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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) GluR2/3 receptors in the developing rat pineal gland (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of pineal research 39 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract:  The expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) type glutamate (GluR2/3) receptors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subtype 1 (NMDAR1) was carried out by immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence and real-time RT-PCR analysis in the pineal glands of 1-day to 6-wk-old rats in the present study. GluR2/3 immunopositive cells were distributed throughout the pineal gland and showed branching processes in all age groups. The NMDAR1 immunoreactivity, however, was observed in fewer branched cells. A constitutive mRNA expression of NMDAR1, GluR2 and GluR3 was detected in the pineal glands of various ages and showed no significant difference between the age groups studied. Immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence results showed that the GluR2/3 were mainly expressed and co-localized with OX-42-positive microglia/macrophages and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. Co-localization of NMDAR1 with OX-42- and GFAP-positive cells was much less. The expression of these receptors on the glial cells suggests that they may be involved in the development and growth of the pineal gland in the early postnatal period (1 day to 3 wk) and subsequently in the regulation of melatonin synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00245.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of melatonin on macrophages/microglia in postnatal rat brain (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 26 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The present study examined the response of macrophages/microglia to multiple injections of melatonin in the pineal gland and different regions of the brain. The macrophages/microgIia showed a significant increase in cell numbers and upregulation of complement type 3 receptors (CR3), major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and class II (MHC II) antigens, and antigens of monocyte/macrophage lineage, as detected by the antibodies OX-42, OX-18, OX-6, and EDJ, respectively. The upregulation of the above antigens was observed in I-d-old rats given daily injections of melatonin and killed at 7–11 d of age; no noticeable change was observed at earlier time intervals. The macrophages/microglia expressing the above antigens appeared round and showed a vacuolated cytoplasm compared with ramified cells in the control rats. Upregulation of CD4 antigens as detected with the antibody W3/25 was also observed in macrophages/microglia in the corpus callosuni and epiplexus cells in the lateral ventricles, but not in the pineal gland and the cerebral cortex in the same age group. In rats killed between 2 and 5 d, and at 14 d of age after melatonin treatment, the immunoreactivities of macrophages/microglia with the above mentioned antibodies were comparable to cells in the control rats. Immunoreactive cells were not detected in any of the age groups in melatonin-treated or control rats with the antibodies W3/13 and OX-33, which are markers for T and B lymphocytes. It is concluded that CR3 receptors, MHC antigens, and CD4 antigens on macrophages/microglia are upregulated following melatonin administration. On the other hand, once the melatonin treatment is discontinued the expression of the various antigens/receptors returns to normal levels, suggesting that increased immune potentiality and its maintenance in these cells require the continuous action of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00578.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the submucous ganglia of the guinea-pig intestine after vagotomy (1996)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 193 (1996), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ; Intestine ; Submucous ganglia ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Vagotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the axon terminals presynaptic to the submucous neurons of guinea-pig intestine following unilateral cervical vagotomy was studied by electron microscopy. The reaction product of diaphorase was localized only in the axon terminals that contained predominantly small agranular vesicles, and it was usually deposited around the vesicles. The terminals that contained predominantly large granular or flattened vesicles did not display any signs of diaphorase reactivity. Although there were only few diaphorase-positive submucous neurons in the small intestine, a considerable number of diaphorase-positive axon terminals was observed in the submucous ganglia of the small intestine in the control animals. Ten days after vagotomy, the quantitative study showed that when compared with the control animals, the number of diaphorase-positive terminals in the submucous ganglia of duodenum, mid-small intestine and colon in the vagotomized animals was reduced (P〈0.05). When the NADPHd-positive terminals were examined in closer detail, it was found that only a small proportion of them showed signs of degeneration as evidenced by the swelling and vacuolation of their contents of mitochondria, with disrupted cristae and clumping of synaptic vesicles. It was therefore concluded that at least some of the diaphorasepositive axon terminals in the submucous ganglia of guinea-pig intestine originated from the vagus nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187933
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of vagotomy on the ultrastructure of the atrial myocardium in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Atrial myocardium ; Vagotomy ; Monkey ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the atrial myocardium in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied after bilateral cervical vagotomy and survival times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 21 and 28 days. During the first week after vagotomy, a few atrial cells showed a reduction in the sarcoplasm, crowding of the myofibrils, peripheral dispersion and reduced intercristal density of the mitochondria and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum and glycogen particles. In some profiles, there was increased electron density and granularity at the I bands and the intercalated discs. The number of such affected cells increased in the subsequent days such that by 21 to 28 days about 50% of the cells were estimated to be affected. During the latter stages further changes included, the degradation of the myofilaments and increased electron density, disorganisation and disintegration of the digital extensions at the intercalated discs. Throughout the experiments there was a leucocytic infiltration, more evident in the longer survival times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572539
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A qualitative and quantitative study of substance P immuno-cytochemistry of the trigeminal ganglion in the monkey (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 188 (1993), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monkey ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Substance P ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunoreactivity of substance P(SP) in the monkey trigeminal ganglion was examined and the distribution of immunoreactive cells determined. The monkey trigeminal ganglion is composed of clusters of sensory cells arranged in cords parallel to the long axis of the nerve fibres. The cells have prominent nuclei and are surrounded by satellite cells. Abundant organelles are randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. A striking feature of the ganglion was the presence of some axon-like prolifes containing mainly dense-cored vesicles and some agranular vesicles. Between 16 and 32% of the ganglion cells displayed SP-immunoreactivity. Most of the SP-IR cells were unipolar, small to medium-sized ganglion cells and they had no specific pattern of distribution. The staining of the SP-IR cells varied considerably, ranging from weak or moderate to heavy staining, although the majority of them were moderately stained. Immuno-electron microscopy showed that the SP-IR products were distributed throughout the soma of ganglion cells and not associated with any particular organelles or inclusions. The reaction products were also found in both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres between the ganglion cells. Another remarkable feature of the trigeminal ganglion was the occurrence of some SP-IR nerve fibres forming a rich “glomerular” network of pericellular arborizations around some of the SP-negative cells. Ultrastructural study showed the presence of some SP-IR nerve terminals in close approximation to some SP-negative cells, but there were no synaptic contacts. The relative frequency of the SP-IR pericellular arborizations paralleled the frequency of all the SP-IR cells. The results may imply that the pericellular arborizations function as a medium of communication between SP-positive and SP-negative sensory cells within the ganglion. It was suggested that the fibres forming the pericellular arborizations may originate from the intrinsic ganglion cells that are SP-positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191451
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic junctions between sympathetic axon terminals and pinealocytes in the monkey Macaca fascicularis (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monkey ; Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy ; Axon terminals ; Pinealocytes ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of axon terminals in the pineal gland of monkeys was studied by electron microscopy. Numerous terminals bearing small pleomorphic agranular and dense-cored vesicles were localized in the perivascular space and among the pinealocytes in the parenchyma in normal monkeys. Following bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, they underwent degenerative changes, including the accumulation of glycogen masses, appearance of dense residual bodies and the displacement of synaptic vesicles. Some of these degenerating terminals showed synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of pinealocytes. At the synaptic junction the postsynaptic membrane was thickened asymmetrically. Examples of synaptic contacts were most frequently observed in 5 and 7 days postoperative animals. In the longer surviving (30 days) monkey, most of the axon terminals showed round agranular vesicles, and they were mainly presynaptic to the intrapineal ganglion cells with some of the pinealocytes. They remained structurally unchanged following the resection of both the superior cervical ganglia. A few axon terminals containing small dense-cored vesicles appeared to have survived the initial insult, but some of their vesicles appeared swollen 30 days after the operation. It is concluded from this study that some of the pinealocytes are under the influence by the postganglionic neurons in the superior cervical ganglia through direct synaptic contacts. The intrapineal ganglion cells are postsynaptic to fibres originating exclusively from the central nervous system. Some of these fibres, however, may be presynaptic directly to pinealocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187524
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of CR3 complement receptors with OX-42 in amoeboid microglia in postnatal rats (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 481-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; CR3 receptors ; Amoeboid microglia ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study described the labelling of amoeboid microglial cells in the postnatal rat brain with OX-42, an antibody that recognizes type 3 complement receptors CR3 in mononuclear phagocytes. Of the diverse morphological forms of amoeboid microglia present in the corpus callosum in early postnatal (2–5 days) rats, cells with a round regular outline, or showing short stout processes, were the most intensely stained. When traced from the main cell colony into the borderline zone with the cortex, the immunoreactivity of amoeboid microglia that assumed a ramified form was drastically reduced. Examination of materials from the late postnatal (8–12 days) age group showed that the majority of the OX-42 positive cells in the corpus callosum became oval, elongated and ramified. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the above observations, and also showed that the immunoreactivity in the round amoeboid microglia was localized in their plasma membrane, surface projections and invaginations, as well as in some of the subsurface vacuoles. The immunoreactivity was reduced in the oval cells, and diminished in the elongated or ramified form. It is proposed that the presence of CR3 membrane receptors in amoeboid microglial cells is related to their active role in endocytosis. These, however, diminish with the growth of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178913
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis, with special reference to the presence of synaptic junctions on pinealocytes (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monkey ; Ultrastructure ; Pinealocytes ; Axon terminals ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study described the normal ultrastructure of the monkey pineal gland. The gland was composed of the principal pinealocytes, intramural neurons and glial cells. The nucleus of the pinealocytes was deeply infolded with evenly distributed chromatin materials. The abundant cytoplasm was rich in organelles including the well-developed Golgi apparatuses, multivesicular bodies, dense-cored vesicles and widely scattered free and polyribosomes. A variety of axon terminals was observed and the majority of them contained pleomorphic agranular vesicles with a few large dense-cored vesicles. A few terminals showed flattened vesicles or small dense cored vesicles. Some of the axon terminals formed synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of pinealocytes. These synapses were mainly concentrated in the posterior third of the gland. The occasional intramural neurons observed were postsynaptic to axon terminals containing round agranular vesicles. The sources of the nerve fibres and terminals forming synaptic junctions with pinealocytes and intramural neurons were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309766
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the brain and spinal cord of rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Fos-like immunoreactivity ; Middle cerebral artery ; Focal cerebral ischaemia ; Spinal cord neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study examined c-fos protein expression in the brain and spinal cord of rats following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) above the rhinal fissure. At 1 h after right-sided MCA occlusion, Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) was detected in neurons not only in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex but also in the spinal cord. In the latter, Fos-LI was localized in the nucleus and perikarya of neurons in the grey matter, notably the large motor neurons in the ventral horn. Fos-LI was most intense at 2–4 h, but became undetectable after 48 h in the cerebral cortex and 72 h in the spinal cord. In sham-operated animals, Fos-LI was almost undetectable or virtually absent. It was also not detected in the core territory supplied by the MCA at any time points after arterial occlusion. When the ischaemia-induced neuronal damage in both the cerebral cortex and spinal cord was evaluated by Nissl staining, some neurons appeared atrophic. We conclude that the induction of Fos-LI in neurons of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord is linked respectively to early onset–short stimulation and persistent excitatory or disinhibition phenomenon as a result of focal ischaemic brain injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005672
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of lectin receptors of rat microglia in culture: receptor distribution and internalization (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Microglial culture ; Brain macrophages ; Isolectin ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study examined the lectin labeling of diverse morphological forms of microglia in culture. Similar to amoeboid microglial cells in vivo, polymorphic microglia showed lectin labeling at their plasma membranes, as well as in a few cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. This labeling pattern was observed in cultured microglia incubated with isolectin at 4°C for 30 min. Five minutes after the temperature was raised to 37°C, the surface lectin receptors appeared to be internalized, as shown by the occurrence of many subsurface lectin-labeled vesicles, vacuoles and tubule-like structures. With longer incubation (up to 1–2 h at 37°C), many lysosomes and a few trans-Golgi saccules and associated lysosome-like structures became labeled. Concomitant with these changes was a reduction of lectin labeling at the plasma, with labeling having vanished in most of the cells after 1–2 h of incubation. By 24 h, only a few cells retained surface lectin labeling. It appears, therefore, that irrespective of morphology, lectin labeling (including its intracellular pathway) of microglia in culture parallels that of amoeboid microglia in vivo. This would offer a useful model for the study of lectin turnover in microglia and help to explain the roles of such receptors in microglial differentiation and function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050603
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