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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 1432-1434 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Shear force microscopy is very useful for distance regulation in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). However, the optical method used to detect the shear force can cause problems when imaging photosensitive materials, i.e., the shear force detection beam can optically pump the sample. We present here a new approach to shear force detection based upon capacitance sensing. The design, operation, and performance of the capacitance detection are presented. Shear force topographic images of hard and soft surfaces are shown using tungsten and NSOM fiber tips. The closed loop vertical sensitivity achieved is 0.01 nm/(square root of)Hz. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 2309-2311 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A submicrometer photodiode probe with a sub-50 nanometer tip radius has been developed for optical surface characterization on a nanometer scale. The nanoprobe is built to detect subwavelength optical intensity variations in the near field of an illuminated surface. The probe consists of an Al–Si Schottky diode constructed near the end of a micromachined pyramidal silicon tip. The process for batch fabrication of the nanoprobes is described. Electrical and optical characterization measurements of the nanoprobe are presented. The diode has a submicrometer optically sensitive area with a 150 fW sensitivity. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 1264-1266 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The atomic ordering of GaInP has been established and studied by a variety of methods, including transmission electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, and photoluminescence. In this work, a Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM) has been employed to image several GaInP samples previously characterized by these established techniques. The results of our study clearly show that the KPFM is capable of distinguishing between ordered and disordered regions in GaInP, and that the KPFM contrast strongly depends on the amplitude of the applied ac bias voltage of the KPFM. The measurements indicate that ordering in GaInP modifies the density and/or lifetime of the surface states. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 3644-3646 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pulsed (λ=248 nm, pulse width=20 ns) KrF-excimer-laser-induced etching of La0.75Ca0.25MnOx (LCMO) thin films exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR) has been studied. The variation of etch depth as a function of the number of laser pulses shows a linear dependence in the fluence range between 0.15 and 4 J cm−2. The threshold fluence for ablation is found to be 0.07 J cm−2. The photoetching process is seen to follow the Beer–Lambert's relation based on a linear absorption model with an absorption length of 28.3 nm. The nanomorphology of the laser etched surface as revealed by atomic force microscopy shows significant improvement in the surface smoothness of the deposited films for etching at low energy densities (typically 0.17 J cm−2) and enhanced roughness at higher energy densities (typically 0.86 J cm−2). Changes in the resistivity and GMR effect due to laser treatment are also examined. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 344-346 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Quantitative dopant profile measurements are performed on a nanometer scale by scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM). An atomic force microscope is used to position a nanometer scale tip at a semiconductor surface, and local capacitance change is measured as a function of sample bias. A new feedback method has been demonstrated in which the magnitude of the ac bias voltage applied to the sample is adjusted to maintain a constant capacitance change as the tip is scanned across the sample surface. A quasi-1D model is used to extract dopant density profiles from the SCM measurements. The inverted SCM dopant profiles are compared with profiles obtained by process simulation and secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurement. Good agreement was found between the SCM measured profile and the lateral profile predicted by SUPREM 4 over the concentration range from 1017 to 1020 cm−3. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 117 (1995), S. 10149-10150 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Recent studies have shown both interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN) to be elevated in patients with active Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis or non-inflammatory bowel disease controls. However the effect of treatment on these lymphokines has not been studied. Patients and methods: Using a reverse haemolytic plaque assay the percentage of lymphokine-secreting cells was determined in the intestinal mucosa of children with Crohn's disease before and after 8 weeks of treatment with either enteral nutrition, cyclosporin or steroids. Results: Before treatment, a high percentage of cells isolated from mucosal biopsies secreted IL-2 or interferon-gamma. Eight weeks’treatment with the immunosuppressive agents cyclosporin, or with corticosteroids, produced a significant reduction in the percentage of IL-2 secreting cells, although only for the former was there also a reduction in interferon-gamma secreting cells. Enteral nutrition however, produced a reduction in lymphokine-secreting cells equivalent to cyclosporin and produced the best histological and clinical improvement. Conclusion: Enteral nutrition and cyclosporin can down-regulate lymphokine secretion in the gut in Crohn's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 376 (1995), S. 557-557 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir - Dieting for cosmetic or medical reasons is common in developed countries, but is surprisingly ineffective as a means of achieving sustained weight loss1. We have previously established that moderate dieting alters the activity of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), a brain neurotransmitter involved ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a suggéré qu'il est plus facile de colonoscoper le côlon de sujets orientaux que celui de sujets occidentaux. Le but de cette étude est d'investiguer des éventuelles différences dans l'anatomie du côlon chez des sujets occidentaux et orientaux qui puissent expliquer cette constatation. Des mesures de la longueur du côlon et des attaches mésentériques ont été relevées selon un protocole établi chez 115 occidentaux (caucasiens) et 114 patients orientaux au cours de laparotomie. Les adhérences sigmoïdennes ont été trouvées plus fréquemment chez les sujets occidentaux (17%) en comparaison aux orientaux (8%), P=0.047: Un méso-côlon descendant de ≥10 cm survient chez 10 (8%) des sujets occidentaux mais chez seulement 1 (0,9%) des sujets orientaux (P=0.01). L'angle splénique est plus fréquemment mobile chez les occidentaux (20%) comparativement aux orientaux (9%), P=0.016. Chez 29% des patients occidentaux, le côlon transverse atteint la symphyse du pubis ou descend même plus bas à la traction en comparaison à 10% des sujets orientaux (P〈0,001). Il n'y a pas de différence significative dans la longueur totale du côlon en comparant les sujets occidentaux (de 68 à 159 cm, médiane=114 cm) en comparaison aux orientaux (78 à 161 cm, médiane=111 cm). Les patients occidentaux ont donc une incidence plus élevée d'adhérence du côlon sigmoïde et une mobilité colique augmentée en comparaison aux orientaux. Ces constatations expliquent l'observation d'une difficulté plus grande à réaliser une colonoscopie chez des sujets occidentaux.
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that the Oriental colon is easier to colonoscope than its Western counterpart. The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences in colonic anatomy between Western and Oriental patients that might explain this observation. Measurements of colonic length and mesenteric attachments were taken according to a set protocol from 115 Western (Caucasian) and 114 Oriental patients at laparotomy. Sigmoid adhesions were found more frequently in Western (17%) compared to Oriental (8%) patients, P=0.047. A descending mesocolon of ≥10 cm occurred in 10 (8%) Western patients but only 1 (0.9%) Oriental patient, P=0.01. The splenic flexure was more frequently mobile in Western patients (20%) compared to Oriental (9%) patients, P=0.016. In 29% — of Western patients the mid-transverse colon reached the symphysis pubis, or lower when pulled downwards in contrast to 10% of Oriental patients, P〈0.001. There was no significant difference in total colonic length comparing Western (median=114 cm, range 68–159 cm) to Oriental (median=111 cm, range 78–161 cm) patients. Western patients have a higher incidence of sigmoid colon adhesions and increased colonic mobility when compared to Orientals. These findings support the observation that colonoscopy is a more difficult procedure in Western patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Musculoskeletal ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To assess ultrasound findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hand and wrist compared to normal volunteers. Design Metacarpophalangeal and carpal articulations were imaged ultrasonically. Two readers reviewed static images for synovial, cartilaginous, and bony abnormalities using severity and probability scales. Ultrasound findings were correlated with disease activity. Patients Ten normal volunteers and 29 patients with known rheumatoid arthritis. Results Synovial abnormalities and erosions were most commonly identified in the rheumatoid hand and wrist (p〈0.01). Criteria used for normal and abnormal cartilage did not predict normal and disease states. Significant differences in synovial abnormalities and erosions were observed between the inactive and mildly active disease groups as well as the active and mildly active disease groups (p〈0.01). Conclusion Ultrasound can detect abnormalities of the hand and wrist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to normal volunteers. Normal articular anatomy is well demonstrated ultrasonically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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