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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parkinson's disease misdiagnosed as multiple system atrophy by sphincter electromyography (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 559-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150070158
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of repetitive cortical stimulation on the silent period evoked by magnetic stimulation (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 125 (1999), S. 82-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Cortical motor areas ; Magnetic stimulation ; Repetitive stimulation ; Silent period
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) on brain activity remain unknown. In healthy subjects, we studied the effects of rTMS on the duration of the cortical silent period (SP). Repetitive stimuli were delivered with a Cadwell High Speed Magnetic Stimulator and a figure-of-eight coil placed over the hand motor area. rTMS was delivered in trains of 11 or 20 stimuli at frequencies of 3 and 5 Hz and at stimulation intensities of 110 and 120% of motor threshold. The SP was recorded from the forearm muscles during a voluntary contraction (20% of maximum effort). rTMS delivered at a frequency of 3 and 5 Hz and intensities of 110 and 120% motor threshold prolonged the duration of the SP, without modifying either the size or the latency of the muscle-evoked potentials (MEP). A conditioning train of 11 stimuli at 3 Hz had no effect on the duration of the SP evoked by a single magnetic shock delivered 600 ms after the train. These findings show that rTMS increases the duration of the cortical SP, but does so only during the train of stimuli. rTMS probably changes the duration of the SP by facilitating cortical inhibitory interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050661
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diazepam, baclofen and thiopental on the silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 109 (1996), S. 467-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cortical inhibition ; Motor cortex ; Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cortical silent period evoked by magnetic transcranial stimulation and the peripheral silent period were studied in healthy subjects after intravenous injection of diazepam, baclofen or thiopental. None of the drugs tested changed the peripheral silent period. But, unexpectedly, diazepam significantly shortened the cortical silent period, the inhibitory effect lasting about 30 min. In experiments using paired transcranial stimuli, the conditioning shock inhibited the test response to a similar extent with and without diazepam. Although baclofen did not change the cortical silent period, it reduced the size of the H reflex in the forearm muscles. Thiopental also left the duration of the cortical silent period unchanged. These findings show that the cortical silent period can be modified pharmacologically. Diazepam possibly shortens the silent period by modulating GABA A receptors at a subcortical site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229631
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitation of muscle evoked responses after repetitive cortical stimulation in man (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 122 (1998), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor cortex ; Magnetic stimulation ; Repetitive stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The technique of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) allows cortical motor areas to be activated by trains of magnetic stimuli at different frequencies and intensities. In this paper, we studied long-term neurophysiological effects of rTMS delivered to the motor cortex at 5 Hz with an intensity of 120% of motor threshold. Each stimulus of the train produced muscle-evoked potentials (MEPs) in hand and forearm muscles, which gradually increased in size from the first to the last shock. After the end of the train, the response to a single-test stimulus remained enhanced for 600–900 ms. In contrast, the train had no effect on the size of the MEPs evoked by transcranial electrical stimulation, while it suppressed H-reflexes in forearm muscles for 900 ms. We conclude that rTMS of these parameters increases the excitability of the motor cortex and that this effect outlasts the train for almost 1 s. At the spinal level, rTMS may increase presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferent fibers responsible for the H-reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050493
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neurophysiological opinion on the two masseter silent periods (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 14 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1987.tb00712.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticobulbar and corticospinal projections to neck muscle motoneurons in man (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 402-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transcranial stimulation ; Motor cortex ; Neck ; Corticospinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cortical projections to neck muscle motoneurons were studied in normal subjects by electrical and magnetic transcranial brain stimulation. After magnetic stimulation with a large coil, motor evoked potentials were present in about 20% of relaxed and 100% of contracting neck muscles. The latency of these responses was short: about 7 ms in the sternomastoid and splenius and 9 ms in the trapezius muscles. Subtraction of the M-wave latency after stimulation of the accessory nerve at the skull base resulted in a central latency of about 4.5 ms. We suggest that rapid cortical projections connect with neck muscle motoneurons mono or disynaptically. The latency difference between the responses after electrical and magnetic stimulation was smaller in neck than in limb muscles but similar to that seen in masticatory muscles. A small magnetic coil was used to study the pattern of functional lateralization of cortical projections to neck muscle motoneurons; the projections for the sternomastoid and splenius are bilateral but predominantly contralateral, whereas those for the trapezius are exclusively contralateral.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231857
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on single and sequential arm movements (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 98 (1994), S. 501-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transcranial stimulation ; Movement ; Motor cortex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied in humans the effects of transcranial stimulation of cortical motor areas on the execution of single and sequential rapid arm movements. In a reaction time paradigm with an auditory “go” signal, stimulation given after an auditory tone and before the start of movements delayed the onset but did not affect the subsequent performance of single or sequential movements; high intensities of cortical stimulation determined a long-lasting inhibition of movements. Cortical stimulation given during the execution of a sequential movement temporarily interrupted the movements. Reaction time was not prolonged and movements were not inhibited when cortical stimulation was delivered before the auditory tone and the start of movement. Neither electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tracts at the cervico medullary junction nor magnetic stimulation of the cervical roots delayed the onset or interrupted the execution of movements. Transcranial stimulation affects the performance of both single and sequential movements, through cortical mechanisms that interfere with the transfer of the motor program from other cortical structures to the motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233987
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thrombosis of cerebral veins dural sinuses after paratyphi (1995)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 16 (1995), S. 257-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: cerebral sinus thrombosis ; paratyphi infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Una ragazza di 20 anni è stata ricoverata presso il nostro dipartimento 15 giorni dopo l'inizio di una febbre tifoide trattata con cloranfenicolo. All'entrata la paziente presentava come complicanza dell'infezione un quadro di ipertensione endocranica con episodi comiziali di tipo generalizzato, una lieve emisindrome motoria destra, un deficit del sesto nervo cranico sinistro con diplopia. La risonanza magnetica nucleare (RMN) mostrava occlusione del seno longitudinale superiore, del seno trasverso e sigmoideo di destra ed un'area di infarcimento emorragico in sede parieto-occipitale sinistra. La siero-diagnosi risultò positiva per la salmonella paratifi A e B. L'esame del liquor e l'emocoltura risultarono negativi. I dati clinici e strumentali (RMN) dimostrano che i sintomi neurologici sono il risultato di trombosi asettica cerebrale e non di infiammazione meningea o vascolare. Sono discussi i meccanismi fisiopatologici del caso.
    Notes: Abstract A 20 year old woman was admitted to our Department 15 days after the onset of typhoid fever treated with chloramphenicol. The patient showed intracranial hypertension with generalized seizures, slight right hemiparesis and a left VI cranial nerve deficit with diplopia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed occlusion of the superior longitudinal, right transverse, right sigmoid sinus combined with a single hemorrhagic infarct in the left occipito-parietal area. Serum tests were positive for Salmonella Paratyphi A and B. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination were normal and blood cultures were negative. Clinical data, laboratory and MRI examinations indicate that the neurological signs are the result of aseptic cerebral sinus thrombosis; the physiopathologic mechanisms of the case are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02282997
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The masseter inhibitory reflex is evoked by innocuous stimuli and mediated by A beta afferent fibres (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Human trigeminal system ; Masticatory muscle ; Electromyography ; Silent period ; Cutaneous afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mechanical or electrical stimulations in the area of the mouth evoke two phases of inhibition in the masseter muscle (early and late inhibitory reflex, also called masseter silent periods). The question whether the afferents of the human masseter inhibitory reflex are nociceptive or non-nociceptive has not yet been settled. We showed that an innocuous stimulus, such as a fine jet of saline directed to the lips of healthy humans, evokes an early and a late masseter inhibitory reflex, similar to those following electrical stimulation. We measured the efferent and afferent delay of the masseter early inhibitory reflex in patients submitted to intracranial stimulation of the motor and sensory trigeminal root, and found that the reflex afferents belong to the intermediately fast conducting fibre group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275005
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of electric and magnetic transcranial stimulation on long latency reflexes (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 83 (1991), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Long latency reflexes ; Transcranial stimulation ; Physiology ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interaction of transcranial electric and magnetic brain stimulation with electrically elicited shortand long latency reflexes (LLR) of hand and fore-arm flexor muscles has been investigated in normal subjects. In the first paradigm, the motor potential evoked in thenar muscles by transcranial stimulation was conditioned by median nerve stimulation at various conditioning-test intervals. At short intervals (electric: 5–12.5 ms, magnetic: 0–7.5 ms) facilitation occurred that corresponded to the H-reflex and at longer intervals (electric: 25–40 ms, magnetic: 22.5–35 ms) there was a facilitation corresponding to the LLR. Electric and magnetic stimulation resulted in a similar degree of facilitation. A second paradigm investigated the facilitation of the forearm flexor H-reflex by a cutaneo-muscular LLR elicited by radial superficial nerve stimulation and transcranial stimulation used separately or together. When electric and magnetic brain stimulation were compared, magnetic brain stimulation was followed by significant extrafacilitation but electric stimulation was not. This result favours an interaction between the afferent volley eliciting the LLR and transcranial magnetic stimulation most likely at supraspinal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231165
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