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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 596 (1991), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Calcium oxychloride ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: An Oxychloride of Calcium: Ca4OCl6Ca4OCl6 (hexagonal, P63mc, Z = 2), a = 905.8(3), c = 686.3(4) pm, (R = 0.031) crystallizes as colourless needles from reducing melts (CaCl2, Ca) that contain small amounts of „oxygen“. It contains „isolated“ tetrahedral units [Ca4O] and is isotypic with e.g., Ba4OCl6, Yb4OCl6 and K6HgS4. Ca4OCl6 does not form in the dehydration process of, for example, CaCl2 · 6 H2O.
    Notes: Ca4OCl6 (hexagonal, P63mc, Z = 2, a = 905.8(3)); c = 686.3(4) pm, (R = 0,031) kristallisiert in Form farbloser Nadeln aus „reduzierenden Schmelzen“ (CaCl2, Ca), die wenig „Sauerstoff“ enthalten. Es enthält „isolierte“ tetraedrische [Ca4O]-Einheiten und ist isotyp mit z. B. Ba4OCl6, Yb4OCl6 oder K6HgS4. Ca4OCl6 entsteht nicht beim Entwässern von z. B. CaCl2 · 6 H2O.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Gluconobacter oxydans ; 5-ketogluconic acid ; tartatic acid ; vanadate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dependence of tartaric acid production by Gluconobacter oxydans ssp. oxydans ATCC 19357 and G. oxydans ssp. suboxydans ATCC 621 on vanadate was investigated. It was found with both organisms that trataric acid could only be produced in a medium containing vanadate (NH4VO3). A proposed intermediate of the tartaric acid metabolism in G. oxydans, 5-ketogluconic acid, was tested on its reactivity in the presence of the oxidizing catalyst vanadate. It could be shown that 5-ketogluconic acid and the catalyst vanadate, but not the activity of G. oxydans, were responsible for the formation of tartaric acid. G. oxydans was not able to produce tartaric acid by itself. The stereochemical identity of the formed tartaric acid could be identified as the L-(+)-type. Oxalic acid was formed from 5-ketogluconic acid with vanadate in the absence and in the presence of G. oxydans. The ratio of oxalic acid to tartaric acid was 1:1.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 353-358 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate ; chemostat ; Candida blankii ; D-xylose ; single cell protein ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Candida blankii yeast isolate was grown in sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate at 38°C in carbon-limited chemostat culture. The pretreatment of the acid hydrolysate prior to microbial cultivation consisted of partial neutralization with ammonia and sodium hydroxide, plus the addition of phosphorus, which was the only other growth-limiting nutrient apart from nitrogen. The cell yield coefficient on nitrogen was 16.78. The critical dilution rate was higher (0.35 h-1) in diluted hydrolysate than in undiluted hydrolysate (0.21 h-1). In undiluted hydrolysate at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1 and pH 4, where aseptic procedures proved unnecessary, the cell and protein yield coefficients were 0.53 and 0.26, respectively, and no residual carbon substrates (D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, and acetic acid) were detected. The cell yield on oxygen increased linearly as a function of dilution rate. The cellular content of protein, carbohydrate, and RNA also increased with an increase in dilution rate, whereas the DNA content decreased slightly. C. blankii has considerable potential for the production of single cell protein from hemicellulose hydrolysate, because of its ability to utilize all of the major carbon substrates in the hydrolysate at a low pH and at a relatively high temperature with a high protein yield. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 760-767 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine ; (R)-1-aminoindan ; subtilisin ; organic solvent ; stereoselective aminolysis ; immobilized enzyme ; continuous process ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzymatic process has been developed for the continuous production of the pharmaceutically important intermediate (R)-1-aminoindan and of the chiral resolving agent (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine. The process consists of the subtilisin catalyzed stereoselective aminolysis of the racemic primary amine with an active ester in organic solvent. The competing nonenzymatic reaction has been suppressed by appropriate choice of solvent and reactant's concentration and by minimizing the time of contact between the amine and the active ester. Subtilisin was immobilized on glass beads and the reaction carried out in a continuous-flow column bioreactor. By using a 450-mL column bioreactor containing 5.7 g of subtilisin immobilized on 570 g of glass beads, 1.6 kg of racemic 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine was resolved after 320 h of continuous operation with only a slight loss of the enzymatic activity. During the whole process, the optical purity of the chiral amine eluting from the column was higher than 90%. A facile procedure was developed for separating the unreacted (R)-amine from the (S)-amide and for the recycling of the solvent 3-methyl-3-pentanol and the active ester 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl butyrate. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 602 (1991), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Alkali-iodoindates(III) ; indium ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Alkali-tetraiodoindates(III), AInI4 (A = Li, K, Rb, Cs)Single crystals of the yellow alkaliiodoindates(III), AInI4 (A = Li, K, Rb, Cs), are obtained from mixtures of the binary components by slow cooling of the melts. LiInI4 is isotypic with LiAlCl4: monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 838.9(4); b = 751.2(3); c = 1526,7(8) pm; β = 92.67(4)°. KInI4 belongs to the ATIX4 type of structure (A = NH4, K, Rb; X = Br, I): cubic, F4 3c, Z = 24; a = 1990.8(1) pm. RbInI4 crystallizes with the β-GaBr2 type: trigonal, R3c, Z = 18; a = 2452.6(6); c = 978.6(4) pm. CsInI4 is isostructural with CsTII4: monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 738.4(1); b = 1875.7(3); c = 853.6(2) pm; β = 105.75(2)°. In all structures almost regular tetrahedral polyhedra [InI4]- occur. The coordination numbers of the alkali cations cover the wide range from 6 (Li+) via 9 (Rb+) and 11 (Cs+) to 12 (K1+).
    Notes: Einkristalle der gelben Iodoindate(III) der Alkalimetalle, AInI4 (A = Li, K, Rb, Cs), erhält man aus Gemengen der binären Komponenten durch langsames Abkühlen der Schmelzen. LiInI4 ist isotyp mit LiAlCl4: monoklin, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 838,9(4); b = 751,2(3); c = 1526,7(8) pm; β = 92,67(4)°. KInI4 gehört zum ATIX4-Typ (A= NH4, K, Rb; X= Br, I): kubisch, F4 3c, Z = 24; a = 1990,8(1) pm. RbInI4 kristallisiert im β-Ga[GaBr4]-Typ: trigonal, R3c, Z = 18; a = 2452,6(6); c = 978,6(4) pm. CsInI4 ist isotyp mit CsTII4: monoklin, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 738,4(1); b = 1875,7(3); c = 853,6(2) pm; β = 105,75(2)°. Stets liegen annähernd tetraedrische Baugruppen [InI4]- vor. Die Koordinationszahlen der Alkali-Kationen überstreichen das Spektrum von 6 (Li+) über 9 Rb+, 11 (Cs+) bis 12 (K1+).
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium complexes ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Hydronium-tris-ethylenediamine-cobalt(rhodium)-μ-trichloro-nonachlorotrirhenate(III)-chloride, H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]Cl (M=Co, Rh)The chlorides H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]CI (M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) crystallize from hydrochloric acid solutions of ReCl3 and MEn3 · 3H2O as deep red hexagonal columns. They are isotypic and crystallize with the hexagonal system (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010.87(3); c = 794.30(4) pm, R = 0.023, Rw = 0.016; 2: a = 1018.58(3); c = 794.74(4) pm, R = 0.026, Rw = 0.018). The anions [Re3Cl12]3- are connected via H3O+ cation (C.N. 3). The large channels that run in the [001] direction contain, alternatively, the cations [MEn3]3+ and the lonesome Cl--anions
    Notes: Die Chloride H3O[MEn3][Re3CI12]CI(M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) Kristallisieren in Form tiefroter hexagonaler Säulen aus salzsauren Lösungen von ReCI3 und MEn3CI3 · 3H2O aus. Sie sind isotyp und Kristallisieren im hexagonalen System (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010,87(3); C = 794,30(4)pm, Rw = 0,016; : a = 1018,58(3); c = 794,74(4)pm, R = 0,026, Rw = 0,018). Die Anionen [ Re3Cl12]3- werden über H3O+ (C.N. 3) verknüpft; in die entstehenden Kanäle sind längs [001] abwechselnd die Kationen [MEn3]3+ und die einsamen Cl--Ionen eingelagert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 16-18 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ytterbium nitrates ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular and Crystal Structure of Ytterbium(III)-triaqua-trinitrate, Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 crystallizes from a concentrated solution of Yb2O3 in nitric acid in a vacuum desiccator at ambient temperature as colourless single crystals. The crystal structure was determined from single crystal four-circle diffractometer data (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175.5(1), c = 1117.7(2) pm, Vm = 134.25 cm3/mol, R = 3.0%, Rw = 2.9%). The structure may be viewed at as a heavily compressed packing of [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3] molecules. Yb3+ is coordinated by three bidentate nitrate ligands and three water molecules so that a tricapped trigonal prism (C.N. 9) of oxygen atoms results as the coordination polyhedron.
    Notes: Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 kristallisiert aus einer konzentrierten Lösung von Yb2O3 in Salpetersäure im Vakuumexsikkator bei Raumtemperatur in Form farbloser Einkristalle aus. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus Einkristall-Vierkreis-Diffraktometer-Daten bestimmt (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175,5(1), c = 1117,7(2) pm, Vm = 134,25 cm3/mol, R = 3,0%, Rw = 2,9%). Sie kann als stark gestauchte Kugelpackung von [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3]- Molekülen aufgefaßt werden. In diesen ist Yb3+ von drei zweizähnigen Nitratliganden und drei Wassermolekülen in Form eines dreifach bekappten trigonalen Prismas (C. N. 9) von Sauerstoffatomen umgeben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1532-1536 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Erbium Clusters, [Er10(C2)2] ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 and [Er10(C2)2]Br18: Two New Examples for Reduced Halides of the Lanthanides with Isolated [M10(C2)2] ClustersCs[Er10(C2)2]I18 is obtained from the reaction of ErI3 with caesium and carbon in sealed tantalum containers at 700°C and [Er10(C2)2]Br18 through the metallothermic reduction of ErBr3 with rubidium in the presence of carbon at 750°C in sealed niobium containers. The crystal structures {Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18: triclinic, P1; a = 1 105.2(8) pm, b = 1 112.0(7) pm; c = 1 122.9(8) pm; α = 66.91(3)°, β = 87.14(3)°; γ = 60.80(3)°; Z = 1; R = 0.049, Rw = 0.043; [Er10(C2)2]Br18: monoclinic, P21/n, a = 971.8(6) pm, b = 1 623.4(9) pm, c = 1 163.8(6) pm, β = 104.00(6)°; Z = 2; R = 0.077, Rw = 0.057} contain isolated dimeric [Er10(C2)2] clusters. Due to the inclusion of C2 units, the octahedra are elongated in the direction of the pseudo C4 axis. The connecting edges of the two octahedra are exceptionally short (316.7 pm and 314.8 pm respectively). The dimeric units are connected via Xi-a and Xa-i (X = Br, I) bridges according to [Er10(C2)2X10iX8/2i-a]X8/2a-i. Cs+ is surrounded by a cuboctahedron of iodide ions in Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18.
    Notes: Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Erl3 mit Caesium und Kohlenstoff in verschweißten Tantalampullen bei 700°C, [Er10(C2)2]Br18 bei der metallothermischen Reduktion von ErBr3 mit Rubidium in Gegenwart von Kohlenstoff bei 750°C in verschweißten Niobampullen. Die Kristallstrukturen {Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18: triklin, P1; a = 1 105,2(8) pm; b = 1 112,0(7) pm; c = 1 122,9(7) pm; α = 66,91(3)°; β = 87,14(3)°; γ = 60,80(3)°; Z = 1; R = 0,049, Rw = 0,043; [Er10(C2)2]Br18: monoklin, P21/n; a = 971,8(6); b = 1 623,4(9); c = 1 163,8(6); β = 104,00(6)°; Z = 2; R = 0,077, Rw = 0,057} beinhalten isolierte dimere [Er10(C2)2]-Cluster. Wegen des Einbaus der C2-Hantel sind die Oktaeder entlang ihrer pseudovierzähligen Achse gestreckt. Die verknüpfenden Oktaederkanten weisen einen besonders kurzen Metall-Metall-Abstand auf (316,7 bzw. 314,8 pm). Die dimeren Einheiten sind über Xi-a bzw. Xa-i-Brücken (X = Br, I) miteinander verknüpft, gemäß [Er10(C2)2X10iX8/2i-a]X8/2a-i. Cs+ ist in Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 kuboktaederisch von Iodidionen umgeben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Alkali uranium halides, A2UX5 (A = K, Rb; X = Cl, Br, I) ; preparation ; crystal structure ; magnetic susceptibility ; UV-Vis spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese, Kristallstruktur, Magnetismus und Absorptionsspektren von Halogeniden des Typs A2UX5 (A = K, Rb; X = Cl, Br, I)Die ternären Uran(III)-halogenide A2UX5 (A = K, Rb; X = Cl, Br, I) wurden aus den binären Komponenten AX und UX3 in verschweißten Tantalampullen gewonnen. Nach Guinier-Aufnahmen (Raumtemperatur) kristallisieren sie sämtlich im K2PrCl5/Y2HfS5-Typ. Einkristall-Strukturverfeinerungen wurden für K2UI5 und Rb2UCl5 unternommen. Magnetische Suszeptibilitätsmessungen erfolgten mit einem SQUID-Magnetometer von Raumtemperatur bis zur Temperatur des flüssigen Heliums: Eindimensionale (innerhalb einer Kette) und dreidimensionale antiferromagnetische Ordnung wird bei tiefen Temperaturen, abhängig vom Abstand U3+—U3+, beobachtet. Absorptionsspektren wurden zwischen 4000 und 28000 cm-1 aufgenommen. Sie zeigen die für U3+ charakteristischen Übergänge und, abhängig vom Halogenid, sehr starke f - d Übergänge oberhalb 14000 bzw. 15000 cm-1.
    Notes: The ternary uranium(III) halides A2UX5 (A = K, Rb; X = Cl, Br, I) have been prepared from the binary components AX and UX3 in sealed tantalum containers. According to their Guinier X-ray powder patterns, they all crystallize with the K2PrCl5/Y2HfS5 type of structure. Lattice constants for ambient temperature are reported. Single-crystal structure refinemens were undertaken for K2UI5 and Rb2UCl5. Magnetic susceptibility data were recorded with a SQUID magnetometer from liquid helium to room temperature. One-dimensional (intrachain) and three-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering occur at low temperatures dependent upon the U3+—U3+ distance. Absorption spectra were recorded between 4 000 and 28 000 cm-1. They show f - f transitions typical for U3+ and, depending on the halide, very strong f - d transitions above 14 000 to 15 000 cm-1, respectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 597 (1991), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium bromides ; cluster ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rb[Re3Br10]  -  the First Ternary Rhenium(III) Halide with a Chain StructureRb[Re3Br10] crystallizes on evaporation of a hydrobromic acid solution of rhenium tribromide and rubidium bromide as dark red-brown single crystals. The crystal structure (monoclinic; C2/m; a = 1469.09(10); b = 1085.75(8); c = 1019.15(8) pm; β = 91.81(1)°; Vm = 245.1(2) cm3mol-1; Z = 4) is built up of chains along [010] of [Re3Br12] units that are connected via two edges. The anionic chains are held together by rubidium ions. Each cation is surrounded by eight bromide ions at distances between 332 and 368 pm with four additional bromide ions at 401 to 427 pm. This is the first example of a ternary rhenium halide with a chain structure. Only salts with isolated cluster anions [Re3X12-y(H2O)y](3-y)- (X = Cl, Br; y = 0-3) have been known so far.
    Notes: Aus bromwasserstoffsaurer Lösung von Rheniumtribromid und Rubidiumbromid kristallisieren beim Eindunsten dunkelrotbraune Einkristalle von Rb[Re3Br10] aus. Die Kristallstruktur (monoklin; C2/m; a = 1469,09(10); b = 1085,75 (8); c = 1019,15(8) pm; β = 91,81(1)°; Vm = 245,1(2) cm3mol-1; Z = 4) baut sich aus Ketten doppelt kantenverknüpfter [Re3Br12]-Baugruppen entlang [010] auf. Die anionischen Stränge kantenverknüpfter Cluster werden von Rubidiumionen zusammengehalten. Dabei ist jedes Kation von acht Bromid-Ionen in einem Abstand von 332-368 pm umgeben sowie von vier weiteren in einem Abstand zwischen 401 und 427 pm. Dies ist das erste Beispiel eines ternären Rhenium(III)-halogenids mit Kettenstruktur. Bislang waren nur Salze mit isolierten Clustern [Re3X12-y(H2O)y](3-y)- (X = Cl, Br; y = 0-3) bekannt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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