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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CuZn-Superoxide Dismutase, Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, and Glutathione Peroxidase in Blood from Individuals Homozygous for Asp90Ala CuZn-Superoxide Dismutase Mutation (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 70 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The Asp90Ala CuZn-superoxide dismutase mutation is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in both homo- and heterozygous form. We analyzed antioxidant enzymes in blood from 44 individuals homozygous and 114 individuals heterozygous for the Asp90Ala mutation as well as 66 blood relatives carrying the wild-type allele only. Erythrocyte CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity was reduced by 9% in the homozygous individuals, confirming previous findings on a smaller cohort. The specific activity of Asp90Ala mutant CuZn-superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes was equal to that of isolated mutant enzyme and slightly higher than that of isolated wild-type enzyme. There was no evidence for the presence of inactive mutant molecules in erythrocytes, and the lower activity is due to the occurrence of fewer active molecules. There were no significant differences between the groups in plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase content, and the erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities were virtually identical. Also, there were no differences in these parameters between homozygous individuals with or without ALS. There was no evidence for any association with ALS of a polymorphic extracellular superoxide dismutase mutation, Arg213Gly. The absence of response of the blood antioxidant enzymes to the Asp90Ala CuZn-superoxide dismutase mutation does not support the theory that the ALS-linked CuZn-superoxide dismutase mutations cause disease by increased oxidant stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70020715.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host Responses and Antigens Involved in Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1997)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 45 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tuberculosis (TB) is the largest single infectious cause of human mortality. The incidence of TB has remained high in most of the developing world and the disease has recently re-emerged as a public health problem in industrialized countries. The development of a new improved TB vaccine is a highly prioritized international research area, which has been further stimulated by the appearance of multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The present status of the attempts to characterize the protective immune response to TB will be reviewed with special emphasis on recent progress in the identification and characterization of target molecules recognized by protective cells. This paper will focus on proteins released from live bacteria and discuss their role in the host–pathogen interaction and the ongoing attempts to use these molecules in TB subunit vaccines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-380.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibodies to hen and duck antigens in poultry workers (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Serum antibodies to avian and Aspergillus antigens were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in forty-two workers from a poultry abattoir and in twenty healthy blood donors. The levels of IgG and IgA antibodies to hen and duck serum were significantly higher in poultry workers than in blood donors (P〈0.01). In workers employed for less than 1 year the antibody levels were lower than in those who had been employed for a longer period of time (P〈0.05). The IgA antibody level to a high molecular weight Aspergillus antigen was higher in poultry workers than blood donors (P〈0-05), whereas the level of other Aspergillus antibodies were similar in the two groups. The level of IgG antibodies to hen antigen was higher in non-smokers than in smokers (P〈0-02). A correlation between the antibody levels to hen and duck antigens and to pigeon antigen was found (P〈0.05). indicating cross-reactivity between these antibodies. No cases of allergic alveolitis were found, and no correlation between antibody levels and respiratory symptoms could be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02225.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High dissociation constants (pKa) of basic permeants are associated with in vivo skin irritation in man (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 34 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Previously, we have investigated the relationship between dissociation constant (pKa) and skin irritation potential. In the present experiment, 12 basic compounds, with varying pKa values ranging from 1.4 10 11.2, were applied on the hacks of 12 healthy adult panellists. Cutaneous reactions were measured objectively using reflectance speetrcscopy and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and evaluated subjectively with a modified Draize scale. A positive correlation between increasing pKa and skin irritation capacity, measured either visually or by reflectance spectroscopy, was found, but only mecamylamine (pKa= 11.2) induced a significant increase in transepidermal water loss. Compounds with low pKa also induced a paradoxical vasoconstriction measured by reflectance spectroscopy. Only high pKa appeared predictive of in vivo skin irritation, and these chemicals apparently induce skin irritation with only minimal disruption of the skin barrier. A simple 1-variable model is predictive of skin irritation for this series of organic permeants with increasing PKa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02192.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skin irritation in man: a comparative bioengineering study using improved reflectance spectroscopy (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 33 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Variable types of skin irritation were induced in 8 human female volunteers, ranging from subclinical to visible erythema with slight oedema. Skin reactions were graded clinically and objectively using transepidermal water loss (TEWL), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and improved reflectance spectroscopy. This last technique enables separation of in vivo erythemas into relatively deoxygenated (venous-deoxy hem) and oxygenated (arterial oxy hem) haemoglobin components. Compared to uninvolved skin, an empty patch increased oxy hem by 197%± 121%(p 〈 0.05). Exposure to vehicles also changed skin biophysics. At sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and hydrochloric acid (HCL) exposed sites, a linear correlation between concentration and oxy hem. LDF and TEWL was found. These chemicals predominantly increased TEWL values. Nonanoic acid (NON) and imipramine (IMI) also raised oxs hem, LDI and TEWL values linear at increasing concentrations. Although IMI 2.5% clinically was graded as a type ++ response, no significant increase in TEWL was found. The improved reflectance spectroscopic technique proved valid in skin irritation studies, with a higher sensitivity than laser Doppler flowmetry, and allowed irritant vascular reactions to be discriminated into arterial and venous components. Furthermore, our observations clearly demonstrate that clinical indistinguishable skin irritation reactions induce significantly different changes in barrier function (disruption) and vascular status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02045.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A time correlation study between reflectance spectroscopic cutaneous vasoconstriction and plasma corticosteroid concentration (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 132 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although cutaneous vasoconstriction assays are used as a primary screen for ranking the in vivo efficacy of new corticosteroids and in vivo human drug delivery studies, little is known about the relationship between the blanching reaction and corticosteroid tissue or plasma concentrations. We measured cutaneous vascular reactions in five volunteers, using an improved reflectance spectroscopic method, and a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique was employed to measure plasma betamethasone concentrations. Using a specially developed betamethasone-17-valerate patch prepared in BIO-PSA®, constant corticosteroid release was ensured, and correlations between cutaneous blanching and plasma corticosteroid concentrations were calculated. Maximal skin blanching was documented 12 h post-application, whereas plasma corticosteroid concentrations peaked later, at 32 h post-application, when a paradoxical telangiectatic vasodilatation occurred. At 72 h post-application, when the plasma corticosteroid concentration was still above the 12 h level, this paradoxical vasodilatation was maximal. The corticosteroid-induced vascular reactions were mainly due to arterial haemoglobin (Oxy Haem), and both vasoconstriction and vasodilatation were related to changes in Oxy Haem. Our results suggest a dual, probably both time and concentration related, interaction between corticosteroids and dermal vessels in which lower concentrations at 6-12 h exposure caused vasoconstriction, but as the exposure time increased (〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:00070963:BJD59:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉24 h) paradoxical vasodilatation was induced, although plasma corticosteroid concentrations were still rising.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08625.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On universal 22 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of linguistics 18 (1982), S. 231-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-2267
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    Notes: Greenberg's pioneering work on word order universals (Greenberg, 1966) in which he proposed a total of universals concerning the ‘order of meaningful elements’ as well as a typology based on this order distinguishing 24 language types has truly had a great influence on linguistic research in the past few years. Not only has this important contribution to our understanding of language universals and typology precipitated such widespread interest in this particular field of linguistics which has culminated in a number of language specific monographs (see for instance Heine, 1976; Lehmann, 1974; Friedrich, 1975); symposia (see Li, 1975, 1976, 1977) and even larger projects (for example the Language Universals Project of Stanford University, and the Cologne project on language universals, see Greenberg, 1978; Seiler, 1973, 1978), but it also has influenced linguistics in general to such an extent that many consider syntactic description and research to be incomplete without a thorough discussion of word order, in some cases to the virtual exclusion of other topics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700013591
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of root anaerobiosis on the water relations of several Pyrus species (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 62 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Solution culture experiments were designed to investigate the plant water relations of 3 Pyrus species subjected to root anaerobiosis. Root anaerobiosis induced partial stomatal closure prior to alterations in leaf water potential (ΨLW) or root osmotic potential (ΨRπ). In contrast, stomatal closure was accompanied by a decline in root hydraulic conductivity (Lp). Anoxia markedly reduced ΨLW for Pyrus communis L. and eventually led to wilting and defoliation. Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge and Pyrus calleryana Decne, however, were less affected by root anaerobiosis. To delineate if the increased root resistance was in the radial or longitudinal direction, 10−4M cistrans abscisic acid (ABA) was added to detopped root systems of P. communis in solution culture after steady-state rates of Lp were established. A consistent 25 to 30% promotion of Lp was observed 1.5 h after the addition of ABA for aerobically treated plants. ABA did not influence Lp when applied to roots previously deprived of O2 for 4 days. Additional evidence against the limiting resistance being in the radial direction was obtained when water fluxes were compared through intact P. communis roots, roots with all feeder roots detached, and stems without root systems. Severing feeder roots from anaerobically treated plants did not increase water flux to rates observed for aerobically treated plants. Resistance progressed basipetally to eventually encompass the stem itself. These results can only be explained by occlusion of the xylem vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb00378.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water and ion fluxes of abscisic acid-treated root systems of pear, Pyrus communis (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 60 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Water and ion fluxes of intact root systems of Pyrus communis L. cv. Old Home × Farmingdale 97 immersed in a nutrient solution were determined at various pressures and temperatures. Water flux (Jv was normalized on the basis of initial flow rates of a root system after 30 min at 0.50 MPa and 25°C, expressed as the ratio Qv. Qv responded linearly to pressures between 0.20 and 0.62 MPa, implying a constant root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) within this range. Similarly Qv was linearly related to temperatures between 7 and 35°C; however, large, rapid temperature changes resulted in a break of the Arrhenius plot of Qv versus the reciprocal of temperature, Abscisic acid (ABA) from 2 × 10−6 to 10−4M, applied to intact root systems, increased Qv within 10–20 min, with the effect leveling off after 1.5 h. At a pressure of 0.50 MPa, ABA at 10-4M enhanced Qv by 28%. The stimulation of Qv was not due to the ethanol solvent since 0.13 or 1.33% ethanol decreased Qv-, The osmotic potential of the xylem fluid was determined and was used to calculate total normalized solute flux. The results suggest that ABA-induced or ethano1-induced changes in Qv were mainly due to changes in Lp and not to changes in ion transport to the xylem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04555.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Score test of homogeneity for survival data (1995)
    Springer
    Lifetime data analysis 1 (1995), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9249
    Keywords: test of homogeneity ; overdispersion ; survival data ; partial likelihood ; counting processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract If follow-up is made for subjects which are grouped into units, such as familial or spatial units then it may be interesting to test whether the groups are homogeneous (or independent for given explanatory variables). The effect of the groups is modelled as random and we consider a frailty proportional hazards model which allows to adjust for explanatory variables. We derive the score test of homogeneity from the marginal partial likelihood and it turns out to be the sum of a pairwise correlation term of martingale residuals and an overdispersion term. In the particular case where the sizes of the groups are equal to one, this statistic can be used for testing overdispersion. The asymptotic variance of this statistic is derived using counting process arguments. An extension to the case of several strata is given. The resulting test is computationally simple; its use is illustrated using both simulated and real data. In addition a decomposition of the score statistic is proposed as a sum of a pairwise correlation term and an overdispersion term. The pairwise correlation term can be used for constructing a statistic more robust to departure from the proportional hazard model, and the overdispesion term for constructing a test of fit of the proportional hazard model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985764
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