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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does activation of the baroreceptors reinforce differential Pavlovian conditioning of heart rate responses? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: High- and low-pitched tones (CS+ and CS−) signalled baroreceptor stimulation or inhibition (US+ and US-) on 6-s conditioning trials (n= 128). Baroreceptor stimulation was induced by the phase-related external suction (PRES) method of Rau et al. (1992) in which a brief pulse of negative external pressure is applied to the neck at systole and one of positive pressure at diastole within each cardiac cycle (the reverse sequence is used for baroreceptor inhibition). Changes in heart period (R-R intervals) confirmed that PRES manipulated the baroreceptors in the presence of CS+ and CS− without habituation over conditioning trials. However, conditioned heart period responses were not observed on test trials (n= 32) in which CS+ and CS− were presented with the baroreceptor manipulation removed. Subjects were unable to state which CS had signalled baroreceptor stimulation and inhibition when given PRES-alone trials after the conditioning phase (differential attention thus controlled). These results (a) confirm that the differential effect of the two PRES stimuli was specific to the baroreceptors and (b) support earlier studies that have found that differential conditioning is impaired when CS−US relations are not processed in attention. We discuss implications regarding when baroreceptor firing might be discriminable and reinforcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02077.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Baroreceptor stimulation alters cortical activity (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The arterial baroreceptors constitute an essential sensory link for the short-term regulation of blood pressure and may also influence higher cortical function. The present study was undertaken to evaluate previous reports of such a cortical influence under conditions of psychologically controlled, mechanical baroreceplor stimulation. This control was achieved by use of PRES (phase-related external suction), a modified neck suction technique. PRES applies short suction bursts that have a different impact on baroreceptors depending on their timing within the cardiac cycle and has the advantage that subjects cannot easily discriminate between conditions of stimulation and inhibition. Electroencephalograms were recorded from 22 subjects during PRES manipulations. A surface-negative shift of about 10 μV developed during the cuff manipulations. Over frontal-central regions, this shift was smaller during baroreceptor stimulation than during inhibition. These data provide support for the proposal that baroreceptor activation influences cortical activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03359.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symptom-Specific Psychophysiological Responses in Chronic Pain Patients. (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Symptom-specific psychophysiologiocal responding was assessed in 20 chronic back pain patients, 20 patients suffering from temporomandibular pain and dysfunction, and 20 matched healthy controls. Surface EMG from the lower and upper back, the masseter, and the biceps muscles, and heart rate and skin conductance level were continuously recorded during adaptation, resting baseline, and stressful and neutral imagery phases. Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were performed on raw data as well as data corrected for autocorrelation. The results showed significantly higher EMG reactivity which was lateralized to the left side at the patients site of pain but not distal sites. This hyperreactivity was observed only during stressful imagery. The healthy controls displayed a significantly higher response in heart rate, but skin conductance level was not significantly different. The results are interpreted as indicative of idiosyncratic muscular response patterns to personally relevant situations at the site of pain in patients suffering from chronic muscular pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01718.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of Slow Cortical Potentials by Instrumentally Learned Blood Pressure Responses (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: We assessed whether instrumentally-learned pressor responses inhibit electrocortical acitivity, as predicted by learning theories of idiopathic hypertension. Subjects received beat-by-beat feedback for increases and decreases in mean arterial pressure measured from the finger (Peñáz method). Slow potentials were recorded from the midsagittal line during the final training session. Also recorded at this time were heart rate, eye movements, respiration, and post-session verbal reports of the subject's control strategies. Thirteen of 14 subjects differentiated blood pressure increases and decreases at p〈.05 or better during the final session (within-subject discriminative operant procedure). Slow potentials were less negative on blood pressure increase compared to decrease trials at all midsagittal sites (p〈.02), indicating relative cortical inhibition by pressor responses. This effect occurred even though subjects reported tensing of muscles on increase trials (p〈.01), a behavioral activity previously associated with augmented rather than diminished cortical negativity. On increase trials slow potentials shifted toward positivity just prior to heart rate deceleration (the latter effect confirming activation of the baroreceptors).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01678.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of PRES baroreceptor stimulation on thermal and mechanical pain threshold in borderline hypertensives and normotensives (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Prior studies have noted a pain relieving effect of baroreceptor stimulation and of higher tonic blood pressure in animals and humans. The present study used a new technique for the controlled, noninvasive stimulation of human carotid baroreceptors (PRES). PRES baroreceptor manipulation was delivered to both normotensive subjects (n= 11) and medication-free labile hypertensive subjects (n= 10) during both thermal and mechanical pain. Consistent with prior research, hypertensives had a higher threshold for thermal pain than did normotensives. PRES baroreceptor manipulation had no significant effect on thermal pain threshold for either group. For the mechanical pain model, the opposite results were obtained; group pain threshold did not differ, but there was a significant PRES baroreceptor stimulation effect of increasing pain threshold for both groups. Results are discussed in terms of specific features of the stimuli, dampening of pain in hypertensives, and adaptation to pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01051.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of smoking on thermal pain threshold in deprived and minimally-deprived habitual smokers (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 472-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pain threshold ; Smoking ; Nicotine ; Acute tolerance ; Deprivation ; Psychophysiological measures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the antinociceptive effects of smoking in nine habitual smokers under deprived (12 h) and minimally-deprived (〈30 min) conditions. Pain threshold for thermal stimuli, heart rate, blood pressure and ratings of mood, arousal, dominance and well-being were assessed before and after smoking a cigarette. Overall, smoking affected all measured variables in the expected direction, leading to increased physiological activity, elevated pain threshold and improved mood. However, most of these effects depended on the deprivation status of the subjects, such that smoking after deprivation increased pain threshold whereas smoking after minimal deprivation did not. Pain threshold before smoking was the same for both groups. Deprived subjects had lower pre-smoke diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and arousal levels, which rose to equal minimally-deprived subjects' scores after smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253538
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette smoking, blood lipids, and baroreceptor-modulated nociception (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pain ; Baroreceptor stimulation ; PRES ; Smoking ; Nicotine ; Blood lipid levels ; Cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Activation of arterial blood pressure has been shown to influence higher central nervous activity. In animals, induction of sleep-like states and increases of seizure and pain thresholds in response to baroreceptor stimulation have been reported. In certain human groups, mechanical stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors also increases pain thresholds. The present paper examines the hypothesis that smokers show baroreceptor dependent antinociception as compared to non-smokers. It is speculated that one effect which rewards smoking is the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increase which leads to baroreceptor stimulation and dampens pain perception. One hundred and twenty subjects were investigated using a recently developed mechanical baroreceptor stimulation technique and an electrical pain stimulus. The group of heavy smokers showed the predicted effect: their pain thresholds were enhanced during conditions of increased baroreceptor activity as compared to the control condition. The group of medium, light and non-smokers, however, did not show this effect. Neither blood lipid levels nor diastolic or systolic blood pressure paralleled the group differences on baroreceptor dependent antinociception. In heavy smokers, the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increase might have baroreceptor dependent pain dampening effects, which might be among the reinforcing qualities of smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251290
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of inhaled nicotine on instrumental learning of blood pressure responses (1992)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 17 (1992), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: biofeedback ; blood pressure ; nicotine ; slow cortical potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigated the effects of biofeedback of arterial blood pressure on cortical, peripheral, and psychological measures and the dependence of these effects on nicotine. Four groups of subjects, nonsmokers, and habitual smokers who smoked cigarettes during the experimental sessions containing 0.3, 0.8, or 1.5 mg nicotine, respectively, participated in a feedback paradigm in which continuous feedback of mean blood pressure was provided for intervals of 8 s each. While tonic blood pressure did not differ between the groups, the ability to modulate blood pressure (under feedback conditions) was restricted in smokers as compared to nonsmoking subjects; increasing nicotine dosage was accompanied by poorer performance. Independently of habitual smoking and nicotine doses, heart rate increased during feedback and under conditions of blood pressure increase. In smokers, activity in the alpha band was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) during the feedback interval varied with self-induced blood pressure changes in nonsmokers (blood pressure increase was accompanied by reduced surface-negative potential shifts and vice versa), while SCP variations during feedback conditions were small in smokers, more so under the influence of 0.3 and 0.8-mg nicotine, less so under 1.5 mg. Verbal reports suggest that awareness of performance strategies may not be a necessary variable for performance on the blood pressure regulation task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01000102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrimination of muscle tension in chronic pain patients and healthy controls (1992)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 17 (1992), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: EMG ; perception ; chronic back pain ; TMPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the perception of muscle tension in chronic pain patients and healthy controls. Twenty chronic back pain patients, 20 patients who suffered from temporomandibular pain and dysfunction, and 20 healthy controls were instructed to produce eight different levels of muscle contraction in either the m. masseter or the m. erector spinae. Each level was produced three times; trials were presented in random order. Analyses of the accuracy and the sensitivity of discrimination of muscle tension levels revealed that the patients were less able to perceive muscle contraction levels correctly and that they underestimated their actual levels of muscle tension. Patients and controls did not differ in the extent to which they contracted muscles not involved in the task. Patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders seem to display a genuine deficit in discrimination of muscle tension that is related to neither local physiological changes at the site of pain, lack of motivation, inattention, nor fatigue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01000401
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slow cortical potential biofeedback and the startle reflex (1994)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 19 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: biofeedback ; slow cortical potentials ; threshold regulation of EEG ; startle probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The negativity of slow cortical potentials (SCP) of the surface EEG is a measure of brain excitability, correlating with motor and cognitive preparation. Selfcontrol of SCP positivity has been shown to reduce seizure activity. Following SCP biofeedback from a central EEG electrode position, subjects gained bidirectional control over their SCP. The current study used a modified feedback methodology, and found a positive relationship between negativity and magnitude of EMG startle response (a measure of cortical and subcortical arousal, particularly aversive response disposition). Greater success in SCP differentiation was associated with self-report of less relaxation during negativity training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720666
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