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  • Botulinum toxin  (2)
  • Key words Schizophrenia  (2)
  • 12-methoxyabietic acid  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetik schizophrener Störungen Neuere Konzepte und Befunde (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 955-969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schizophrenie ; Genetik ; Schizophrenes Spektrum ; Kopplungsuntersuchungen ; Assoziationsuntersuchungen ; Key words Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Schizophrenia spectrum ; Linkage studies ; Association studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Schizophrenia is a genetic complex disease as it does not follow monogenic transmission while non-familial environmental factors have a strong additional impact. A heterogenous, continuous phenotype is transmitted in families which can now be more precisely characterized. Genes coding for proteins with presumed pathophysiological relevance are apparently not playing a major causal role. However, in the last three years several (currently seven) candidate regions have been identified in a replicable manner by linkage studies. These regions are likely to host susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, but none of them has been identified up to now. Given these findings, polygenic transmission has now become very likely. The candidate regions are currently being narrowed down by various promising techniques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Schizophrenie gehört zu den genetisch komplexen Erkrankungen, die keinem monogenen Erbgang folgen und bei denen auch nichtfamiliäre Umgebungsfaktoren eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dabei wird intrafamiliär ein heterogener, quantitativ variierender Phänotyp übertragen, der zunehmend genauer charakterisiert werden kann. Keines der bekannten Gene mit vermuteter pathophysiologischer Relevanz spielt nach den bisherigen Erkenntnissen eine substantielle Rolle. In den vergangenen drei Jahren ist es aber erstmals durch Kopplungsuntersuchungen gelungen, mehrere replizierbare Kandidatenregionen (derzeit sieben) auf dem Genom zu identifizieren, in denen vermutlich Suszeptibilitätsgene für Schizophrenie liegen. Keines dieser Gene wurde jedoch bislang identifiziert. Mit diesen Befunden ist eine polygene Übertragung der Schizophrenie sehr wahrscheinlich geworden. Verschiedene Techniken zur Eingrenzung der Kandidatenregionen werden derzeit erfolgreich angewandt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050524
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential sustained attention/vigilance changes over time in schizophrenics and controls during a degraded stimulus Continuous Performance Test (2000)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 250 (2000), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Schizophrenia ; Continuous Performance Test ; Decrements of Vigilance ; Sustained Attention ; Neuropsychology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is a widely used procedure for sustained attention/vigilance measurement. However, though the key index of vigilance impairment is the decrement of sensitivity over time during the test period, only few studies have examined whether schizophrenics show a larger drop in CPT performance than do healthy controls. 48 schizophrenic inpatients and 48 controls were investigated with the Munich CPT (480 visual stimuli, 25% target stimuli, one stimulus per second). Stimuli were degraded by randomly inverting 40%, 41%, 42%, or 43% of the pixels. Results were calculated separately for three consecutive trial sections. Additionally, PANSS ratings, medication, and other clinical data were documented. Schizophrenics show a vigilance decrement over time, controls show a vigilance increase. Differential vigilance changes were not related to the level of stimulus degradation. Schizophrenics performed worse than controls only at the lowest degradation level. While overall sensitivity correlated negatively with the dose of atypical neuroleptics and benzodiazepines, vigilance shifts over time correlated negatively with the dose of typical neuroleptics. Furthermore, sensitivity was related to the cognitive PANSS syndrome, number of admissions/duration of illness. Differential sensitivity decrements of schizophrenics and controls can be shown if suited CPT procedures are used. The need for basic research on experimental conditions of the CPT as well as examination of the relationship between sustained attention/vigilance decrements and clinical features of schizophrenia is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007535
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and polymyographic investigation of spasmodic torticollis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 239 (1992), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spasmodic torticollis ; Botulinum toxin ; Polymyography ; Pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymyographic recordings were used to identify the most dystonic muscles suitable for local injection with botulinum toxin in 100 patients with spasmodic torticollis (TS). Rotating TS (72% of the patients) was due to dystonic activity of the splenius muscle ipsilateral to and/or the sternocleidomastoid muscle contralateral to the side of chin deviation. One-third of these patients had also dystonic activation of the contralateral splenius muscle and, rarely, the contralateral trapezius muscle. Ten patients had laterocollis due to dystonic activation of all recorded muscles on one side of the neck. Nine patients had retrocollis due to activity of both splenius muscles and rarely additional activity in both trapezius muscles. The type of dystonic muscle activity was found to be tonic, phasic or tremulous. Besides the evaluation of spontaneous dystonic EMG activity further examination during the “geste antagoniste” or the muscle activity during rotating head movements can provide additional information. It is concluded that polymyography may provide a rationale for identifying the dystonic muscles underlying the different forms of TS. It may prove to be helpful for the successful therapy with botulinum toxin and may be useful in differentiating tremulous torticollis from other types of head tremor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839204
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with local injections of botulinum toxin (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 239 (1992), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spasmodic torticollis ; Botulinum toxin ; Poly-EMG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-seven patients with spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) who received repeated local injections of botulinum toxin have been followed up for a mean period of 12.3 (10–29) months, during which time 138 treatment sessions were performed. Mean doses per muscle averaged 320 mouse units (mu; range 160–1000 mu botulinum toxin A prepared by CAMR, Porton Down, UK). Eighty-six per cent of patients experienced significant improvement of posture and 84% of those with pain had relief following the first injection. Muscular patterns of recurrent torticollis were relatively constant and in most patients efficacy was maintained with subsequent injections, while 15% of all follow-up sessions failed. Only 2 of 37 patients were consistent non-responders; 22% and 10% of all sessions were complicated by transient dysphagia and weakness of neck muscles, respectively. It is concluded that local botulinum toxin injections can be a safe and efficaceous long-term treatment of spasmodic torticollis and that optimal doses should be between 200 and 400 mu/muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839206
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical basis of differential feeding behavior of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 599-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Larch ; tamarack ; larch sawfly ; Pristiphora erichsonii ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; 12-methoxyabietic acid ; sandaracopimaric acid ; isopimaric acid ; Larix laricina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The machanisms by which the larvae of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), are prevented from feeding on the single needles of the new shoot of tamarack,Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, were studied. As a result of extensive purification attempts, five deterrent chemicals were isolated and identified. They are: abietic, dehydroabietic, 12-methoxyabietic, sandaracopimaric, and isopimaric acid. These chemicals, particularly the first two, are abundant in mid-July to August in the single needles and, apparently, provide the basis for the deterrency against the larval feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987708
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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