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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electro-optic characteristics of 4-domain vertical alignment nematic liquid crystal display with interdigital electrode (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 8259-8263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have fabricated a vertically aligned 4-domain nematic liquid crystal display cell with thin film transistor. Unlike the conventional method constructing 4-domain, i.e., protrusion and surrounding electrode which needs additional processes, in this study the pixel design forming 4-domain with interdigital electrodes is suggested. In the device, one pixel is divided into two parts. One part has a horizontal electric field in the vertical direction and the other part has a horizontal one in the horizontal direction. Such fields in the horizontal and vertical direction drive the liquid crystal director to tilt down in four directions. In this article, the electro-optic characteristics of cells with 2 and 4 domain have been studied. The device with 4 domain shows faster response time than normal twisted-nematic and in-plane switching cells, wide viewing angle with optical compensation film, and more stable color characteristics than 2-domain vertical alignment cell with similar structure. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373535
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen barriers for SrBi2Ta2O9-based ferroelectric memories (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 1372-1374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on a hydrogen barrier necessary for a conventional passivation process of integrated SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT)-based memories. The passivation process significantly degraded electrical properties of the memories, resulting from hydrogen damage in the SBT capacitors. Metallic films (Ti, TiN, and Al) were investigated as a hydrogen barrier during the passivation process. The Ti(〉500 Å) hydrogen barrier only showed the electrical properties of memories free from hydrogen damage. The formation of stable hydrides and the suppressed diffusion of hydrogen through the Ti films during the passivation processes resulted in sufficient switching polarization, low leakage current, and good reliabilities at high temperature. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1289913
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ga-doped ZnO films grown on GaN templates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3761-3763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the structural and optical properties of Ga-doped ZnO films grown on GaN templates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. The carrier concentration in Ga-doped ZnO films can be controlled from 1.33×1018/cm3 to 1.13×1020/cm3. Despite high Ga incorporation, the linewidth of (0002) ω-rocking curves of Ga-doped ZnO films still lies in the range from 5 to 15 arc min. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Ga-doped ZnO films show dominant near-bandedge emission with negligibly weak deep-level emission, independent of carrier concentration. The PL spectrum exhibits a new emission line at 3.358 eV, which corresponds to exciton emission bound to a Ga donor. To avoid degradation of the PL intensity, the maximum dopability of Ga in ZnO is determined to be around 2.6×1019/cm3. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331089
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of hexagonal-shaped etch pits formed in (0001) GaN films (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 82-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the origin of hexagonal-shaped etch pits generally observed by conventional wet etching processes on (0001) GaN-based films based on the investigation with transmission electron microscopy on GaN films after being etched with molten KOH. The origin of hexagonal-shaped etch pits is identified as nanopipes through careful characterization of abnormal contrast of nanopipe (open-core screw dislocation), "lobe contrast" of end-on edge and screw (full-core) dislocations, visible and invisible conditions of edge and screw dislocations. Consideration of energetics of these defects also suggests preferential etch pit formation at nanopipes because of much higher energy. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126884
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocortisone enhances allergen-specific IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic patients with high serum allergen-specific IgE levels (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although there is convincing evidence that human B cells can be induced to produce IgE by a combination of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and hydrocortisone (HC) in atopic subjects, it is still uncertain if this performs the same functions in allergen-specific IgE synthesis.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveThis study was designed to investigate the differences of IgE regulation between atopics and nonatopics, interactions of HC with IL-4, and the correlation between in vitro total IgE, allergen-specific IgE synthesis and serum IgE levels.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 16 atopic asthma patients sensitive to Dermatophagoides farinae and seven nonatopic controls were cultured with IL-4 and/or HC. Total IgE and D. farinae-specific IgE in culture supernatant were measured by ELISA and FAST.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsIL-4 increased total IgE synthesis in PBMCs from both atopics and nonatopics, whereas, HC had this effect only in some atopics who showed spontaneous IgE production in vitro. HC acted synergistically with IL-4 in total IgE synthesis. Their effects were more remarkable in cases with lower total serum IgE levels. PBMCs from eight of 16 atopics produced D. farinae-specific IgE in vitro either spontaneously or by IL-4 and/or HC. HC had more profound effects than IL-4 in these patients. They also showed higher total IgE synthesis by HC, and higher specific serum IgE levels than the others. IL-4 and/or HC did not induce any D. farinae-specific IgE synthesis by PBMCs from nonatopics.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionHC had a more profound effect than IL-4 on the induction of D. farinae-specific IgE synthesis in atopic patients with high serum allergen specific IgE levels. Further studies to determine the causes of these effects, such as the presence of long lived allergen specific B cells as the result of the priming effect of IL-4 in vivo, may be needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00991.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economical and ecological cryogenic machining of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (2000)
    Springer
    Clean products and processes 2 (2000), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-722X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract  While it is a clean alternative to conventional machining using environmentally polluting cutting oils and emulsions, cryogenic machining using liquid nitrogen has been reported to increase cutting forces and shorten tool life when cutting AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. This paper presents improved results by using an economical cryogenic cooling approach designed after studying the cryogenic properties of the stainless steel material. By injecting a small amount of liquid nitrogen to the chip–tool interface, but not to the workpiece, this approach yielded a 67% tool-life improvement at 3.82 m/s and a 43% improvement at the medium speed of 3.40 m/s when compared with conventional emulsion cooling. It improved machining productivity and reduced production cost. In this study, different cryogenic machining approaches were compared in the machining test using commercial carbide inserts. The results show the cooling approach is crucial in attaining the benefits of cryogenic machining in cutting stainless steel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100980000073
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses, characterization, and structural analyses of several f-block isothiocyanatonitrato complexes (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 301-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Synthesis ; crystal structure ; dioxouranium(VI) ; lanthanide(III) ; thiocyanate ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reactions of tetra-n-butylammonium thiocyanate with lanthanide and uranyl nitrates yield complexes of the general type [(Bu)4N]x[M(NCS)y(NO3)z]. Samples of [(Bu)4N]2 [UO2(NCS)3( NO3)] (1), [(Bu)4N]3[Yb(NCS)4(NO3)2] (2), and [(Bu)4N]3[Nd(NCS)4(NO3)2rsqb; (3) were prepared from alcohol solutions. Crystallization of 1 occurs in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 17.949(4) Å, b = 16.587(3) Å, c = 16.763(3) Å; β = 99.77(3)°; and Z = 4. The seven-coordinate uranium(VI) ion exhibits a pentagonal bipyramid coordination environment. Crystallization of 2 occurs in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pnnn (No. 48) with a = 12.530(2) Å, b = 12.9440(10) Å, c = 21.203(2) Å; Z = 2. The eight-coordinate ytterbium(III) ion expresses a dodecahedral coordination environment. Crystallization of 3 occurs in the noncentrosymmetric monoclinic space group Cc (No. 9) with a = 16.556(2) Å, b = 18.130(2) Å, c = 23.984(4) Å; Z = 4. The 10-coordinate neodymium(III) ion exhibits a dodecahedral coordination environment. Characterization includes physical property determinations, conoscopic studies, IR spectroscopic identifications, and UV spectral data. Details of the syntheses along with selected bond distances and angles are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009505106793
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extension by Continuity in Pointfree Topology (2000)
    Springer
    Applied categorical structures 8 (2000), S. 475-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9095
    Keywords: extension by continuity ; convergent filters in frames ; coreflective categories of frames ; special coreflections of frames
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Bourbaki's extension theorem (General Topology, Part 1, I, 8.5) is known to be one of the most important results concerning the extension of continuous maps. This paper presents a pointfree generalization of this together with various applications to illustrate its remarkable usefulness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008673803010
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An aggregation index (AI) to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 591-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: adjacency probability ; aggregation index ; AI ; contagion index ; landscape indices ; map resolution ; measurement resolution ; shape index ; spatial pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is often need to measure aggregation levels of spatial patterns within a single map class in landscape ecological studies. The contagion index (CI), shape index (SI), and probability of adjacency of the same class (Qi), all have certain limits when measuring aggregation of spatial patterns. We have developed an aggregation index (AI) that is class specific and independent of landscape composition. AI assumes that a class with the highest level of aggregation (AI =1) is comprised of pixels sharing the most possible edges. A class whose pixels share no edges (completely disaggregated) has the lowest level of aggregation (AI =0). AI is similar to SI and Qi, but it calculates aggregation more precisely than the latter two. We have evaluated the performance of AI under varied levels of (1) aggregation, (2) number of patches, (3) spatial resolutions, and (4) real species distribution maps at various spatial scales. AI was able to produce reasonable results under all these circumstances. Since it is class specific, it is more precise than CI, which measures overall landscape aggregation. Thus, AI provides a quantitative basis to correlate the spatial pattern of a class with a specific process. Since AI is a ratio variable, map units do not affect the calculation. It can be compared between classes from the same or different landscapes, or even the same classes from the same landscape under different resolutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008102521322
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular design of novel metal-binding oligomeric human metallothioneins (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 54 (2000), S. 84-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Genes for dimeric and tetrameric human metallothionein (hMT) were designed and successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli to generate functional oligomeric hMTs. An hMT synthesized with prokaryotic codons, a linker encoding a gly-gly-gly tripeptide, and Met-deficient hMT-II was ligated to create a dimeric hMT, from which a tetrameric hMT was then constructed. The increased molecular size of the constructs resulted in improved stability and productivity in E. coli. The oligomeric proteins formed inclusion bodies which were dissolved with dithiothreitol, and the purified apo-metallothioneins were reconstituted with Cd or Zn ions in a reducing condition. The oligomeric hMT proteins incubated with Cd ions showed a typical Cd-thiolate absorbance peak at 245–255 nm. The dimeric and tetrameric hMT proteins exhibited both Cd and Zn binding activities that were respectively two and four times higher than those of the hMT-II monomer protein. These novel oligomeric hMTs may be useful in bioremediation for heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000360
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