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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A qualitative and quantitative study of substance P immuno-cytochemistry of the trigeminal ganglion in the monkey (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 188 (1993), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monkey ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Substance P ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunoreactivity of substance P(SP) in the monkey trigeminal ganglion was examined and the distribution of immunoreactive cells determined. The monkey trigeminal ganglion is composed of clusters of sensory cells arranged in cords parallel to the long axis of the nerve fibres. The cells have prominent nuclei and are surrounded by satellite cells. Abundant organelles are randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. A striking feature of the ganglion was the presence of some axon-like prolifes containing mainly dense-cored vesicles and some agranular vesicles. Between 16 and 32% of the ganglion cells displayed SP-immunoreactivity. Most of the SP-IR cells were unipolar, small to medium-sized ganglion cells and they had no specific pattern of distribution. The staining of the SP-IR cells varied considerably, ranging from weak or moderate to heavy staining, although the majority of them were moderately stained. Immuno-electron microscopy showed that the SP-IR products were distributed throughout the soma of ganglion cells and not associated with any particular organelles or inclusions. The reaction products were also found in both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres between the ganglion cells. Another remarkable feature of the trigeminal ganglion was the occurrence of some SP-IR nerve fibres forming a rich “glomerular” network of pericellular arborizations around some of the SP-negative cells. Ultrastructural study showed the presence of some SP-IR nerve terminals in close approximation to some SP-negative cells, but there were no synaptic contacts. The relative frequency of the SP-IR pericellular arborizations paralleled the frequency of all the SP-IR cells. The results may imply that the pericellular arborizations function as a medium of communication between SP-positive and SP-negative sensory cells within the ganglion. It was suggested that the fibres forming the pericellular arborizations may originate from the intrinsic ganglion cells that are SP-positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191451
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic junctions between sympathetic axon terminals and pinealocytes in the monkey Macaca fascicularis (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monkey ; Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy ; Axon terminals ; Pinealocytes ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of axon terminals in the pineal gland of monkeys was studied by electron microscopy. Numerous terminals bearing small pleomorphic agranular and dense-cored vesicles were localized in the perivascular space and among the pinealocytes in the parenchyma in normal monkeys. Following bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, they underwent degenerative changes, including the accumulation of glycogen masses, appearance of dense residual bodies and the displacement of synaptic vesicles. Some of these degenerating terminals showed synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of pinealocytes. At the synaptic junction the postsynaptic membrane was thickened asymmetrically. Examples of synaptic contacts were most frequently observed in 5 and 7 days postoperative animals. In the longer surviving (30 days) monkey, most of the axon terminals showed round agranular vesicles, and they were mainly presynaptic to the intrapineal ganglion cells with some of the pinealocytes. They remained structurally unchanged following the resection of both the superior cervical ganglia. A few axon terminals containing small dense-cored vesicles appeared to have survived the initial insult, but some of their vesicles appeared swollen 30 days after the operation. It is concluded from this study that some of the pinealocytes are under the influence by the postganglionic neurons in the superior cervical ganglia through direct synaptic contacts. The intrapineal ganglion cells are postsynaptic to fibres originating exclusively from the central nervous system. Some of these fibres, however, may be presynaptic directly to pinealocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187524
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of CR3 complement receptors with OX-42 in amoeboid microglia in postnatal rats (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; CR3 receptors ; Amoeboid microglia ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study described the labelling of amoeboid microglial cells in the postnatal rat brain with OX-42, an antibody that recognizes type 3 complement receptors CR3 in mononuclear phagocytes. Of the diverse morphological forms of amoeboid microglia present in the corpus callosum in early postnatal (2–5 days) rats, cells with a round regular outline, or showing short stout processes, were the most intensely stained. When traced from the main cell colony into the borderline zone with the cortex, the immunoreactivity of amoeboid microglia that assumed a ramified form was drastically reduced. Examination of materials from the late postnatal (8–12 days) age group showed that the majority of the OX-42 positive cells in the corpus callosum became oval, elongated and ramified. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the above observations, and also showed that the immunoreactivity in the round amoeboid microglia was localized in their plasma membrane, surface projections and invaginations, as well as in some of the subsurface vacuoles. The immunoreactivity was reduced in the oval cells, and diminished in the elongated or ramified form. It is proposed that the presence of CR3 membrane receptors in amoeboid microglial cells is related to their active role in endocytosis. These, however, diminish with the growth of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178913
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degenerative changes of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion following an injection of Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 into the vagus nerve in hamsters (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 19 (1990), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes neuronal changes in the superior cervical ganglion of hamsters following injection of Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 (RCA-60) into the ipsilateral vagus nerve in the cervical region. There were no noticeable structural changes in the ganglion 1 day after injection. Between 3 and 15 days after injection, a small number of neurons located in the caudal part of the ganglion underwent degenerative changes including disappearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic vacuolation. The structural alterations were most acute 7 days after the injection when some neurons showed signs of total vacuolation and lysis. A second phase of neuronal change occurred after longer survival periods extending from 60 to 120 days after injection. The most striking feature of such neurons was darkening of their dendrites associated with abnormally high density cytoplasm that contained mitochondria with disrupted cristae. As distinct from the early phase in which cell necrosis was observed, there was no evidence of cell death of neurons bearing darkened dendrites. Since examples of exfoliation of the affected dendrites and their phagocytosis by satellite cells were extremely rare, it is postulated that these structural alterations are probably reversible but over an extended period. The significance of the two phases of degenerative change is discussed in connection with the acute and possible chronic effects of the toxic lectin. The present study also confirms the presence of postganglionic sympathetic axons in the cervical vagus nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188435
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Down-regulation of membrane glycoprotein in amoeboid microglia transforming into ramified microglia in postnatal rat brain (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 23 (1994), S. 258-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes the ultrastructural localization and labelling pattern of lectin in different microglial cell phenotypes in the postnatal rat brain using the isolectin, GSA I-B4. The nascent round and amoeboid microglial cells (round cells and cells displaying short processes) were labelled at their cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of the subplasmalemmal vacuoles. In the course of their transformation into ramified forms with age, dense lectin labelling was observed successively at different sites in the differentiating cells. The most striking feature was the staining of the Golgi saccules on the trans face, the trans tubular network and associated vesicles and vacuoles in the ‘intermediate’ ramified microglia (ramified cells bearing thick and long processes and those with thin and long processes). The vacuoles with accumulated reaction products were closely associated with many microtubules extending into the cytoplasmic processes. At the surface, the lectin-labelled vacuoles and vesicles appeared to fuse with the membrane and their contents communicated with the exterior. In the advanced or most differentiated ramified microglial cells (cells bearing attenuated processes), the lectin staining at all the above mentioned sites became diminished. In conclusion, in the transformation of the round microglia into their ramified derivatives, the glycoconjugates at the cytoplasmic membrane are progressively reduced. It is postulated from this study that the down-regulation of the glycoconjugates of the microglial plasma membrane is due primarily to their internalization during endocytosis. This process would trigger ade novo galactosyl protein synthesis and/or modification at the trans Golgi saccules and trans tubular network probably in an attempt to degrade the internalized membrane glycoproteins or to replenish the consumption of the membrane glycoconjugates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01275530
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