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  • Acetylcholine  (9)
  • Phagocytose  (3)
  • Allergen  (2)
  • Chronic obstructive airway disease  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Chronic obstructive airway disease ; Arterial hypoxemia ; Liver function ; Galactose elimination capacity ; Indocyaninegreen clearance ; Oxygen therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients suffering from chronic obstructive airway disease often have arterial hypoxemia, which is more or less severe. If hypoxemia deteriorates the function of the liver is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine, if a mostly oxygen dependent process of liver metabolism (galactose elimination capacity) is disturbed and if it can be increased by oxygen insufflation. Under the same conditions an oxygen independent process (indocyaninegreen clearance) should not be influenced. Our results show, that galactose elimination capacity under room air was pathologic and can be increased significantly by oxygen breathing. No change of indocyaninegreen clearance was seen under the same conditions. After termination of oxygen therapy the galactose elimination capacity was as bad as before oxygen breathing. Dysfunctions of the liver, which are caused by hypoxemia, can be positively influenced by oxygen, but only for the duration of oxygen insufflation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Bronchoconstriction ; Direct action on bronchial muscle ; Histamine ; Acetylcholine ; Vagotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During administration of highly concentrated acetyclcholine and histamine aerosol (20–40 min), different effects on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and bronchial tone could be demonstrated. Inhalation after vagotomy neither showed changes in respiratory rate nor in tidal volume. These results point out the importance of the nervus vagus in case of bronchoconstriction caused by mediators. It is discussed to which degree vagus activity is required for the direct effect of different mediators in living animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Pronase ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage in a restricted area, with a proteolytic enzyme (Pronase) on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 15 dogs. Histamine concentrations measured in the tracheal liquid after lavage with Pronase were smaller than the values after tracheal lavage with allergen. Airway response to ACH inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with Pronase. Effects of proteolytic enzymes and allergens on the tracheal wall are compared. Allergens and proteolytic enzymes evidence a different mode of action in increasing reactivity of peripheral airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 153-166 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Allergen ; Acetylcholine, histamine ; Hyperreactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with an allergen on the airway response to bronchial challenge with histamine, acetylcholine, and ascaris extract was investigated in 36 dogs. High histamine concentrations were measured in the tracheal solution after lavage with allergen. This amine, released on the mucosal surface, was observed in only very small concentrations in the circulation. Airway response to acetylcholine inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with allergen. This hyperreactivity of the lower airways induced by tracheal lavage with an allergen suggests that a reflex mechanism is involved. After histamine inhalation a significantly larger antigen-induced histamine release to tracheal lumen was observed. No influence on airway response was found after tracheal lavage with H2O.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 183 (1983), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Compound 48/80 ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with compound 48/80 on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 24 animals. Furthermore, the effect of i.v. administration of 48/80 was compared to its administration into the tracheal lumen. No increased histamine liberation was detected in the tracheal fluid after lavage with 48/80, nor was an influence on the bronchial response observed. These observations were the same as those described for tracheal lavage with water. The same amounts of this secretagogue induced, after i.v. administration, a high histamine release which correlates significantly with blood pressure decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 183 (1983), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Histamine ; Bronchospastic response ; Acetylcholine ; Tracheal lavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with histamine, and of i.v. administration of histamine on bronchospastic response was studied in 16 dogs. Airway response to acetylcholine inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with high concentrated histamine solution (1%). No influence on airway response was found after (1) tracheal lavage with lower concentrations of histamine and (2) its i.v. administration. The clinical importance of these manifestations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 178 (1980), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Histamine concentration of arterial plasma ; Acetylcholine ; Ascaris extract inhalation ; Vagotomy ; Arterial blood gases ; Arterielle Plasma-Histaminkonzentration ; Acetylcholin ; Ascaris Extrakt-Inhalation ; Vagotomie ; arterielle Blutgase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung A. E.-Inhalation, in viel geringerem Ausmaß Acetylcholin-Inhalationen, bewirken einen Anstieg der arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentration. Ebenfalls steigt Edyn signifikant an. Unter Acetylcholin ist der Edyn-Anstieg im Verhältnis zu den arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentrationen ungleich stärker als unter Ascaris Extrakt. Nach bilateraler Vagusdurchtrennung kann unter Ascaris Extrakt sowie unter Acetylcholin nur noch ein minimaler Anstieg von Edyn gemessen werden, obwohl die Anstiege der arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentration zumindest ebenso stark sind wie vor der Vagusdurchtrennung. Vagusdurchtrennung hat auf die Histaminfreisetzung keinen hemmenden Einfluß. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Annahme, daß sowohl Ascaris Extrakt als auch Acetylcholin über einen Reflexmechanismus, der über den N. vagus geleitet wird, an den sensorischen Rezeptoren des Reflexbogens wirksam werden. Der arterielle Sauerstoffdruck sinkt mit Anstieg von Edyn ab. Aber auch nach Vagotomie sinkt der Sauerstoffdruck erheblich ab, obwohl kaum Veränderungen von Edyn eintreten. Es wird ein direkter Effekt der bronchokonstriktorischen Substanz auf die wenig vaguskontrollierten peripheren Atemwege angenommen. Die peripheren Atemwege sind vorwiegend für die Blutgasveränderungen entscheidend, die zentraleren vorwiegend für die Strömungswiderstände.
    Notes: Summary In allergic dogs ascaris extract (A. E.) inhalation and, to a less extent, acetylcholine inhalation cause a significant increase in the histamine concentration in the arterial plasma. A. E. and acetylcholine cause a similarly strong increase in Edyn. After bilateral vagotomy A. E. and acetylcholine inhalation entail only a minimal increase in Edyn. The increase in the arterial plasma histamine concentration is as strong as before vagotomy. The results support the assumption that both A. E. and acetylcholine act on the sensory receptors of the reflexway via a reflex mechanism. PO2a decreases as Edyn increases. However, after vagotomy PO2a still decreases significantly although Edyn changes hardly. A. E. and acetylcholine are assumed to have a direct effect on the non-vagus controlled peripheral airways. The peripheral airways are mainly responsible for changes in the arterial blood gases but show no effect on Edyn or airway resistance measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 178 (1981), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Papain inhalation ; Lung emphysema ; Chronic obstructive airway disease ; Hyperreactivity of bronchial system ; Papain-Inhalation ; Emphysementwicklung ; chronisch obstruktive Atemwegserkrankung ; überempfindliches Bronchialsystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Hunden konnten durch Papain-Inhalation emphysematöse Lungenveränderungen erzeugt werden, die sich morphologisch als ein zentrolobuläres Lungenemphysem darstellen ließen. Weiterhin bewirkte die Inhalation von Papain eine chronische Bronchitis, die aber mit dem klinischen Bild der chronisch obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankung nicht vergleichbar war. Funktionell entwickelte sich eine Empfindlichkeitssteigerung der Atemwege ACH gegenüber. Das Bronchialsystem ließ auch Anzeichen einer sich steigernden Vulnerabilität durch Proteasen erkennen, die durch hierdurch auslösbare sehr starke Atemwegsobstruktionen funktionell faßbar wurde. Das Lungengewebe ist in Hinsicht Emphysementwicklung bei klinisch gesunden Hunden durch die Protease Papain vulnerabler als das Bronchialsystem in Hinsicht auf die Entwicklung einer chronisch obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankung.
    Notes: Summary Inhalation of papain by dogs produced morphological changes corresponding to a centrolobular emphysema. The papain inhalation also induced a purulent catarrhal bronchitis. However, the functional changes seen in chronic obstructive bronchitis were not observed. During papain inhalation an increased sensitivity of the bronchial system develops corresponding to a tremendous increase in bronchospasm in response to Acetylcholine aerosol. The parenchymal lung tissue in dogs is more vulnerable in developing emphysema after papain exposure than is the bronchial system in developing a chronic obstructive airway disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Vagus ; Bronchoconstriction ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine ; Artificial ventilation ; Spontaneous breathing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the vagus nerves on resting respiratory resistance (R1) and dynamic lung elastance (Edyn) and the mechanism of action of inhaled aerosol of histamine (Hist) and acetylcholine (ACH) were studied in anesthetized spontaneously breathing and artificially ventilated dogs. Observations were also extended to study the effect of electrical stimuli to cut ends of both vagi alone and during inhalation of aerosols. Bilateral cervical vagal blockade by local application of novocaine solution (2.5%) or bilateral vagotomy reduced resting R1 and Edyn and prevented increase of these parameters following inhalation of aerosols of Hist or ACH in spontaneously breathing dogs. However, the similar vagal blockade or vagotomy in artificially ventilated animals showed neither an influence on resting R1 and Edyn nor could it prevent their increase following the exposure to aerosol of Hist or ACH. Electrical stimuli to the peripheral cut ends of vagi induced slight increase in R1 and Edyn, but the effect on heart rate and systemic blood pressure was very strong. The combined effects of aerosol of Hist or ACH and electrical stimuli were additive. It is concluded that inhalation of aerosol of Hist or ACH produced two kinds of effects on respiration: (1) Increased respiratory rates with reduced tidal volume and with bronchoconstriction which were vagusdependent (spontaneous breathing model), and (2) bronchoconstriction which was a direct response of smooth muscle without involving a reflex (artificial ventilation model).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 148 (1973), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Serotonin ; Bronchoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auch Serotonin verursacht in Konzentrationen, welche im Inhalationsversuch nur eine geringe bronchokonstriktorische Eigenwirkung zeigten, eine erhebliche Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit der Bronchialmuskulatur Acetylcholin gegenüber. Diese die Vagusaktivität potenzierende Wirkung des Serotonins wie auch die gleichartige Wirkung der anderen von uns untersuchten Schadstoffe macht verständlich, daß oft crst in den Phasen gesteigerter Vagusaktivität die obstruktiven Atemwegsreaktionen manifest werden. Die für das Zusammenspiel zwischen Kininen und Acetylcholin gegebenen Möglichkeiten werden diskutiert. Die bei den bronchokonstriktorischen Reaktionen zu beobachtenden Blutgasveränderungen entsprechen Verteilungsstörungen bei Vergrößerung des funktionellen Totraumes. Blutdruckwerte in der A. pulmonalis und femoralis verhalten sich relativ unauffällig.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments on dogs show: serotonin in low concentrations per inhalationem causes only slight bronchoconstriction, but it develops a significant increase in sensitivity of the bronchial muscles against acetylcholine. This effect of serotonin which it shares with several other substances we have investigated, makes the intensified symptoms experienced at higher activity of the vagus by many patients with “airway obstruction” comprehensible. The possibilities for the interaction between kinines and acetylcholine are discussed following the results of elimination of the N. vagi. The other measurements: blood gases, functional dead space, pressure in the Art. pulmonale are in keeping with earlier results after development of airway obstruction, as after blockade of the N. vagi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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