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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 240-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01662724
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective advantage of fra (X) heterozygotes (1990)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 86 (1990), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The high incidence of the fra (X) syndrome (about 1∶2000 male newborns) requires an explanation in view of the low fitness of mentally retarded hemizygous males and heterozygous females. In the past, it has been proposed that the mutation rate may be unusually high, and that mutations occur exclusively in male germ cells. According to an alternative hypothesis, a moderately high mutation rate might combine with a selective advantage of clinically unaffected heterozygotes. In earlier studies, such a combined hypothesis was shown to lead to plausible implications regarding mutation rate and fitness. Moreover, a mutation rate in male germ cells of the magnitude required by the exclusive mutation hypothesis was excluded by studies on comprehensive pedigree data. In this third study in the series, an increased fitness of heterozygous females is demonstrated directly by a comparison of the reproductive performance of heterozygotes with that of adequate controls (mothers and grandparents of Down's syndrome patients). Since average numbers of children have decreased during recent decades in populations of industrialized countries, heterozygotes (mothers of affected probands and their female relatives in their own generation) were subdivided into those born before and after 1940. Moreover, sibship sizes of probands' mothers and fathers were analyzed separately for family branches in which the fra (X) trait segregated (mostly the maternal branch), or did not segregate (in most instances the paternal branch). In all four categories reproductive performance in heterozygotes was found to be higher than in the controls. This difference was significant statistically for two of the four groups: it was small and nonsignificant only for the parental family branch in which the fra (X) mutant did not segregate and for mothers born after 1940. Fitness estimates ranged between 1.11 and 1.36. A higher incidence of dizygotic twinning suggests a biological component for this increased fertility. On the other hand, fra (X) families have a significantly lower social status than the controls. This suggests a socio-psychological component of their higher fertility. Apparently, both components contribute to their fertility: at present, their relative importance cannot be assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00205167
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mothers and grandmothers of Down's syndrome patients as controls for fra(X) carriers (1992)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 88 (1992), S. 601-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219355
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk calculations for hereditary effects of ionizing radiation in humans (1992)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 89 (1992), S. 127-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A prediction of the extent to which an additional dose of ionizing radiation increases the natural germ cell mutation rate, and how much such an increase will affect the health status of future human populations is part of the service that human geneticists are expected to offer to human society. However, more detailed scrutiny of the difficulties involved reveals an extremely complex set of problems. A large number of questions arises before such a prediction can be given with confidence; many such questions cannot be answered at our present state of knowledge. However, such predictions have recently been attempted. The 1988 report of the United Nations Scientific Committee for the Effects of Atomic Radiation and the fifth report of the Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation of the US National Research Council have presented a discussion of the human genetics problems involved. Empirical data from studies on children of highly radiation-exposed parents, e.g. parents exposed to the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or parents belonging to populations living on soil with high background radiation, have been mentioned in this context. Whereas precise predictions are impossible as yet because of deficiencies in our knowledge of medical genetics at various levels, the bulk of the existing evidence points to only small effects of low or moderate radiation doses, effects that will probably be buried in the “background noise” of changing patterns of human morbidity and mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyperventilation-induced changes of blood cell counts depend on hypocapnia (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 69 (1994), S. 402-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: White blood cells ; Erythrocytes ; Hyperventilation ; Adrenaline ; Noradrenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Voluntary hyperventilation for 20 mm causes haemoconcentration and an increase of white blood cell and thrombocyte numbers. In this study, we investigated whether these changes depend on the changes of blood gases or on the muscle work of breathing. A group of 12 healthy medical students breathed 36 l· min−1 of air, or air with 5% CO2 for a period of 20 min. The partial pressure of CO2 decreased by 21.4 mmHg (2.85 kPa;P 〈 0.001) with air and by 4.1 mmHg (0.55 kPa;P 〈 0.005) with CO2 enriched air. This was accompanied by haemoconcentration of 8.9% with air (P 〈 0.01) and of 1.6% with CO2 enriched air (P 〈 0.05), an increase in the lymphocyte count of 42% with air (P 〈 0.001) and no change with CO2 enriched air, and an increase of the platelet number of 8.4% with air (P 〈 0.01) and no change with CO2 enriched air. The number of neutrophil granulocytes did not change during the experiments, but 75 min after deep breathing of air, band-formed neutrophils had increased by 82% (P 〈 0.025), whereas they were unchanged 75 min after the experiment with CO2 enriched air. Adrenaline and noradrenaline increased by 360% and 151% during the experiment with air, but remained unchanged with CO2 enriched air. It was concluded that the changes in the white blood cell and platelet counts and of the plasma catecholamine concentrations during and after voluntary hyperventilation for 20 min were consequences of marked hypocapnic alkalosis. It was found that minimal changes of the blood gases, the muscle work of breathing, the chest movements or mechanical influences on the spleen did not contribute to hyperventilation-induced changes of these variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00865403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II evaluation of fludarabine phosphate in patients with central nervous system tumors (1991)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 9 (1991), S. 195-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: fludarabine phosphate ; central nervous system tumors ; phase II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-three patients with malignant central nervous system tumors were treated with fludarabine phosphate (2-FAMP) on a 5 day bolus schedule. One brief partial response was observed in 20 malignant astrocytoma patients. 2FAMP as given in this protocol is inactive in previously treated patients with recurrent malignant astrocytomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175089
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II evaluation of echinomycin (NSC-526417) in patients with central nervous system malignancies (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 15 (1993), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: echinomycin ; central nervous system malignancies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The objective of this trial was to determine the efficacy of echinomycin (1.2mg/m2) administered on a weekly times four schedule in the treatment of patients with recurrent or progressive central nervous malignancies despite adequate radiotherapy. Thirty-five patients were registered on study. The majority of patients (20) had glioblastoma multiforme. Ten had anaplastic astrocytoma. Eight patients had received prior nitrosoureas. SWOG performance status was 1 in 11 patients and 2 in 22. The median age was 51 years (25–75 years). One patient had a partial remission (3%:95% confidence interval: 1%–16%). Twenty two patients had progressive disease. The median survival was 5.9 months. Toxicity was primarily gastrointestinal with nausea and vomiting in 13 patients and nausea only in 11 patients. Hepatotoxicity occurred in 10 patients. Echinomycin given at this dose and schedule is not effective in treating patients with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme or anaplastic astrocytomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053939
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superiority of PCNU over AZQ in the treatment of primary brain tumors: results of a prospective randomized trial (81-20) by the brain tumor study group (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 22 (1994), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain tumors ; radiation therapy ; PCNU ; AZQ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Purpose A two-arm randomized clinical trial was performed to determine the efficacy of PCNU and AZQ in the treatment ofde novo or recurrent primary brain tumors. An additional objective was to gather information on the administration and toxicity of these compounds, supplementing that obtained previously in phase I/II studies. Methods During 1982 and 1983 the Brain Tumor Study Group randomized 152 adult patients with primary brain tumors to receive PCNU 75–100 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) every 8 weeks or AZQ 15 mg/m2 IV once a week for 4 weeks, every 6–8 weeks. All patients who had not received ‘full dose’ radiotherapy before randomization received it concurrently with the first course of protocol chemotherapy. The data were analyzed for the total randomized population (RP), and for 130 patients in the valid study group (VSG) formed by excluding 22 patients for whom the histologic diagnosis was not documented by central review. Results Median survival times were 11.0 months for the PCNU group and 8.4 months for the AZQ group. The difference in survival curves was statistically significant for the RP (p=0.01) and the VSG (p=0.02). Lifetable analysis of the VSG showed estimated 2-year survivals of 34% for PCNU and 11% for AZQ. The advantage of PCNU remained significant (p=0.006) after adjustment for histopathologic category, age, initial performance status, and interval from initial reported surgery. Myelosuppression was the principal toxicity in both groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058355
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parenterale Cephalosporine in der Behandlung tiefer Atemwegsinfektionen (1993)
    Springer
    Infection 21 (1993), S. S28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In most cases of respiratory tract infection, antibiotic therapy has to be initiated before the results of microbiological examination are available. The four most common pathogens of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are pneumococci,Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis andStaphylococcus aureus. Pneumocci are the predominant pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia, followed byH. influenzae and staphyloccoci. Legionella, mycoplasma and chlamydia vary in frequency according to the population studied. Staphylococci,Pseudomonas, Enterobacter andKlebsiella spp. as well asH. influenzae are the major pathogens of secondary pneumonia. For reasons of cost and environmental problems, oral antibiotics ought to be used whenever possible considering the severity of the infection and patient circumstance. Parenteral antibiotics are indicated in severe infections in order to provide high therapeutic drug levels. Second generation cephalosporins are appropriate for initial therapy of lower respiratory tract infections. In case of severe infection, cephalosporins should be combined with an aminoglycoside, ureidopenicillin or quinolone. Cefuroxime has shown good clinical efficacy and tolerance in lower respiratory tract infections.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die antibiotische Therapie von Atemwegsinfektionen in Praxis und Klinik muß in den meisten Fällen ohne mikrobiologische Diagnostik begonnen werden. Bei der akuten Exazerbation der chronischen Bronchitis sind die vier häufigsten Erreger: Pneumokokken,Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis undStaphylococcus areus. Bei den ambulant erworbenen Pneumonien dominieren die Pneumokokken gefolgt vonH. influenzae und Staphylokokken. Unterschiedliche Angaben gibt es über die Häufigkeit von Legionellen, Mykoplasmen und Chlamydien. Bei der sekundären Pneumonie finden sich vorwiegend Staphylokokken, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiellen undH. influenzae. Aus Kostenaufwand- und Umweltgründen muß eine orale Antibiotikatherapie der parenteralen vorgezogen werden, wenn dies aufgrund des Schweregrades der Infektion und der äußeren Umstände bei den Patienten vertretbar ist. Die parenterale Antibiotikatherapie ist indiziert bei schweren Infektionen, wenn ein hoher therapeutischer Spiegel erforderlich ist. Cephalosporine der 2. Generation eignen sich gut zur Initialtherapie bei tiefen Atemwegsinfektionen. Bei schweren Infektionen sollte ein Cephalosporin mit einem Aminoglycosid, Ureidopenicillin oder Chinolon kombiniert werden. Es liegen gute Erfahrungen mit der Anwendung von Cefuroxim bei tiefen Atemwegsinfektionen vor, mit guter klinischer Wirksamkeit und guter Verträglichkeit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01710341
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