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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In situ resistance versus temperature or time for reactions between 32 and 57.5 nm of titanium and undoped or doped polycrystalline silicon (boron, arsenic, or phosphorus, 7.9×1019–3.0×1020/cm3) has been measured and no clear correlation was found between the activation energy for the formation of the industrially important low-resistance C54-TiSi2 phase and its formation temperature. It is also demonstrated that with certain moderate doping levels typical of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor manufacturing, boron or phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon can delay the formation of C54-TiSi2 more than arsenic-doped polycrystalline silicon. Finally, by using in situ resistance measurements, it is demonstrated that the "two-step'' thermal annealing process similar to a salicide process requires less thermal annealing time at high temperatures to form C54-TiSi2 than a single "one-step'' thermal anneal at the same temperature. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 3566-3568 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We show that when processing conditions closely mimic those used in the conventional self-aligned silicide process, the effective activation energy for the polymorphic phase transformation of orthorhombic base-centered (oC12) C49-TiSi2 to the low-resistivity orthorhombic face-centered (oF24) C54-TiSi2 phase is over 1 eV higher than previously reported literature values where a 1-step heat cycle was used. For C49-TiSi2 films formed at temperatures of 600 and 625 °C on (100) single crystal silicon substrates, the activation energy was determined to be 5.6±0.3 and 5.7±0.13 eV, respectively, for the transformation of this phase into C54-TiSi2 in the temperature range of 625–700 °C. The higher activation energy obtained with the simulation of the self-aligned silicide processing conditions suggests that the conventional processing may need to be modified for future semiconductor applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 4978-4980 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used in situ resistance versus temperature measurements to demonstrate that a 60 nm titanium thin film on polycrystalline silicon heated at rates up to 3000 °C/min always forms high-resistivity base-centered orthorhombic C49-TiSi2 before the low-resistivity face-centered orthorhombic C54-TiSi2 phase. Kinetic analysis of the shift in transformation temperatures with heating rate indicates that the activation energies for the formation of C49-TiSi2 and C54-TiSi2 are 2.1±0.2 and 3.8±0.5 eV, respectively, when formed during the same annealing cycle. The higher activation energy of formation of C54-TiSi2 as compared to C49-TiSi2 suggests that under very high heating rates and annealing temperatures, the formation of C49-TiSi2 before C54-TiSi2 might be completely or partially bypassed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 24 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new method of determining fish numbers in a large river, which involved electrofishing from boats downstream to an AC electrical barrier, produced capture efficiencies for different species ranging from 28 to 82% when successive pairs of catches were combined. Estimates of population density, biomass and production for the 18 species in a 2.538 ha segment of the Pilica River, Poland revealed a decline in total numbers of the fish in species diversity between 1963 and 1980. This is attributed to increased fishing pressure, and to a loss in habitat diversity following the loss of many water mills and associated dams. The total production estimate of 0.85 g m−2 year−1 is low compared with the few published estimates for other large rivers. Roach, dace, chub, gudgeon and bream were the most numerous fish and they constituted 75% of the total population estimate, and 68% of the standing crop and annual production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 88 (1984), S. 1744-1751 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Chemical reviews 80 (1980), S. 417-428 
    ISSN: 1520-6890
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Index-linking has been urged as the way to make inflation tolerable and also to discourage it. David Mann maintains that, especially when inflation is abating, index-linking is inequitable and an act of virtual dishonesty by government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 38 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Amputation of the lower limb for vascular disease has a high morbidity and mortality. A comparative study in 60 patients was carried out between spinal analgesia with sedation and general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation which maintained end expiratory carbon dioxide between 4–4.5 kPa. The spinal technique had advantages over general anaesthesia during surgery and in the first 24 hours, but no long term benefits.Meticulous pre-operative preparation, intra-operative care and careful postoperative management, including monitoring of end expiratory carbon dioxide tension, appeared to be major factors contributing towards the low morbidity and mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 21 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. River Frome pike, Esox lucius L., usually spawned in drainage channels connected to the main river. Most 0+ pike moved into the river during their first summer, but some remained in the channels until the following year. The latter group ate macro-invertebrates (chiefly Asellus), whereas their siblings in the main river were piscivorous. 0+ pike in the channels had slower growth rates than those in the river, but growth rates of the two groups in later years were similar. The presence of these initially slow-growing pike in the population caused problems in identifying the first annulus on the scales. The problem was identified by batch-marking 0+ fish in different years and examining scales from individuals that were subsequently recaptured. The interpretation of true annuli and false checks in older fish was aided by collecting sets of scales from individually tagged pike which were recaptured at intervals over a number of years. The study emphasized the importance of validating age determinations by obtaining information from more than one source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 11 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A simplified Seaburg sampler was used to obtain stomach contents from anaesthetized pike. Well-digested remains of fish prey were identified from pharyngeal bones (Cyprinidae) or the skeletal structure of the caudal region, by comparison with type material collected from fresh fish. The original lengths of the prey were estimated from linear relationships between fish length and size of the caudal fin, or size of the pharyngeal bone. Estimation of prey size from scales or otoliths using length-for-age data gave only approximate values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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