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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 46 (1968), S. 906-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01746258
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 46 (1968), S. 1067-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01728556
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guillain-Barré syndrome following streptokinase therapy (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 795-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Guillain-Barré syndrome ; Streptokinase ; Immune complex disease ; Autoimmunity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical and laboratory data from a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome indicated a probable etiological correlation of polyradiculitis to the intravenous administration of streptokinase. Oligoclonal IgG bands in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum were shown to be specific for streptokinase. Serum titers of streptokinase were elevated 64-fold for IgG, 16-fold for IgM, and 4-fold for IgA compared to controls. Clinical symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome are thought to result from streptokinase antibody complex mediated damage to the local blood-nerve barrier. The pathogenic relevance of autoantibodies to albumin and proteins of the central and peripheral nervous systems, occurring early after onset of symptoms, remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190321
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hand muscle reflexes following air puff stimulation (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1995), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous reflexes ; Long-Latency reflexes ; Precision grip ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hand muscle reflexes following muscle stretch and electrical nerve stimulation show a typical pattern consisting of short- and long-latency reflexes. The present investigation was designed to test reflexes following pure cutaneous stimulation. Air puffs were delivered to the palmar tip and the nail bed of the first, second and fifth fingers during isotonic contraction of hand muscles. The EMGs from the thenar muscles, the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the hypothenar muscles were recorded. Reflexes were obtained in all muscles, with a typical configuration consisting of a short-latency excitatory component (cutaneous longlatency reflex I, cLLR I) and a second excitatory component (cutaneous long-latency reflex II, cLLR II), with an inhibitory component between them. The size of cLLR II differed depending on the area stimulated and the muscle recorded. We found the largest responses always in the muscle acting on the stimulated finger. The reflex size depended on the strength of air puff stimulation. Allowing small displacements of the fingers led to an additional increase in the size of the reflex. The pattern of reflexes was identical independent of whether the finger tip or the nail bed was stimulated, but the size of the reflexes was smaller following nail bed stimulation. Following blockade of the cutaneous nerve branches of the thumb with local anaesthetics, air puff stimulation of the thumb no longer elicited this reflex pattern. Hence, under our experimental conditions, cutaneous receptors were the only source of afferent input for these reflexes. The results suggest that these cutaneous reflexes are mainly dedicated to controlling the stimulated finger independent of whether the palmar tip or the nail bed is stimulated. A possible physiological function is the adapting of grip force during handling of delicate objects if a perturbation is applied either to the object or the hand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242189
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereotaktische Behandlung der Bewegungsstörungen (1997)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Bewegungsstörungen ; M. Parkinson ; Stereotaxie ; Tremor ; Hirnstimulation ; Key words Stereotactic surgery ; Parkinson’s disease ; Movement disorders ; Thalamotomy ; Pallidotomy ; Brain ; Stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Stereotactic surgery for movement disorders is currently undergoing a re-evaluation. A new understanding of the pathophysiology makes the surgical lesion a logical step for the aleviation of both hyperkinetic symptoms such as tremor and hypokinetic symptoms like bradykinesia. Advances in imaging and electrophysiological control render these procedures more accurate and safer. Indications are medically refractory, Parkinsonean tremor, essential tremor, cerebellar tremor, bradykinesia and L-Dopa induced dyskinesis. The standard procedure is ablative surgery, i.e. thalamotomy for tremors and pallidotomy for bradykinesia, dystonia and L-Dopa induced dyskinesias. Deep brain stimulation is a novel alternative for selected patients which is currently evaluated. Neural transplantation of autologus, fetal or genetically manipulated cell suspensions into the striatum for the time being is experimental.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die chirurgische, d.h. stereotaktische Behandlung von Bewegungsstörungen erfährt derzeit eine Neubewertung. Neue Einsichten in die Pathophysiologie der Bewegungsstörungen haben dazu geführt, daß der stereotaktische Eingriff als begründeter therapeutischer Schritt angesehen wird. Die Nebenwirkungen stereotaktischer Eingriffe sind durch neue operative Techniken, digitale Bildgebung und elektrophysiologische Kontrollen geringer geworden. Die hauptsächlichen Indikationen sind Parkinson-Tremor und Rigidität, essentieller Tremor und zerebellärer Tremor. Als etablierte Routinemethode wird die stereotaktische Elektrokoagulation im Thalamus für alle Tremorformen weiterhin bevorzugt. Für die Behandlung von Akinesie und Bradykinesie, besonders auch der Dopa-induzierten Hyperkinesien, gewinnt die Pallidotomie rasch wieder an Bedeutung. Die chronische Stimulation durch Implantation von Hirnelektroden ist in Einzelfällen indiziert. Die Transplantation autologer, fetaler oder gentechnisch manipulierter Zellen wird derzeit in ihrer Bedeutung für die Therapie untersucht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050150
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentialdiagnostischer Wert der EEG-Ableitung mit offenen Augen bei intrakraniellen Prozessen (1969)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 212 (1969), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Extracerebral and Intracerebral Processes ; Different EEG Blocking while Eyes Open ; Blocking of α and Abnormal Waves ; Tumors and Haematomas of Cerebral Hemispheres ; Extra- und intracerebrale Prozesse ; Verschiedene EEG-Blockierung durch Augenöffnen ; Blockierung von Alpha- und Deltawellen ; Tumoren und Hämatome der Großhirnhemisphären
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einer Gruppe von 45 Patienten mit einem durch Operation oder Sektion gesicherten extra oder intracerebralen raumfordernden Prozeß wird das Verhalten der physiologischen und pathologischen Aktivität im EEG bei Ableitung mit offenen Augen untersucht. Es ließ sich zeigen, daß bei extraoerebralen Prozessen (Meningiom, Sub- und Epiduralhämatom) im Gegensatz zu den intracerebralen Tumoren sowohl die Alphatätigkeit wie auch die pathologische Aktivität über der betroffenen Hemisphäre durch Augenöffnen blockiert werden. Die pathophysiologischen Aspekte werden diskutiert. Außerdem wird auf die Bedeutung der Befunde für die EEG-Praxis als einfaches differentialdiagnostisches Kriterium bei extra- und intracerebralen Prozessen hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The blocking reaction of the EEG was investigated in 45 patients with intracranial extra- and intracerebral space occupying processes. It was shown, that in 15 out of 17 cases with an extracerebral process (meningeoma, sub- and epidural haematoma) the δ as well as the α activity over the affected hemisphere were blocked by opening the eyes. In contrast the δ activity on the affected side was blocked in only 3 out of 28 cases with intracerebral tumors (gliomas) during eyes open. Besides some interesting patho-physiological aspects of this observation, the statistical differences between the two groups are a useful, though limited EEG-criterion for differentiating between extra- and intracerebral space-occupying processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341576
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and polymyographic investigation of spasmodic torticollis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 239 (1992), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spasmodic torticollis ; Botulinum toxin ; Polymyography ; Pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymyographic recordings were used to identify the most dystonic muscles suitable for local injection with botulinum toxin in 100 patients with spasmodic torticollis (TS). Rotating TS (72% of the patients) was due to dystonic activity of the splenius muscle ipsilateral to and/or the sternocleidomastoid muscle contralateral to the side of chin deviation. One-third of these patients had also dystonic activation of the contralateral splenius muscle and, rarely, the contralateral trapezius muscle. Ten patients had laterocollis due to dystonic activation of all recorded muscles on one side of the neck. Nine patients had retrocollis due to activity of both splenius muscles and rarely additional activity in both trapezius muscles. The type of dystonic muscle activity was found to be tonic, phasic or tremulous. Besides the evaluation of spontaneous dystonic EMG activity further examination during the “geste antagoniste” or the muscle activity during rotating head movements can provide additional information. It is concluded that polymyography may provide a rationale for identifying the dystonic muscles underlying the different forms of TS. It may prove to be helpful for the successful therapy with botulinum toxin and may be useful in differentiating tremulous torticollis from other types of head tremor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00839204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation of A1 adenosine receptors decreases the release of serotonin in the rabbit hippocampus, but not in the caudate nucleus (1988)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 338 (1988), S. 664-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: A1 adenosine receptors ; Serotonin release ; Hippocampus ; Caudate nucleus ; Rabbit ; Endogenous adenosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of A1 adenosine receptor ligands on the evoked release of serotonin (5-HT) were studied in slices of the hippocampus and the caudate nucleus of the rabbit, preincubated with 3H-5-HT. In hippocampal tissue electrical stimulation elicited a release which was inhibited by the adenosine receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and enhanced by the selective A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). The concentration-response curve of CHA was shifted to the right by DPCPX. The shift corresponded to a pA2 value of 9.4 for DPCPX. CHA, R-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and DPCPX were ineffective in caudate nucleus tissue. When instead of electrical pulses high K+ was used to induce 5-HT release in the presence of the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), which was present in order to exclude effects mediated by interneurones, CHA was equally effective in the hippocampus but again failed to modify 5-HT release in the caudate nucleus. The disinhibition by DPCPX of the evoked 5-HT release was used to calculate the extracellular concentration of endogenous adenosine at the A1 receptor. The calculation greatly depended on the dissociation constant of adenosine at the A1 receptor. It is concluded that A1 adenosine receptors, activated by the endogenous agonist at a concentration of about 0.7 μmol/l, are located on serotonergic nerve endings in the hippocampus, but not in the caudate nucleus. The estimated extracellular concentration of endogenous adenosine is in reasonable agreement with actually measured concentrations reported in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165632
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of electric and magnetic transcranial stimulation on long latency reflexes (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 83 (1991), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Long latency reflexes ; Transcranial stimulation ; Physiology ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interaction of transcranial electric and magnetic brain stimulation with electrically elicited shortand long latency reflexes (LLR) of hand and fore-arm flexor muscles has been investigated in normal subjects. In the first paradigm, the motor potential evoked in thenar muscles by transcranial stimulation was conditioned by median nerve stimulation at various conditioning-test intervals. At short intervals (electric: 5–12.5 ms, magnetic: 0–7.5 ms) facilitation occurred that corresponded to the H-reflex and at longer intervals (electric: 25–40 ms, magnetic: 22.5–35 ms) there was a facilitation corresponding to the LLR. Electric and magnetic stimulation resulted in a similar degree of facilitation. A second paradigm investigated the facilitation of the forearm flexor H-reflex by a cutaneo-muscular LLR elicited by radial superficial nerve stimulation and transcranial stimulation used separately or together. When electric and magnetic brain stimulation were compared, magnetic brain stimulation was followed by significant extrafacilitation but electric stimulation was not. This result favours an interaction between the afferent volley eliciting the LLR and transcranial magnetic stimulation most likely at supraspinal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231165
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different effects of serotonin (5-HT) uptake blockers in caudate nucleus and hippocampus of the rabbit: Role of monoamine oxidase in dopaminergic terminals (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 118-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caudate nucleus ; Hippocampus ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Chlorimipramine ; Fluvoxamine ; 6-Nitroquipazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Slices of rabbit hippocampus or caudate nucleus were incubated with [3H]-5-HT (0.1 µM, 60 min) or with [3H]-DA. In hippocampal tissue, the 5-HT uptake blockers chlorimipramine, fluvoxamine, and 6-nitroquipazine (0.1, 1, 10 µM) reduced the percentage content of [3H]-5-HT in a concentration dependent manner. The degree of inhibition of [3H]-5-HT content produced by the 5-HT uptake inhibitors was not affected by the MAO inhibitors pargyline or amezinium (which by themselves enhanced [3H] loading) or the catecholamine uptake inhibitor nomifensine (which by itself did not affect [3H] loading). In caudate nucleus tissue, however, the [3H]-5-HT accumulation was reduced only at the highest concentration of the 5-HT uptake blockers (10 µM). In the additional presence of the MAO inhibitors or nomifensine (which by themselves increased or diminished, respectively, the [3H] labelling) the 5-HT uptake inhibitors became more potent in reducing the percentage [3H]-5-HT accumulation of caudate nucleus slices. These results indicate (1) that a false labelling of [3H]-5-HT into dopaminergic terminals in the caudate nucleus can be prevented by nomifensine, (2) that the 5-HT uptake blockers seem to accumulate within the dopaminergic terminals, where they may display a MAO inhibitory property. The 5-HT uptake blockers were ineffective on the percentage tritium accumulation of caudate nucleus slices incubated with [3H]-DA, regardless of the presence of pargyline or nomifensine. Tritiated DA and deaminated [3H]-metabolites were separated in the superfusate of [3H]-DA-release experiments in caudate nucleus tissue. In the presence of 6-nitroquipazine the percentage efflux of unmetabolized [3H]-DA was significantly enhanced in a concentration and time dependent manner. In comparison to 6-nitroquipazine, fluvoxamine was less potent in that respect. 6-Nitroquipazine inhibited the electrically evoked [3H]-DA and [3H]-ACh release from caudate nucleus slices in a concentration dependent manner. The effects on [3H]-DA release were abolished in the presence of pargyline. The inhibition of [3H]-ACh release was significantly diminished by the D2-receptor antagonist domperidone. In conclusion, some 5-HT-related drugs may diminish the release of ACh from caudate nucleus slices via an enhanced dopaminergic transmission due to inhibition of MAO within the dopaminergic terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253598
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