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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatible solutes in representatives of the genera Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium: Occurrence of tetrahydropyrimidines and glutamine (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 109 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of our investigation was to study the haloadaptation of a number of species of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genera Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium. We used two different HPLC-techniques and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for the identification of osmolytes (compatible solutes). The tetrahydropyrimidines (‘ectoines’) are the main compatible solutes in the genus Brevibacterium, whereas accumulation of glycine-betaine and accumulation of synthesis of glutamine is mainly responsible for osmoadaptation in the genus Corynebacterium. Pipecolic acid, formerly described as a potential osmolyte synthesized de novo in C. ammoniagenes, does not contribute markedly to the solute pool, unless supplemented to the medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06138.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatible solutes in new moderately halophilic isolates (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 122 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using high performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the compatible solutes of some moderately halophilic bacteria were studied. The following accepted species of moderately halophilic bacteria were included: Volcaniella eurihalina and Deleya salina among Gram-negative rods, and Salinicoccus roseus and Salinicoccus hispanicus among Gram-positive cocci. Besides these strains we have also screened other new isolates, including Marinomonas species and Gram-positive cocci and rods. The tetrahydropyrimidine carboxylic acid ‘ectoine’ was found to be the main compatible solute in the Gram-negative strains tested when these were grown in glucose-mineral medium. In addition, betaine was accumulated from complex media containing yeast extract. Among the Gram-positive strains investigated, the solutes proline (bacillus 30, Salinicoccus) and hydroxyectoine (coccus 28) also played an important role, while alanine, glucose, glutamate, glutamine and trehalose occurred as minor components. We also detected two recently described compatible solutes: Nδ-acetylornithine and a homologous compound, Nε-acetyllysine. Representatives of distinct phenotypic groups of Gram-positive cocci and rods were clearly distinguished by their solute pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07160.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme stabilization be ectoine-type compatible solutes: protection against heating, freezing and drying (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 37 (1992), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to elucidate the protective effect of the new compatible solutes, ectoine and hydroxyectoine, on two sensitive enzymes (lactic dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase). The solutes tested also included (for reasons of comparison) other compatible solutes such as glycine betaine and a number of disaccharides (sucrose, trehalose, maltose). All compatible solutes under investigation displayed remarkable stabilizing capabilities. However, the degree of protection depended on both the type of solute chosen and the enzyme used as a test system. The most prominent protectants were trehalose, ectoine and hydroxyectoine, which are very often found in nature (singly or in combinationn) as part of the compatible solute “cocktail” of moderately halophilic eubacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174204
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of N δ-acetylornithine as a novel osmolyte in some Gram-positive halophilic eubacteria (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 39 (1993), S. 568-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the course of a screening programme for novel natural substances acting as compatible solutes, an unusual amino acid derivative was detected in several halophilic Gram-positive eubacteria. The compound was isolated and subsequently identified as N δ-acetylornithine using spectroscopic (NMR, MS) and chromatographic methods. So far, N δ-acetylornithine has only been described as an excretion product of some bacteria under certain growth conditions. This report describes, for the first time, its intracellular accumulation and use as a compatible solute in halophilic/halotolerant eubacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00205053
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die inspiratorische Reaktion als Abwehrmechanismus des Atmungsapparates (1968)
    Springer
    Lung 138 (1968), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The marked inspiratory reaction elicited by collapse of the lungs during a pneumothorax is essentially different from the weak inspiratory effect brought about by decrease of lung volume during expiration under normal conditions. The latter effect is mainly a release from the inpiratory inhibition exerted by pulmonary stretch receptors firing at high rates; a release which is reinforced on the one hand by post-inhibitory, i.e., inspiratory rebound activity, on the other by moderate activation of inspiration due to low firing rate of the stretch receptors. The marked inspiratory reaction is, however, elicited by pulmonary deflation receptors that discharge through slowly conducting afferent fibres. It should be regarded as a nociceptive reflex preventing pulmonary collapse, or local effects such as atelectasis and pulmonary compression. The present investigations show that the marked inspiratory reaction plays an important role during experimentally produced asthma bronchiale. 1. In guinea-pigs sensitized to egg albumen, reversible bronchial asthma is produced by inhalation of antigen aerosol. At the onset of raised bronchial resistance, an inspiratory reaction characterized by tachypnoea and increase in lung volume occurs. It is mediated by afferent vagus fibres subserving inspiration and is modified at later stages by chemical factors. 2. This vagal inspiratory reflex is due to morphological pulmonary changes, i.e., emphysema and atelectasis. These disturbances of the mechanics of breathing produce increase of intrathoracic pressure during expiration and hence compression of the lungs; this in turn leads to excitation of vagal deflation receptors which sets up the inspiratory reaction and modifies the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex. 3. The inspiratory reaction plays an important role in the cycle of morphological pulmonary changes and physiological reactions that underlie an asthma attack, and represents a defence mechanism of the lungs constrained within the thoracic cage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02090684
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of the compatible solute trehalose in Ectothiorhodospira halochloris: isolation and characterization of trehalase (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 600-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ectothiorhodospira halochloris ; Osmoregulation ; Betaine ; Phototrophic bacteria ; Haloalkaliphilic bacteria ; Trehalase ; Trehalose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trehalase, which hydrolyzes the disaccharide trehalose to α-d-glucose was isolated and partially purified (124-fold) from the phototrophic halo-alkaliphilic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris. The molecular mass was determined to be 480,000 and the isoelectric point pH 5.6. Temperature optimum was found to be 40°C and the pH-optimum 7.8–8.1. In spite of its high K m-value of 0.5 M, trehalase of E. halochloris was shown to be specific for trehalose. Trehalase is activated by phosphate which is, however, not involved in the reaction mechanism. The enzyme is activated by the compatible solute betaine and inhibited by salts. In the presence of betaine the K m-value is lowered from 0.5 M to 0.16 M; moreover, betaine partially protects enzymatic activity from salt inhibition. The findings indicate that betaine might regulate the trehalose level in the cells by affecting trehalase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245272
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of trehalose as a substitute for nitrogen-containing compatible solutes (Ectothiorhodospira halochloris) (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 607-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic phototrophic bacteria ; Halophilic eubacteria ; Osmoadaptation ; Betaine Ectoine ; Trehalose ; Compatible solutes ; Ectothiorhodospira halochloris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The halophilic phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris is able to synthesize both nitrogen-containing (betaine, ectoine) and nitrogen-free (trehalose) compatible solutes. In the absence of external ammonium and under nitrogen-limited growth conditions ectoine was metabolized and trehalose partly replaced betaine. The cytoplasmic trehalose concentration did not exceeded 0.5 mol/kg water (approx. 30% of total compatible solutes). A decreasing content of betaine in cells growing under nitrogen limitation is a result of decreased biosynthesis. Apparently, the betaine pool cannot be used as a nitrogen source, not even in a situation of total nitrogen depletion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245273
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular salt and solute concentrations in Ectothiorhodospira marismortui: glycine betaine and Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide as osmotic solutes (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 350-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ectothiorhodospira ; Halophilic ; Compatible solutes ; Glycine betaine ; Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ectothiorhodospira marismortui, a moderately halophilic purple sulfur bacterium from a hypersaline sulfur spring, contains glycine betaine and Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide (CGA) as the main intracellular osmotic solutes, with sucrose as a minor component. The concentration of glycine betaine was found to increase with increasing salt concentration of the medium, from 0.47 M to 1.29 M in cells grown from 0.85 to 2.56 M NaCl, while the estimated CGA concentration rose from about 0.2 M to 0.5 M. The concentration of sucrose remained constant at a value of around 0.05 M. Intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations were relatively low (around 0.5 and 0.3 M, respectively, at an external NaCl concentration of 1.8 M). The concentration of the novel compound Nα-carbamoyl glutamineamide was enhanced when l-glutamine was added to the growth medium, suggesting that glutamine served as a precursor for the synthesis of the compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248709
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carnitine: a novel compatible solute in Lactobacillus plantarum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Lactobacillus plantarum ; Compatible ; solute ; Osmotic stress ; Carnitine ; Betaine ; Acetylcholine ; Succinylcholine ; γ-Butyrobetaine ; Quaternary ammonium compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract      The aim of this study was to unravel the identity of compatible solutes accumulated by Lactobacillus plantarum subjected to osmotic stress. Betaine was accumulated simultaneously with a novel compatible solute identified as carnitine, both present in the complex medium applied in this study. Beef extract provided the main source of carnitine in the medium. Both carnitine and betaine were accumulated to maximum concentrations of 248 and 231 μmol.g dry weight–1, respectively. A defined medium was devised devoid of carnitine. Addition of 0.5 mM carnitine to this medium increased the growth rate from 0.1 h–1 to 0.2 h–1 in media with 0.4 M sodium chloride. Also, carnitine made the organism more tolerant to sodium chloride. Growth occurred even when the sodium chloride concentration was raised from 0.5 M to 1.0 M. Quaternary compo unds resembling the structure of carnitine and betaine enhanced the growth yield as well. γ-Butyrobetaine and succinylcholine restored the growth yield up to respectively 91 and 96% compared to non-stressed cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301845
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carnitine: a novel compatible solute in Lactobacillus plantarum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum ; Compatible solute ; Osmotic stress ; Carnitine ; Betaine ; Acetylcholine ; Succinylcholine ; γ-Butyrobetaine ; Quaternary ammonium compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to unravel the identity of compatible solutes accumulated by Lactobacillus plantarum subjected to osmotic stress. Betaine was accumulated simulataneously with a novel compatible solute identified as carnitine, both present in the complex medium applied in this study. Beef extract provided the main source of carnitine in the medium. Both carnitine and betaine were accumulated to maximum concentrations of 248 and 231 μmol.g dry weight-1, respectively. A defined medium was devised devoid of carnitine. Addition of 0.5 mM carnitine to this medium increased the growth rate from 0.1 h-1 to 0.2 h-1 in media with 0.4 M sodium chloride. Also, carnitine made the organism more tolerant to sodium chloride. Growth occurred even when the sodium chloride concentration was raised from 0.5 M to 1.0 M. Quaternary compounds resembling the structure of carnitine and betaine enhanced the growth yield as well. γ-Butyrobetaine and succinylcholine restored the growth yield up to respectively 91 and 96% compared to non-stressed cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301845
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