140 bis 950 in eine Al2(SO4)3-Lösung lassen sich sphärische Aluminiumcarboxymethylcellulose-Gele herstellen. Die partielle Trocknung dieser Gele führt zu sphärishchen Trägermaterialien, die in Abhängigkeit vom Ausgangspolymertyp und von Waschprozessen unterschiedlich stark in Wasser quellen und eine gleichmäßige Al3+-Verteilung aufweisen. Erfolgt die Entwässerung durch schrittweisen Lösungsmittelaustausch, erhält man poröse und reaktive Polymerkugeln, die in REM eine relativ obene Oberfläche zeigen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the introduction of reactive functional groups into cellulose at heterogeneous conditions of reaction are reviewed. From the organic chemist's point of view the survey considers reactions characterized by yielding a high degree of substitution, a selective course of functionalisation, or the use of modern preparation techniques and new reagents.
    Notes: Die vorliegende Übersicht enthält eine zusammenfassende Darstellung von Untersuchungen zur Einführung reaktiver funktioneller Gruppen in die Cellulose. Unter synthesechemischen Gesichtspunkten werden heterogen verlaufende Reaktionen betrachtet, die sich vor allem durch die Erzielung eines möglichst hohen durchschnittlichen Substitutionsgrades, einen weitgehend selektiven Verlauf oder die Anwendung neuer präparativer Techniken und Reagenzien auszeichnen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 41 (1990), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This review covers the formation, the structure and some areas of application of ionotropic gels obtained from natural, biotechnologically produced and chemically modified polysaccharides containing carboxy functions as anionic groups. Special points of interest are the interaction between the carboxylic groups and polyvalent metal cations and the selectivity of this interaction, the morphology of ionotropic capillary gels inclusive of model considerations on structure formation, and the application of these gels for cell immobilization and for the controlled release of bioactive compounds.
    Notes: Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit behandelt die Bildungsweise, die chemische und morphologische Struktur und die wesentlichen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von ionotropen Gelen auf Basis natürlicher, biotechnologisch gewonnener und chemisch modifizierter Polysaccharide mit Carboxyfunktionen als anionischen Gruppen. Schwerpunkte sind dabei die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Carboxygruppen und den mehrwertigen Metallkationen und die Selektivität dieser Wechselwirkung, die Morphologie ionotroper Kapillargele einschließlich der Modellvorstellungen zu ihrer Bildung sowie die Anwendung solcher Gele zur Zell-Immobilisierung und kontrollierten Wirkstoff-Freisetzung.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 41 (1990), S. 333-338 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Comparing a C-6-substituted carboxy cellulose and carboxy methyl cellulose samples differing in substituent distribution, the acidity of the COOH-group and the symplex formation of these polymers are investigated. The acidity of the COOH-group is inversely correlated to the average distance between the anionic charge centre and the anhydroglucose ring. Obviously, no significant effect of the regioselectivity of substitution on symplex formation exists.
    Notes: Es wird über vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Acidität der Carboxygruppe und zur Symplexbildung bei einer C-6-substituierten Carboxycellulose einerseits, Carboxymethylcellulosen mit unterschiedlicher Substituentenverteilung andererseits berichtet. Die Acidität der Carboxygruppe korreliert invers zum mittleren Abstand zwischen anionischem Ladungszentrum und Anhydroglucosering. Ein signifikanter Einfluß der Regioselektivität der Substitution auf die Symplexbildung besteht offensichtlich nicht.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Unter Verwendung von O-Trimethylsilylcellulose als reaktivem Zwischenprodukt wurde die homogene Sulfatierung von Cellulose mit SO3 bzw. CISO3H untersucht. Sulfatierungsgrad (DSs) und Substituentenverteilung im Anhydroglucosering ließen sich im DSs-Bereich zwischen 0,2 und 2,5 über den DS an Silylethergruppen einerseits, die Art und Einsatzmenge des Sulfatierungsmittels andererseits steuern, wobei wasserlösliche, wenig abgebaute Cellulosesulfate ab DSs ≥ 0,25 erhalten werden. Die Sulfatierung erfolgte sowohl nach Isolierung und Wiederauflösung der O-Trimethylsilylcellulose, als auch, ausgehend von einer Suspension aktivierter Cellulose, durch Silylierung und nachfolgende Sulfatierung im gleichen Reaktionssystem. Offensichtlich wirkt die Silylethergruppe als reaktive Gruppe bei der nachfolgenden Sulfatierung, indem die vorher silylierten Positionen im Anhydroglucosering bevorzugt sulfatiert werden und der erreichbare DSs durch den vorher eingestellten Silylierungsgrad begrenzt wird. Bei der Homogensulfatierung von Trimethylsilylcellulosen wurde eine Reaktivitätsabstufung der Silylgruppen in den verschiedenen Positionen entsprechend C-6 〉 C-2 ≫ C-3 beobachtet.
    Notes: Sulphation of cellulose was performed in an homogeneous aprotic system with SO3 or CISO3H, resp., via O-trimethylsilyl celluloses as reactive intermediates. Na-cellulose sulphates completely soluble in water and showing small chain degradation could be obtained at DSs≥ 0.25. The DSs in the range between 0.2 and 2.5 as well as the distribution of the sulphate half-ester groups within the AGU were regulated via the DSsi at one hand, the type and amount of sulphating agent at the other. Sulphation was performed either with the isolated and redissolved trimethylsilyl cellulose in N,N-dimethylformamide or tetrahydrofurane, or starting with an activated cellulose suspension, by achieving silylation and subsequent sulphation in one system of reaction. Obviously, the silyl group acts as a reactive group in subsequent sulphation, and the sites previously silylated are preferentially sulphated in the subsequent step of reaction, and the DSs is limited by the degree of silylation (DSsi) previously obtained. The homogeneous sulphation of trimethysilyl cellulose indicates a reactivity of silyl ether groups in the order of C-6 〉 C-2 ≫ C-3.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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