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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Financial accountability and management 19 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Organizations in the health care sector are increasingly managed and judged on the basis of economic criteria. Because they are faced with growing risks, reserves need to be sufficiently high. This paper entails a case study on policy making regarding reserves in a particular segment of the Dutch health care sector, i.e. university hospitals. After describing the various major risks of health care organizations, the three stages of the case study will be presented. First, we developed, in collaboration with experts from the university hospitals, a model for establishing sufficient reserves. Second, an advisory committee of the Dutch government formulated guidelines for policy making on this issue. Finally, after the recommendations of this committee became the basis for policy making on reserves, we examined the changes in the actual reserve policy of the university hospitals. The way in which health care organizations can cope with their perceived risks by establishing sufficient reserves or by taking other actions is hardly covered in the literature on public sector or not–for–profit organizations. This paper endeavours to raise relevant questions and to suggest preliminary answers by describing and critically appraising a case study on this subject.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Psychology 34 (1983), S. 261-295 
    ISSN: 0066-4308
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 7 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. When six female seropositive rheumatoid patients were given placebo therapy for 48 h, their mean plasma kininogen level, 9.2 ± 0.7 μg bradykinin equivalents (bk eq) per ml, was found to be 59% greater than that of a group of eight healthy female volunteers (5.8 ± 0.5 μg/ml).2. When the rheumatoid patients received aspirin therapy for 1 week, their mean plasma kininogen concentration fell by 31% to 6.3 ± 0.8 μg Bk eq/ml. This was accompanied by a 20.4% fall in mean plasma α2-globuKn level. Haematocrit and total plasma protein were not significantly altered (P 〉 0.05).3. The fall in kininogen was very rapid, the main reduction occurring within the first hour.4. Aspirin therapy greatly reduced the pain assessments but had no effect on plasma concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, complement component C3, nor on ESR, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, nor ring size. Left hand grip strength was increased while right hand grip strength was unchanged.5. The action of aspirin on plasma kininogen and α2-globulin was similar to that of indomethacin. Plasma kininogen has been considered to be an acute phase reactant. The possible diagnostic value of plasma kininogen estimation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 0 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 1 (1998), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ethik ; Rettungsdienst ; Notfallmedizin ; Futility ; Prävention ; Key words Ethics ; Emergency medical services ; Emergency medicine ; Futility ; Prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Health care in emergencies is a social good and a hallmark of a humane society, the ethical foundations of which have to form the basis of all decisions regarding medical emergencies. The ethics of emergency medical care are part of general medical ethics. Their principles are outlined and put into perspective with regard to dilemmas characteristic of emergency care. Due to dwindling resources, the efficiency of emergency medical care is being increasingly scrutinized. Possibilities of rationalizing care without compromising its quality are being discussed, such as renouncing futile therapy and implementing measures of prevention. If emergency medical services are to accomplish their mission, however, observing standards of medical practice, legal provisions, and the given framework of society, they must not surrender to pure cost containment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gesundheitsfürsorge in Notfällen ist ein soziales Gut und Ausdruck der Humanität einer Gesellschaft. Ihr ethisches Grundwerteverständnis muß allen notfallmedizinischen Entscheidungen zugrundeliegen. Rettungsdienstliche Ethik ist Teil einer allgemeinen medizinischen Ethik, deren Grundlagen umrissen und deren Entscheidungs- und Handlungsanweisungen anhand rettungsdienstlicher Dilemmata geprüft werden. Da der Rettungsdienst aufgrund sich verknappender Ressourcen zunehmend unter wirtschaftlichen Rechtfertigungsdruck gerät, werden als Möglichkeiten zur Rationalisierung ohne Qualitätseinbuße die Abgrenzung nichtiger Maßnahmen („futile therapy”) und die Prävention diskutiert. Soll der Rettungsdienst die ihm gestellten Aufgaben unter Beachtung medizinischer Richtlinien, juristischer Vorgaben und gesellschaftlicher Rahmenbedingungen erfüllen, kann er sich nicht zum Büttel marktwirtschaftlichen Controllings machen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 2 (1999), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 2 (1999), S. 133-133 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 2 (1999), S. 134-140 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Reanimation ; Komplikationen ; Fettembolie ; Extrathorakale Kompression ; Key words Fat embolism ; Resuscitation ; Closed-chest cardiac massage ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Chest compressions are a simple and efficient measure during CPR and well established since many years. However, whether they lead to serious complications yet needs to be answered. Among them thoracic fractures and injuries of inner organs (cardiac, hepatic, splenic) are well known. Additionally fat embolism of the lungs as well as other organs have been described. Concerning the pathogenesis different theories are discussed in the literature. This article reviews the most relevant literature of the last decades. Studies focusing on fat embolism have especially been carried out in trauma surgery and pathology. The actual incidence of fat embolism during trauma, long bone surgery, shock and CPR seems to be rather high. However a clinical manifestation is rarely apparent. Especially after (unsuccessful) CPR pathological studies revealed the degree of fat embolism to be rather low. Because specific studies on the incidence of fat embolism during CPR lack completly, the significance for CPR is unknown and can only be speculated on.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die extrathorakale Kompression des Herzens im Rahmen der Reanimation ist eine einfache und suffiziente Methode, die seit Jahren etabliert ist. Immer wieder wurde aber die Frage nach möglichen Komplikationen dieser mit großer Kraft durchgeführten Maßnahme gestellt. Neben Frakturen im Bereich des Thorax, sowie Verletzungen innerer Organe, vorwiegend Herz, Leber und Milz, wird in diesem Zusammenhang häufig auch die Fettembolie, vor allem der Lungen aber auch anderer Organe, genannt. Zu deren Entstehung gibt es unterschiedliche Theorien. Diese Übersicht berücksichtigt die wesentlichen Veröffentlichungen der letzten Jahrzehnte zu diesem Thema. Die Fettembolie wurde vor allem in pathologischen und unfallchirurgischen Studien untersucht. Die tatsächliche Inzidenz der Fettembolie bei Traumen, der operativen Versorgung von langen Röhrenknochen, Schockzuständen allgemein und nach Reanimationen scheint hoch zu sein. Sie scheint allerdings klinisch selten manifest zu werden. In den meisten Fällen nach (erfolgloser) Reanimation ist die in der pathologischen Untersuchung gefundene Ausprägung der Fettembolie gering bis mittelgradig. Aufgrund des Fehlens entsprechender Studien sind Überlegungen über die Bedeutung von Fettembolien im artifiziellen Kreislauf während einer Reanimation spekulativ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The role of lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of limb ischemia secondary to arteriosclerosis obliterans has been controversial. Increased temperature and rubor of the skin, which usually follow sympathectomy, have generally been interpreted as indicative of improved nutritive skin blood flow. However, the existence of a (nonnutritive) thermoregulatory level of skin microcirculation makes such an extrapolation questionable. We investigated the total (mainly thermoregulatory) skin blood flow (TSBF) in the hindlimb of 15 male Lewis rats by means of laser Doppler flowmetry and the nutritive skin blood flow (NSBF) by means of capillary microscopy (red blood cell velocity). Transcutaneous oximetry was used to assess skin oxygenation (SO). Measurements were performed before and 2 and 28 days after ligation of the common iliac and iliolumbar artery. Subsequently, either a surgical resection of the sympathetic chain (L2–L6) was performed or a sham operation. Measurements were repeated 2 and 28 days later. For the group of 15 rats as a whole, TSBF ( p 〈 0.05), NSBF ( p 〈 0.05), and SO ( p 〈 0.05) were found to be drastically reduced at day 2 after ligation compared to preligation values. This reduction partially recovered during the following weeks. TSBF ( p 〈 0.05) and NSBF ( p 〈 0.05), however were still reduced at day 28 after ligation compared to preligation values, whereas the SO at this time tended to be lower ( p = 0.11). In the sympathectomy group the TSBF was found to be increased at day 2 ( p 〈 0.05) and day 28 ( p 〈 0.05) after sympathectomy, both compared to values obtained at day 28 after ligation. Sympathectomy did not have an effect on NSBF and SO. The sham procedure had no effect on the TSBF, NSBF, or SO. These results indicate that in case of lower limb ischemia, sympathectomy improves skin blood flow at the thermoregulatory but not the nutritive level of skin microcirculation. This may be related to the fact that the thermoregulatory vessels are mainly sympathetically controlled, whereas the nutritive capillaries are mainly controlled by local (nonneural) factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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