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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of single-dose oral fluconazole with 3-day intravaginal clotrimazole in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 96 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. A total of 369 women with clinical and mycological evidence of vaginal candidiasis received treatment, after random allocation, with either a single oral 150-mg dose of fluconazole (188 women) or 200 mg of intravaginal clotrimazole given daily for 3 consecutive days (181 women). They were assessed at 5–16 days and again at 27–62 days after treatment. Candida species were completely eradicated from the vagina in 72% of the fluconazole group and in 62% of the clotrimazole group at the long-term assessment (P=0·07). Favourable clinical responses were obtained in 99% of the fluconazole group and in 97% of the clotrimazole group at the short-term assessment and in 93% and 84% respectively at the long-term assessment when there was a significant advantage for fluconazole treatment (P=0·02). Symptoms in patients receiving fluconazole were relieved more rapidly (P〈0·001). Treatment-related side-effects were few and minor in both groups. It is concluded that treatment of vaginal candidiasis with fluconazole, as a single oral dose, was more effective in the long term, relieved symptoms more rapidly, and was as safe as treatment with intravaginal clotrimazole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb01667.x
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  • 2
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    Psychobiological Studies of Individuals in Small, Isolated Groups in the Antarctic and In Space Analogues (1991)
    Beverly Hills, Calif. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Environment and behavior. 23:6 (1991:Nov.) 766 
    Details
    ISSN: 0013-9165
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Psychology
    Notes: THIS ISSUE IS DEVOTED TO: Polar Psychology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:f117-1991-023-06-000007
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of bacmecillinam and pivmecillinam in volunteers (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: mecillinam ; bacmecillinam ; pivmecillinam ; pharmacokinetics ; pro-drug ; healthy volunteers ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of bacmecillinam and pivmecillinam were studied in healthy fasting volunteers given tablets in a cross-over, randomized order. The mean (±SD) peak levels of plasma mecillinam were 1.43±0.34, 2.73±0.43, and 4.62±1.41 mg/l after bacmecillinam 100, 200, and 400 mg and 2.38±0.65 mg/l after pivmecillinam 400 mg. The corresponding areas under plasma Vs time curves (AUC) were 2.21±0.19, 3.99±0.63, and 7.74±1.38 mg·h·l−1 for bacmecillinam and 5.35±0.93 mg·h·l−1 for pivmecillinam. The elimination half-lives were 0.8–1.1h for bacmecillinam and 0.7h for pivmecillinam. The 12 h urinary recovery of unchanged mecillinam after the 400 mg doses was 41% for bacmecillinam and 30% for pivmecillinam. The 400 mg dose of bacmecillinam gave a significantly higher plasma peak (p〈0.001), AUC (p〈0.001) and urinary recovery (p〈0.001) than did pivmecillinam 400 mg. The plasma peaks appeared earlier and the rate of absorption was higher after bacmecillinam than after pivmecillinam (p〈0.05). In conclusion, bacmecillinam had a better bioavailability than pivmecillinam in the tablet formulations studied. The AUC increased linearly with increasing doses of bacmecillinam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547563
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Severe toxic reaction to tinidazole (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 425-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tinidazole ; complement activation ; toxicity ; adverse reaction ; healthy volunteer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A physician aged 44 years participated as a volunteer in pharmacokinetic studies with tinidazole (FASIGYN, Pfizer). He received 1600 mg of the drug as an intravenous infusion over 80 min. Shortly afterwards, he fainted and was unconscious for about 10 s. The attack was followed by low blood pressure, nausea and tiredness for several h. The serum concentration of tinidazole was 35.4 mg/l when the attack started. Blood tests showed a normal immunoglobulin E level, and a transient fall in the concentration of complement factor C3 after the infusion. It is concluded that tinidazole caused an acute toxic reaction with subsequent activation of complement factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610066
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibacterial activity and kill kinetics of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combinations against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes (1983)
    Springer
    Infection 11 (1983), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kombinationen von Amoxicillin und Clavulansäure wurden auf ihre Wirksamkeit gegen 11Escherichia coli-und fünfKlebsiella aerogenes-Stämme geprüft. Mit Ausnahme einesE. coli-Stammes waren alle Stämme infolge Beta-Laktamasebildung hochresistent gegenüber Amoxicillin. Für alle Stämme wurde mit Agar-Dilutionsverfahren ein Synergismus nachgewiesen. Der Synergismus gegen Beta-Laktamase-produzierende Stämme war unter simuliertenIn vivo-Bedingungen bei Nachahmung derIn vivo-Pharmakokinetik mit ständig abnehmenden Konzentrationen nachzuweisen. Die Korrelation zwischen der mit Hilfe der minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen bestimmten und über Bakterizidiekinetik imIn-vivo-Simulationsmodell ermittelten antibakteriellen Aktivität war akzeptabel. Die Erhöhung der Bakterizidierate bei Erhöhung der Antibiotikadosis über die minimale Hemmkonzentration hinaus läßt sich in den gebräuchlichen Agar-Dilutionsverfahren nicht nachweisen. Wenn die relative Menge von Amoxicillin in der Kombination größer ist als diejenige von Clavulansäure, läßt sich die Gesamtmenge der antimikrobiellen Substanzen bei gleichbleibender antibakterieller Aktivität reduzieren.
    Notes: Summary Combinations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were tested against 11Escherichia coli strains and fiveKlebsiella aerogenes strains. Apart from oneE. coli, the strains were highly resistant to amoxicillin due to beta-lactamase production. Synergy was demonstrated in all strains by agar dilution. Synergy was detected against the beta-lactamase-producing strains under simulatedin vivo conditions with constantly decreasing concentrations simulatingin vivo pharmacokinetics. The correlation between antibacterial activity determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations and bacterial kill kinetics in thein vivo simulation model was acceptable. A higher bacterial kill rate was observed when the antibiotic dosage was increased beyond the minimum concentration where an antibacterial effect was seen; this was not demonstrable by traditional agar dilution tests. In combination, a greater relative amount of amoxicillin compared to clavulanic acid allows a reduction in the total amount of antimicrobial agents with the same degree of antibacterial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01641359
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1985)
    Springer
    Infection 13 (1985), S. 248-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667225
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Requirements for the documentation of pharmacokinetic properties of antimicrobial agents (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 9 (1990), S. 506-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proper documentation of new antimicrobial drugs for governmental registration authorities includes extensive pharmacokinetic studies. Pharmacokinetics represents the bridge between the in vitro and in vivo phases of drug development. Both healthy human volunteers and patients must be studied, the former during the initial stages of the pharmacokinetic studies. The documentation should give information on the following: absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic model, impact of increasing doses (oral and intravenous), metabolism, routes and degree of elimination, interaction with food and other drugs, impact of the steady state, and serum protein binding. Basic pharmacokinetic parameters used are the serum half-life, clearance, distribution volume and dose dependence. The bioavailability of oral doses must be determined using the same dose sizes and subjects. Data on extravascular penetration should also be included in complete documentation. Key diseases in which the pharmacokinetics should be studied are reduced renal and liver function, heart failure, pregnancy, cystic fibrosis and intestinal diseases. The consequences of low age (e.g. newborns) and old age also require some attention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964292
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced abortion: Microbiological screening and medical complications (1991)
    Springer
    Infection 19 (1991), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mikrobiologische Screeninguntersuchungen bei 1.193 Frauen, bei denen im ersten Trimester ein Schwangerschaftsabbruch vorgenommen wurde, deckten in 11,7% der FälleChlamydia trachomatis, 0,8%Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 22,1%Mycoplasma hominis, 10,1%Ureaplasma urealyticum, 0,9% Herpes simplex Virus und in 2,9% Streptokokken der Gruppe B auf. Teenager waren besonders häufig mitC. trachomatis undN. gonorrhoeae infiziert. Nach dem Eingriff trat bei 2,2% (26) der Frauen eine Adnexitis und bei 0,9% (13 Frauen) eine Endometritis auf. Wenn Infektionen mit Chlamydien,M. hominis oder B-Streptokokken unbehandelt blieben, trat eine Adnexitis mit 22,7%, 8,1% und 6,1% der Fälle signifikant häufiger auf als bei Frauen, die nicht durch diese Erreger infiziert waren (0,5%; p〈0,05). Wenn Chlamydieninfektionen vor dem Eingriff oder gleichzeitig behandelt wurden, nahm die Adnexitisfrequenz von 22,7 auf 2,1% ab (p〈0,001). Screeninguntersuchungen auf Chlamydien,M. hominis und B-Streptokokken vor Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung sind daher dringend anzuraten. Die mikrobiologischen Ergebnisse sollten schon vor dem Eingriff vorliegen, um eine prä- oder peroperative Behandlung zu ermöglichen.
    Notes: Summary Preoperative cervical screening of 1,193 women undergoing first-trimester induced abortions yieldedChlamydia trachomatis in 11.7%,Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 0.8%,Mycoplasma hominis in 22.1%,Ureaplasma urealyticum in 10.1%, herpes simplex virus in 0.9% and Group B streptococci (GBS) in 2.9%.C. trachomatis andN. gonorrhoeae were especially frequent among teenagers. A total of 2.2% (26 women) developed postoperative pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and 0.9% (13 women) endometritis. PID developed significantly more often in untreated chlamydia-positive (22.7%),M. hominis-positive (8.1%) and GBS-positive (6.1%) women than in women without these microbes (0.5%) (p〈0.05). Prompt treatment of the chlamydia infection before or in connection with the abortion procedure significantly decreased the likelihood of developing chlamydial PID from 22.7% to 2.1% (p〈0.001). The study confirms the importance of preoperative screening for chlamydia and suggests screening forM. hominis and GBS as well. The results of screening should be available before the abortion, allowing patients to be treated pre- or peroperatively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01645352
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections (1979)
    Springer
    Infection 7 (1979), S. S367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pharmakokinetik und die reale Ausscheidung der Sulphonamide Sulphachloropyridazin, Sulphadiazin, Sulphaisodimidin, Sulphamerazin und Sulphamethoxazol wurden in einer Cross-over-Studie mit Dosen von jeweils 800 mg untersucht. Nach Serum-Halbwertszeit, Urinspiegel, Verteilungsvolumen, Proteinbindung und potentieller antibakterieller Aktivität ergab sich Sulphadiazin als die bevorzugte Komponente für eine Kombinationstablette mit Trimethoprim zur Behandlung von Harnwegsinfektionen.
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of the sulphonamides sulphachloropyridazine, sulphadiazine, sulphaisodimidine, sulphamerazine, and sulphamethoxazole were investigated in a cross-over study with doses of 800 mg each. The serum half-life, urine levels, distribution volume, protein binding and potential antibacterial activity in the urine renders sulphadiazine the preferred component in a combination tablet together with trimethoprim for the treatment of urinary tract infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01639015
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of sulphadiazine, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in patients with varying renal function (1979)
    Springer
    Infection 7 (1979), S. S382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pharmakokinetik von Tabletten mit einer Kombination von Sulphadiazin (SDZ) und Trimethoprim (TMP-Co-trimazin) und von Tabletten mit Sulphamethoxazol (SMZ) und TMP (Co-trimoxazol) wurde bei Patienten mit unterschiedlicher Nierenfunktion verglichen. Bei normaler Nierenfunktion gleicht die Pharmakokinetik von SMZ mehr der von TMP als bei Nierenfunktionsstörungen. Obwohl die Serumhalbwertzeit (t1/2) sowohl von aktivem wie vom Gesamt-SDZ derjenigen von TMP ähnlich bleibt, wird der t1/2 Wert des SMZ bei Nierenfunktionsstörungen um ein Mehrfaches höher als der von TMP. Das unveränderte SMZ behält annähernd dieselbe Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit bei eingeschränkter wie bei normaler Nierenfunktion. Folglich sammeln sich bei Co-trimoxazol SMZ Metaboliten an, die nur zur Toxizität von Co-trimoxazol beitragen können, während die Co-trimazin Komponenten bei Nierenfunktionsstörungen t1/2 Werte im gleichen Bereich behalten. Die Verteilungsvolumina von SDZ, SMZ oder TMP sind dieselben, unabhängig von der Nierenfunktion. Jedoch liegt das Verteilungsvolumen von SDZ näher bei dem, von TMP, das heißt, es ist größer als das von SMZ. Sowohl bei normaler als auch bei eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion wird mehr aktives SDZ als SMZ ausgeschieden. In vieler Hinsicht ist Co-trimazin neben seinen Vorteilen beim normalen Patienten eindeutig besser für Patienten mit Nierenfunktionsstörungen. Auf der Basis der pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften werden Dosierungen vorgeschlagen, die unabhängig von der Nierenfunktion annähernd dieselben Plasmaspiegel erzielen.
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tablets containing combinations of sulphadiazine (SDZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) (co-trimazine) and tablets with sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and TMP (co-trimoxazole) were compared in patients with different renal functions. In normal renal function, SMZ is more similar to TMP than in renal impairment. In renal impairment although the serum half-life (t1/2) of both active and total SDZ remains similar to that of TMP, the t1/2 of total SMZ becomes several times higher than the t1/2 of TMP. The unchanged SMZ maintains approximately the same elimination velocity in reduced as in normal renal function. Consequently, for co-trimoxazole there is a buildup of SMZ metabolites which can only contribute to toxicity for co-trimoxazole, whereas the co-trimazine components have t1/2 values of the same order, also in renal dysfunction. The distribution volumes of SDZ, SMZ or TMP are the same regardless of renal function. However, the distribution volume of SDZ is closer to that of TMP, i. e. higher than the SMZ values. More active SDZ is excreted in the urine than SMZ both in normal and in reduced renal function. Thus co-trimazine, in addition to having some advantages in the normal individual, is in many respects distinctly more suitable in patients with renal functional impairment. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic properties, dosage schedules are suggested that will give approximately the same plasma levels regardless of renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01639017
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