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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2)
  • 1-hexanol  (1)
  • 13C-NMR  (1)
  • ALT alanine amino transferase  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in surgical specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Vascular endothelial growth factor ; Endothelial cells ; CD34 ; AbbreviationsHCC hepatocellular carcinoma ; VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor ; ALT alanine amino transferase ; TAE transcatheter arterial embolization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported to play an important role in angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is great variation in reports on the distribution of VEGF expression, especially in non-carcinoma liver cells. Furthermore, some reports have mentioned that endothelial cells were positive for VEGF antibody but have not evaluated its significance. In this study, we focused our attention to these problems and try to solve them. We also analyzed the factors influencing VEGF expression and evaluated the prognostic potential of VEGF protein in HCC. Methods: We examined the VEGF expression in specimens surgically removed from 46 HCC patients and 3 patients with liver cancer metastatic from the colon, and in 4 specimens of liver tissue with benign disease, by immunohistochemical methods. Results/conclusions: VEGF was expressed in HCC cells and hepatocytes and on vascular endothelial cells. Our finding that about seven times more endothelial cells were positive for VEGF antibody in carcinoma areas than in non-carcinoma areas (P 〈 0.001) suggests that VEGF is a very important angiogenesis factor for HCC growth. VEGF expression in HCC cells and non-carcinoma liver cells and on endothelial cells did not closely correlate with the disease recurrence rate (P 〉 0.05), suggesting that VEGF expression may not be useful as an individual factor for estimating the prognosis of HCC. A statistical analysis of the relationships between VEGF expression and clinicopathological variables revealed the following: preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization enhanced VEGF expression in both HCC cells and non-carcinoma liver cells. The histological grade of HCC and the level of alanine aminotransferase was related to VEGF expression in non-carcinoma liver cells and on endothelial cells in HCC areas. Tumor size and the histological status of the accompanying chronic hepatitis also influenced the VEGF expression on endothelial cells. Our findings concerning not only HCC but also the surrounding liver and endothelial cells may provide useful information for further research on the role of VEGF expression in HCC patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050025
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C- and Na-NMR studies of sodium octanoate in reversed micelles (1983)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: reversed micelles ; sodium octanoate ; 1-hexanol ; 13C-NMR ; Na-NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic behavior of sodium octanoate (NaO), especially that of the polar headgroups of NaO, in1-hexanol in the presence of cosolubilized water was studied by Na-NMR and13C-NMR at 24 and 25 MHz. Na-NMR data have indicated that the mobility of the sodium ions of NaO shows the lowest value at 1.2 M of NaO at a given water content, which is related to the maximum amount of water cosolubilized into the system and the change in the structure of polar headgroups of NaO.13C-NMR data have shown that the mobility of methylene carbons, No. 5 and 6 of NaO, is higher than that of methylene carbons, No. 4 and 7, and that water molecules entered among the polar headgroups of NaO affect the mobility of methylene carbons of NaO, No. 5 and 6. The hydroxyl groups of1-hexanol were found to be contact with water molecules entered among the polar headgroups of NaO, and to fill the space among the hydrocarbon chains of NaO. By assuming spherical geometry the size of water pools and the average aggregation number were calculated, and the results were discussed on the basis of13C-NMR and Na-NMR data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01413941
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of acetaldehyde and its chlorinated derivatives (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 97 (1966), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Copolymerisation von Acetaldehyd und Chloral wurde mit Hilfe von Metallalkylkatalysatoren durchgeführt. Die Copolymerisation wurde stark von der Natur des Katalysators und des Lösungsmittels beeinflußt. Die mit Diäthyl-Zn und Butyl-Li hergestellten Polymeren waren weder schmelzbar noch löslich. Im IR-Spektrum zeigten sie sowohl Acetaldehyd als auch Chloralbausteine; es wurde aber kein eigentlicher Nachweis für eine Copolymerenbildung gefunden. Mit Triäthyl-Al jedoch konnte ein lösliches Copolymeres hergestellt werden, das eine starke Alternierungstendenz beider Monomeren aufwies.Die Copolymerisation von Monochloracetaldehyd mit Chloral wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Aus den Copolymerisationsparametern von Acetaldehyd, Monochloracetaldehyd und Chloral wurden die relativen Aktivitäten für die Alkoxyendgruppe der 3 monomeren Aldehyde beim Wachstumsschritt abgeschätzt und im Hinblick auf Reaktivität und sterische Hinderung der Monomeren diskutiert.
    Notes: Copolymerization of acetaldehyde with trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral) was carried out by using metal alkyl catalysts. The copolymerization was much affected by the nature of catalyst and of solvent. The polymers by diethylzine and butyllithium catalysts were neither soluble nor fusible. By IR spectrum, they were shown to contain both acetaldehyde and chloral units, but no positive indication for the formation of copolymer was obtained. Triethylaluminum, on the other hand, was effective to produce a soluble copolymer having highly alternating tendency of the two monomer units.Copolymerization of monochloroacetaldehyde with chloral was also studied. From the apparent values of copolymerization parameters of acetaldehyde, monochloroacetaldehyde, and chloral, relative activities of three aldehyde monomers towards the growing alkoxide end in the propagation step were estimated and discussed in terms of inherent reactivity and steric hindrance of aldehyde monomer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1966.020970106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initation mechanism of acetaldehyde polymerization by alkyl aluminum catalyst (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 82 (1965), S. 32-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Initiierung der Acetaldehydpolymerisation mit \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm Al}({\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 )_3\ {\rm oder}\ ({\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 )_2 \ {\rm AlOCH}({\rm CH}_3 ){\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5\ ({\rm I})$$\end{document} als Katalysator wurde gasanalytisch und gaschromatographisch untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Al(C2H5)3 unter den Polymerisationsbedingungen zuerst mit Acetaldehyd zu (I) reagierte. Danach wurde die Polymerisation durch die sec-Butoxygruppe, nicht durch die Äthylgruppe initiiert; 2 Äthylgruppen von (I) blieben während der nachfolgenden Polymerisation unangegriffen. Beide Katalysatoren schienen daher ein ähnliches aktives Produkt zu ergeben. Sie unterschieden sich jedoch in der Stereospezifität, was auf die unterschiedliche Aggregation von (I) zurückgeführt wurde.
    Notes: The initiation of the acctaldehyde polymerizations with \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm Al}({\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 )_3\ {\rm or}\ ({\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 )_2 \ {\rm AlOCH}({\rm CH}_3 ){\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5\ ({\rm I})$$\end{document} catalysts were studied by gasometry and gas chromatography. It was found that Al(C2H5)3 first reacted with acetaldehyde to give (I) under the polymerization condition. Then the polymerization was initiated by the sec-butoxyl group, but not by the ethyl group; 2 ethyl groups of (I) remained unreacted during the following polymerization. Therefore, the active species of these two catalysts seem to be similar. However, they were found to differ in stereospecificity which was ascribed to the degree of aggregation of species (I).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1965.020820104
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