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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 2 (1962), S. 126-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eigenartige faserige Ablagerungen, die sich diffus in reichlicher Menge im gesamten ZNS eines an Leukodystrophie leidenden Kindes vorfanden, gaben Anlaß zu den folgenden Überlegungen über ihren Ursprung und über die Pathogenese des Krankheitsprozesses: 1. Rosenthal beschrieb 1898 eigenartige faserige Gebilde in der Glia bei einem Fall von Syringomyelie; er bezeichnete diese Gebilde als “kolbenähnliche Gliafaserdegenerationen”.Benda hielt sie für einen “Versuch einer neuen Markfaserbildung”, währendBielschowsky (1920) sie als Überreste unreifer Gliazellen betrachtete, die während der Markbildung mit keinem Axon in Kontakt gekommen waren. Die Ablagerungen wurden Rosenthalsche Fasern benannt. 2. Zum Teil hängt die Antwort auf die Frage, ob es sich dabei um Degenerationsprodukte von Gliazellen oder um eine Markmißbildung handelt, davon ab, ob die Markfasern von der Glia, von den Achsencylindern oder von beiden gebildet werden. Während man früher annahm, daß die für die Markbildung notwendigen Lipoide aus dem Blute stammen, ist in neuerer Zeit eindeutig bewiesen worden, daß die Synthese der spezifischen Lipoide, Cerebroside und Sphingomyeline, ebenso der Albumine und anderen Proteine im Gehrirn selbst stattfindet (Sperry u.Waelsch 1940–1941). Wie chemische Analysen ergeben haben, kommt es bei der Markbildung zu einer beträchtlichen Erhöhung des Stoffwechsels. 3. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Vermehrung der unreifen Gliazellen, die sich als “Spongioblasten-ähnliche Bemarkungsglia” an die Axone anlegen und rege Aktivitätszeichen bieten (Spatz 1918). Nach der Markreifung differenzieren sich diese Zellen in Oligodendroglia und Astrocyten (Roback u.Scherer 1934). Die Oligodendroglia bleibt in inniger Verbindung mit den Markfasern und beteilight sich in der Folgezeit an deren Ernährung und Erhaltung. 4. Elektronenoptische Beobachtungen (Geren 1952;Robertson 1952–1957;de Robertis 1958) weisen darauf hin, daß die Markbildung in den peripheren Nerven nur möglich ist, wenn das Axon mit dem Cytoplasma einer Schwannschen Zelle in Kontakt kommt. Dasselbe gilt für die Bemarkungsglia im ZNS. 5. Kommen die markbildenden Gliazellen mit keinem Axon in Kontakt, dann degenerieren sie selbst und in der Folge auch ihre Stoffwechselprodukte. Die Zellen verlieren ihre Kerne und wandeln sich im Gewebe zu faserigen und granulären Schlacken um, die als Rosenthalsche Fasern bezeichnet werden. 6. Rosenthalsche Fasern treten nicht nur in Verbindung mit Entwicklungs-störungen des ZNS in Erscheinung, sondern können auch später aus undifferenzierten Zellen der subependymalen Glia (Opalski) entstehen, wenn diese Glia durch chronische Entzündung oder durch Neubildungen zur Proliferation angeregt wird. Sie treten daher in Spongioblastomen wie auch bei zentraler Neurofibromatose als sehr charakteristische, jedoch nicht obligatorisch anzutreffende Veränderungen auf. 7. Unabhängig von den Rosenthalschen Fasern gibt es eine amöboide Degeneration der reichlich gewucherten Astrocyten und ihrer Fortsätze, die Clasmatodendrose in Form krümeliger Zerfallsprodukte. Diese ähneln morphologisch den Rosenthalschen Fasern, wie dies bei den Patienten vonAlexander (1949) mit Megalencephalie und Hirnödem und ebenso in den neueren Beobachtungen, z. B. auch beiWohlwill, Bernstein undYakovlev (1959) deutlich wird. 8. Zusammengefaßt ist der von uns mitgeteilte Fall ein Beispiel einer offensichtlich durch einen genetischen Defekt ausgelösten Leukodystrophie, die sich während oder kurz nach der Markbildungsperiode, wahrscheinlich als eine enzymatische Störung des Markstoffwechsels, manifestierte. Dies wieder regte eine protrahierte Wucherung von spongioblastenähnlicher Bemarkungsglia und von Astrocyten an, die durch Degeneration und Clasmatodendrose zu massiven Ansammlungen von Zerfallsprodukten um die Gefäße und um die gliösen Randgebiete des ZNS führte, wobei diese Überreste in Struktur, Färbecharakteristik und Verteilung den Rosenthalschen Fasern gleichen.
    Notes: Summary Peculiar filamentary deposits, present diffusely and abundantly throughout the central nervous system of a child with a leukodystrophy, raised the following considerations about their origin and concerning the pathogenesis of the disease process: 1. Rosenthal (1898) described peculiar filamentary formations in the glial substance in a case of syringomyelia that he viewed as “pistonlike degenerations of glial fibers”.Benda looked upon them as an “attempt at new myelin fiber formation”, whileBielschowsky (1920), considered them to be the debris of immature glial cells that during the formation of myelin did not contact an axon. The deposits have been termedRosenthal fibers. 2. The answer to whether they originate from the degeneration of glia or from the malformation of myelin is contingent, in part, upon the question of whether the myelin fibers are formed by the glia, by the axon cylinders, or by both. While it was previously thought that the lipids which are necessary for the formation of myelin are derived from the blood stream, it has been clearly shown that the specific lipids, cerebrosides and sphingomyelins, as well as the albumins and other proteins are synthesized in the brain itself (Sperry andWaelsch 1940–1941). At the time of myelinization, a prodigious increase in metabolism occurs, as chemical analyses have shown. 2. Concomitantly, there is a prolific multiplication of glial cells, which, as spongioblastic myelinization-glia, align themselves to the axons and show vivid signs of activity (Spatz 1918). After the maturation of the myelin, these cells differentiate into oligodendroglia and astrocytes (Roback andScherer 1934). The oligodendroglia remain intimately related with the myelin fibers and are thereafter engaged in their nourishment and preservation. 4. Elecron microscopic observations (Geren 1952;Robertson 1952–1957;de Robertis 1958) indicate the myelin formation in the peripheral nerves is possible only when the axon makes contact with the cytoplasm of aSchwann cell. The same obtains with the myelinization-glia in the central nervous system. 5. If myelinization-glia do not contact with an axon, they, and subsequently their metabolic products, degenerate. The cells lose their nuclei and transform within the tissues into filamentary and granular slag, termedRosenthal fibers. 6. Rosenthal fibers appear not only in association with disturbed development of the central nervous system, but can arise also from undifferentiated cells in the subependymal glia (Opalski), if this glia is stimulated to proliferate by chronic inflammation or neoplasia. Thus, they appear in spongioblastomas, as well as in central neurofibromatosis, as very characteristic, but not obligatory, parts of the alterations. 7. Independently ofRosenthal fibers we know an ameboidal degeneration of abundantly proliferated astrocytes and their processes, clasmatodendrosis with crumb-like disintegration products. Morphologically, these are similar toRosenthal fibers, as is well shown in the patient ofAlexander (1949) with megalencephaly and cerebral edema, and, similarly, in more recent observations such as byWohlwill, Bernstein andYakovlev (1951). 8. In summary, the case herein reported provides an example of a leukodystrophy evidently caused by a genetic defect that manifested itself during or shortly after the time myelinization, presumably as an enzymatic disturbance in myelin metabolism. This, in turn, stimulated a protracted proliferation of spongioblastic myelinization-glia and astrocytes, which upon degeneration and clasmatodendrosis resulted in massive accumulations about the glial boundaries of the central nervous system, of cellular debris, that in structure, staining characteristics, and distribution resembledRosenthal fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: echinomycin ; central nervous system malignancies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The objective of this trial was to determine the efficacy of echinomycin (1.2mg/m2) administered on a weekly times four schedule in the treatment of patients with recurrent or progressive central nervous malignancies despite adequate radiotherapy. Thirty-five patients were registered on study. The majority of patients (20) had glioblastoma multiforme. Ten had anaplastic astrocytoma. Eight patients had received prior nitrosoureas. SWOG performance status was 1 in 11 patients and 2 in 22. The median age was 51 years (25–75 years). One patient had a partial remission (3%:95% confidence interval: 1%–16%). Twenty two patients had progressive disease. The median survival was 5.9 months. Toxicity was primarily gastrointestinal with nausea and vomiting in 13 patients and nausea only in 11 patients. Hepatotoxicity occurred in 10 patients. Echinomycin given at this dose and schedule is not effective in treating patients with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme or anaplastic astrocytomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain tumors ; radiation therapy ; PCNU ; AZQ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Purpose A two-arm randomized clinical trial was performed to determine the efficacy of PCNU and AZQ in the treatment ofde novo or recurrent primary brain tumors. An additional objective was to gather information on the administration and toxicity of these compounds, supplementing that obtained previously in phase I/II studies. Methods During 1982 and 1983 the Brain Tumor Study Group randomized 152 adult patients with primary brain tumors to receive PCNU 75–100 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) every 8 weeks or AZQ 15 mg/m2 IV once a week for 4 weeks, every 6–8 weeks. All patients who had not received ‘full dose’ radiotherapy before randomization received it concurrently with the first course of protocol chemotherapy. The data were analyzed for the total randomized population (RP), and for 130 patients in the valid study group (VSG) formed by excluding 22 patients for whom the histologic diagnosis was not documented by central review. Results Median survival times were 11.0 months for the PCNU group and 8.4 months for the AZQ group. The difference in survival curves was statistically significant for the RP (p=0.01) and the VSG (p=0.02). Lifetable analysis of the VSG showed estimated 2-year survivals of 34% for PCNU and 11% for AZQ. The advantage of PCNU remained significant (p=0.006) after adjustment for histopathologic category, age, initial performance status, and interval from initial reported surgery. Myelosuppression was the principal toxicity in both groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: fludarabine phosphate ; central nervous system tumors ; phase II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-three patients with malignant central nervous system tumors were treated with fludarabine phosphate (2-FAMP) on a 5 day bolus schedule. One brief partial response was observed in 20 malignant astrocytoma patients. 2FAMP as given in this protocol is inactive in previously treated patients with recurrent malignant astrocytomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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