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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 5 (1991), S. 461-466 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Growth cartilage ; Vitamin D ; Rickets ; Chondrocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Disturbed calcification of the growth plate and stunting is a frequent finding in vitamin D-deficiency rickets, vitamin D-dependency rickets and renal osteodystrophy, illustrating that chondrocytes are a target for vitamin D. This observation prompted an investigation of Ic, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] receptor expression and action of vitamin D metabolites on chondrocyte proliferation. In tibial growth plates and in primary cultures of tibial growth cartilage of male Sprague-Dawley rats (80 g) specific binding of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 was noted. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of a single class of non-interacting binding sites.K d was 10−11 M irrespective of growth phase. The binding macromolecule had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5 S. Interaction with DNA was demonstrated by DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. By immunohistology, growth cartilage cells (rabbit tibia) were shown to express nuclear 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors, most prominently in the proliferative and early hypertrophic zone. This corresponds to binding data which showed highest binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the logarithmic growth phase (12,780 molecules/cell versus 4,538 molecules/cell in confluent cells) in primary cultures of growth plate chondrocytes. In the presence of delipidated fetal calf serum 1,25(OH)2D3 had a biphasic effect on cell proliferation and density, i.e. stimulation at 10−12 M and dose-dependent inhibition at 10−10 M and below. Inhibition was specific and not seen with 24 (R), 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or dexamethasone. Growth phase-dependent 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor expression and specific effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on chrondrocyte proliferation in vitro point to a role for vitamin D in the homeostasis of growth cartilage of the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 871-875 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Lead ; Gout ; Renal failure ; Hyperparathyroidism ; Blei ; Gicht ; Niereninsuffizienz ; Hyperparathyreoidismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Schrumpfnierenbildung bei Blei-Intoxikation (Nephropathia saturnina) wird derzeit praktisch nicht mehr beobachtet. Trotzdem hat in den letzten Jahren die Besorgnis zugenommen, daß die vor allem durch umweltbedingte Faktoren gestiegene Bleibelastung langfristig zu Hochdruck und Nierenfunktionsveränderungen führen kann, selbst wenn klinisch manifeste Symptome einer Intoxikation fehlen. Diese Besorgnis stützt sich (a) auf epidemiologische Untersuchungen, in denen ein Zusammenhang zwischen Blut-Bleispiegeln und Blutdruck gefunden wurde; (b) auf experimentelle Untersuchungen, in denen Blei verschiedene pressorische Mechanismen aktivierte; (c) sowie auf den häufigen Nachweis erhöhter Bleibelastung bei Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz, insbesondere wenn gleichzeitig eine Gicht vorliegt. Aus verschiedenen Gründen sind die angeführten Befunde zur nephrotoxischen und Blutdrucksteigernden Wirkung bei dem gefundenen Grad der Bleibelastung nicht beweisend. Weitere Untersuchungen zur Klärung der Frage sind zweifellos von hoher gesundheitspolitischer Bedeutung.
    Notes: Summary Renal failure as a consequence of manifest lead intoxication (nephropathia saturnina) has almost completely desappeared in the FRG. However, there has been rising concern that increased lead burden, primarily as a result of environmental pollution, may adversely affect blood pressure and renal function even in the absence of extrarenal signs of lead intoxication. Such concern is based on epidemiological studies which demonstrated a relation between blood lead level and blood pressure and on experimental studies which showed that lead activates several pressor mechanisms. Furthermore, increased body lead burden is found in a substantial proportion of patients with renal failure, particularly when concomitant gout is present. Unfortunately, none of the above findings constitute irrefutable evidence and further studies are clearly necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hyponatremia ; Vasopressin ; Thirst ; Diuretics ; Cardiac failure ; Cirrhosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because hyponatremia is frequently associated with preceding diuretic treatment and unrestricted fluid indake — conditions which have not been addressed sufficiently in published literature — we studied the pathophysiology and the clinical setting of such hyponatremia in a large group of internal medicine patients. We observed: a) Of an initial 310 patients with chemical hyponatremia only 204 (64%) had an associated plasma hypoosmolality. Sience a normal plasma osmolality excludes a disturbance of water metabolism only the 204 patients with hypoosmolar hyponatremia were included in the study. This data shows that plasma osmolality is an essential measurement in any evaluation of hyponatremia. b) In 204 consecutive patients with hypoosmolar hyponatremia the electrolyte disturbance was related to advanced congestive cardiac failure in 25%, decompensated liver cirrhosis in 18%, volume contraction in 28%, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in 19% and renal insufficiency in 4%. c) Plasma vasopressin was measurable in 90% of the 204 patients. It is known that radioimmunoassays to measure vasopressin fail to reliably detect low concentrations of circulating vasopressin (〈0.5 pg/ml). It may therefore be stated that hypoosmolar hyponatremia was generally characterized by a failure of antidiuretic hormone suppression. d) Mean daily fluid intake of hyponatremic patients was 2.35±0.15 l. In the presence of stimulated vasiopressin this large a fluid intake is bound to worsen the severity of hyponatremia. e) Of 204 patients 126 were treated with diuretics at the time of study. In these patients hyponatremia worsened during such treatments and was associated with evidence of prerenal azotemia. However there were no significant differences between diuretic-treated and -untreated patients with respect to plasma vasopressin stimulation and amount of fluid intake. In conclusion, stimulated vasopressin and high fluid intake explain the hyponatremia observed in the present study. This applied similary to diuretictreated and -untreated patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 883-891 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Renin ; Angiotensin II ; ACE inhibitors ; Renal function ; Blood pressure ; Diabetes mellitus ; Renin ; Angiotensin II ; ACE-Hemmer ; Nierenfunktion ; Blutdruck
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht gegeben über in der Literatur berichtete Befunde bei Diabetikern bezüglich der Aktivität der Komponenten des Renin-Angiotensin Systems (RAS), der Organansprechbarkeit auf Angiotensin II (ANG II), des ANG II-Rezeptorbestandes und der Auswirkungen einer Hemmung des RAS durch Angiotensin I Konversionsenzym (ACE)-Hemmer. Die Literaturübersicht zeigt, in Übereinstimmung mit eigenen Befunden, daß die Aktivität des RAS bei Diabetikern mit ausreichender Stoffwechselkontrolle normal oder eher gesteigert ist. Auch beim nephropathischen Diabetiker wird eine erhöhte, aber auch eine verringerte Aktivität des RAS angegeben. Dies widerspricht der häufig vorgetragenen Vermutung, daß das RAS bei Diabetes mellitus generell supprimiert und funktionell inaktiv ist. Letzteres wurde vor allem aus Befunden eines erniedrigten ANG II-Rezeptorbestandes bei anorektischen, schwerst hyperglykämischen Ratten geschlossen. Diese Befunde lassen sich beim Menschen nicht bestätigen, wo eher ein erhöhter ANG II-Rezeptorbestand beobachtet wurde. Dies steht im Einklang mit den häufigen Berichten, daß die Pressorantwort auf infundiertes ANG II beim Diabetiker deutlich gesteigert ist. Die gesteigerte Ansprechbarkeit hat wahrscheinlich funktionelle Bedeutung, da beim Diabetiker trotz eines erhöhten Körper-Natriumbestandes das RAS dennoch nicht, wie erwartet, supprimiert ist. Eine Reihe von Befunden sprechen auch dafür, daß die Widerstandsgefäße der Niere beim Diabetiker auf AN-G II vermehrt ansprechen. Hier könnte möglicherweise eine Ursache für die Hyperfiltration liegen. Jedenfalls wird übereinstimmend eine Verminderung der Mikroalbuminurie nach Hemmung des RAS mit ACE-Hemmern gefunden, ein möglicher indirekter Hinweis auf eine Verminderung des glomerulären kapillären Drucks.
    Notes: Summary We review available data on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), responsiveness to angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG II receptor number, and effects of inhibition of the RAS by angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. Most authors, including ourselves, observed a normal or enhanced activity of the RAS in metabolically stable diabetics. Increased but also reduced activity of the RAS was described in nephropathic diabetes. This is in contrast to the common suggestion that the RAS of diabetics is generally suppressed and functionally inactive. The last assumption was mainly based on the finding of reduced ANG II receptor numbers in anorectic, severely hyperglycemic rats. These findings could not be reproduced in man, and a higher ANG II receptor concentration on platelets of diabetics goes in parallel with the frequent finding of an enhanced pressor response to infused ANG II in diabetes. This increased responsiveness is most probably of functional importance since the RAS is not suppressed — as one would expect — in the face of a supranormal body sodium content. A number of data also indicate that renal resistance vessels display increased responsiveness to ANG II in diabetics. This may be a reason for hyperfiltration. This notion is further supported by the reduction of albuminuria which is usually observed following inhibition of the RAS with ACE inhibitors, and which may be an index of reduction of glomerular capillary pressure in human diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 1150-1155 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Β 2-Mikroglobulin ; AB-Amyloid ; Dialysis ; Arthropathy ; Spondylarthropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In radioimmunological estimation ofΒ 2-microglobulin (Β 2m) significant higher serum values were found in 36 dialysis patients (44.4±20.3 mg/l) in comparison with healthy probands (1.5±0.2 mg/l). A significant relation to the duration of dialysis, diuresis, symptoms of the musculo-skeletal system, but not to radiologic changes or bone biopsy findings could be seen. Post mortem examinations carried out in 21 dialysis patients revealed AB-amyloid depositis in synovial tissue of different joints (particularly shoulder and hip joint) or intervertebral discs in eight patients (age 48 to 73 years, dialysis duration less than four years) without correlation to serumΒ 2m level or radiographically suspect areas. In the tissue of cervical spine or intervertebral discs of two patients suffering from destructive spondylarthropathy no amyloid could be detected. These results suggest that AB-amyloid may occur in elderly patients early in the course of hemodialysis and may be asymptomatic in most cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 535-535 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cyclosporin A ; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; Calcium metabolism ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Animal studies have shown that cyclosporin A (CyA) stimulates renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]-1α-hydroxylase activity; in contrast, studies in renal transplant recipients indirectly suggest that CyA reduces 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25 (OH)2D3] production. To clarify the effect of CyA on vitamin D metabolite concentrations, we measured parameters of calcium metabolism in 37 CyA-treated patients (median trough whole blood levels 171–222 ng/ml) with multiple sclerosis and initially normal kidney function. The patients participated in a randomized double-blind study to assess the efficacy of CyA in multiple sclerosis. An age- and sex-matched control group (n = 39) received azathioprine (Aza). Measurements were made at the end of a 2-year treatment period. The 1,25(OH)2D3 serum concentrations were not significantly different between the two groups, although they were numerically lower in CyA-treated patients [median (range), 28.4 pg/ml (7.8–85.9) vs 41.0 pg/ml (9.2–105.1) in Aza-treated patients]. The 25(OH)D3 levels were comparable in both groups. There was no correlation between the 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations. The renal function in both groups was stable in the last 6 months of the study. At the end of the study period, the endogenous creatinine clearance was significantly lower in the CyA-treated group (85 ± 17 ml/min versus 99 ± 22 in the Aza-treated group, P 〈 0.05). The carboxyterminal parathyroid hormone (C-PTH) was within the normal range in both groups, although CyA-treated patients had significantly higher concentrations (P〈0.01). The urinary excretion of mineral ions, cations and protein was similar in both groups. Our data suggest that long-term treatment with CyA does not cause clinically important alterations of vitamin D metabolism in humans. Subtle differences in the concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 and C-PTH between CyA- and Aza-treated patients result presumably from a slight impairment of renal function through CyA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 686-691 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Thiazides ; Glomerular filtration ; Hemoconcentration ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the renal effects of thiazides as a function of sodium intake, 8 healthy volunteers without renal disease were studied at baseline and 1 day as well as 4 days after the administration of 100 mg hydrochlorothiazide/day. The subjects were compared on two different dietary sodium intakes (120 mmol/day and 220 mmol/day). Measurements comprised inulin clearance (Cin) and paraaminohippurate clearance (Cpah) by infusion clearance technique, total and ionised calcium, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (1,84 iPTH), 1.25 (OH)2 vitamin D3, and indices of hemoconcentration. Acute administration of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) caused no change in Cin (before 111 ± 3 ml/min 1.73 m2 ; 24 h after, 107 ± 2 ml/min 1.73 m2) or Cpah (before, 579 ± 9 ml/min 1.73 M2; after, 584 ± 12 ml/min 1.73 m2), while a significant (P 〈 0.01) decrease was noted on the 4th day after 100 mg HCTZ/day and normal sodium intake. No significant change of creatinine clearance (Ccr) was seen with either manouever. Renal hemodynamic changes after HCTZ administration were marginal when hemoconcentration was prevented by a high salt intake. Acute administration (1 h) of HCTZ caused suppression of 1,84 iPTH (before, 2.3 ±0.5 pmol/l; after, 1.9 ± 0.2 pmol/l; P 〈 0.01), but after 4 days a lower ionised calcium (baseline, 1.25 ± 0.01 mmol/l; day 5, 1.20 ± 0.02 mmol/l; P 〈 0.01) was noticed in parallel with hemoconcentration, metabolic alkalosis, and reduced 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 concentrations. The level of 1,84 iPTH was elevated. We conclude that (i) hydrochlorothiazide does not affect the renal hemodynamics if hemoconcentration is avoided and (ii) hydrochlorothiazide acutely lowers PTH, while subacutely metabolic alkalosis and decreased ionised calcium may occur with concomitant increase in 1,84 iPTH and decrease in 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 concentrations unless hemoconcentration is prevented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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