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  • Bronchoconstriction  (5)
  • Tracheal lavage  (4)
  • Acetylcholininhalation  (2)
  • Airway resistance  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Plasma histamine concentration ; Airway obstruction ; Acetylcholine inhalation ; Histamine inhalation ; Hypoxemia ; Plasma-Histaminkonzentration ; Atemwegsobstruktion ; Acetylcholininhalation ; Histamininhalation ; Hypoxämie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Inhalation von Histamin wie Acetylcholin bewirkt Histaminfreisetzung mit Anstieg der arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentration. Die hierbei erreichten Plasma-Histaminkonzentrationen sind im Verhältnis zum Anstieg von Edyn wesentlich geringer als bei einer allergenbedingten Histaminfreisetzung. Die entsprechenden Edyn-Anstiege nach Acetylcholin wie nach Histamin können nur zu einem geringen Teil auf das freigesetzte Histamin bezogen werden. Die dem Anstieg von Edyn entsprechenden Anstiege der Strömungswiderstände in den Atemwegen sind alle als vorwiegende Reflexbronchokonstriktion zu verstehen. Die Vergleiche der Effekte von inhaliertem Histamin mit denjenigen durch Allergen freigesetztem Histamin lassen annehmen, daß die sensorischen Rezeptoren wesentlich näher der Schleimhautoberfläche lokalisiert sind als die Mehrzahl der zur Degranulation kommenden Mastzellen. Hypoxämie verursacht einen geringgradigen Anstieg der Plasma-Histaminkonzentration, wobei der entsprechende Anstieg von Edyn etwa demjenigen vergleichbar ist, wie er bei entsprechender durch allergenbedingter Histaminfreisetzung zustande kommt.
    Notes: Summary Inhalation of acetylcholine causes increased histamine concentration in the arterial plasma. This increase is smaller than that following allergen inhalation. The increase in Edyn following ACH inhalation may be related to the histamine released to only a very limited extent. Comparison of the effects of histamine inhalation and allergen inhalation on Edyn and plasma histamine concentration leads to the assumption that sensory receptors are located nearer to the surface of the mucosa than that of the mast cells. Hypoxemia is followed by a slight increase in the arterial plasma histamine concentration. The increase in Edyn corresponds to that caused by allergen inhalation although the increase in Edyn and that in the plasma histamine are much smaller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Bronchoconstriction ; Direct action on bronchial muscle ; Histamine ; Acetylcholine ; Vagotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During administration of highly concentrated acetyclcholine and histamine aerosol (20–40 min), different effects on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and bronchial tone could be demonstrated. Inhalation after vagotomy neither showed changes in respiratory rate nor in tidal volume. These results point out the importance of the nervus vagus in case of bronchoconstriction caused by mediators. It is discussed to which degree vagus activity is required for the direct effect of different mediators in living animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Pronase ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage in a restricted area, with a proteolytic enzyme (Pronase) on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 15 dogs. Histamine concentrations measured in the tracheal liquid after lavage with Pronase were smaller than the values after tracheal lavage with allergen. Airway response to ACH inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with Pronase. Effects of proteolytic enzymes and allergens on the tracheal wall are compared. Allergens and proteolytic enzymes evidence a different mode of action in increasing reactivity of peripheral airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 153-166 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Allergen ; Acetylcholine, histamine ; Hyperreactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with an allergen on the airway response to bronchial challenge with histamine, acetylcholine, and ascaris extract was investigated in 36 dogs. High histamine concentrations were measured in the tracheal solution after lavage with allergen. This amine, released on the mucosal surface, was observed in only very small concentrations in the circulation. Airway response to acetylcholine inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with allergen. This hyperreactivity of the lower airways induced by tracheal lavage with an allergen suggests that a reflex mechanism is involved. After histamine inhalation a significantly larger antigen-induced histamine release to tracheal lumen was observed. No influence on airway response was found after tracheal lavage with H2O.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 183 (1983), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Compound 48/80 ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with compound 48/80 on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 24 animals. Furthermore, the effect of i.v. administration of 48/80 was compared to its administration into the tracheal lumen. No increased histamine liberation was detected in the tracheal fluid after lavage with 48/80, nor was an influence on the bronchial response observed. These observations were the same as those described for tracheal lavage with water. The same amounts of this secretagogue induced, after i.v. administration, a high histamine release which correlates significantly with blood pressure decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 183 (1983), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Histamine ; Bronchospastic response ; Acetylcholine ; Tracheal lavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with histamine, and of i.v. administration of histamine on bronchospastic response was studied in 16 dogs. Airway response to acetylcholine inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with high concentrated histamine solution (1%). No influence on airway response was found after (1) tracheal lavage with lower concentrations of histamine and (2) its i.v. administration. The clinical importance of these manifestations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 174 (1979), S. 253-265 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Nervus laryngicus cranialis ; Nervus laryngicus caudalis ; Nervus glossopharyngicus ; Nervus vagus ; Bronchoconstriction ; N. laryngicus cranialis ; N. laryngicus caudalis ; N. glossopharyngicus ; N. vagus ; Bronchokonstriktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der bilateralen Durchtrennung der Nn. laryngici cranialis, laryngici caudalis und Glossopharyngici auf die durch ACH und Allergen auslösbare Bronchokonstriktion wurde an 15 Hunden untersucht. Bei 3 Tieren wurden lediglich bilateral die Nn. laryngici cranialis freipräpariert als Kontrollreihe. Partielle Durchtrennung des linken Lungenvagus wurde bei 3 Hunden ausgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden verglichen mit der radikalen Durchtrennung des linken N. vagus in Hilushöhe ebenfalls bei 3 Tieren. Die Durchtrennung des N. laryngicus cranialis wie die des N.glossopharyngicus führte zu einer Blockierung des allergen-induzierten Bronchospasmus. Die Bronchokonstriktion, die durch ACH auslösbar ist, wurde nicht beeinflußt. Die allergen-induzierte Bronchokonstriktion war aber 3 Wochen nach der Durchtrennung der entsprechenden Nerven wieder nachweisbar. Partielle einseitige Durchtrennung des N. vagus im Lungenhilus brachte einen geringen Abfall der allergen- und acetylcholin-induzierbaren Bronchokonstriktion. Vollständige Durchtrennung des Nerven an einem Hilus verringerte die durch ACH wie durch Allergen auslösbare Bronchokonstriktion signifikant.
    Notes: Summary The influence of bilateral transection of the nervi laryngici cranialis, laryngici caudalis and glossopharyngici on ACH and allergeninduced bronchoconstriction was tested in 15 dogs. In three dogs the free preparation of bilateral nervi laryngici cranialis was performed for control measurements. Partial transection of pulmonary left nervus vagus was performed in three dogs and compared to radical transection of the same nerve in three animals. Transection of the nervi laryngici cranialis as well as of the nervi glossopharyngici was followed by the inhibition of the allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. The bronchoconstriction following ACH challenge was not influenced by transection. Bronchoconstriction induced by allergen returned to the same values within three weeks after surgical intervention. Partial unilateral dissection of the vagus nerve on lung hilus shows a small decrease in bronchial constriction induced by allergen and by ACH. Complete unilateral dissection of the vagus nerve on the lung hilus reduced the bronchial constrictoric response to both substances significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Vagus ; Bronchoconstriction ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine ; Artificial ventilation ; Spontaneous breathing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the vagus nerves on resting respiratory resistance (R1) and dynamic lung elastance (Edyn) and the mechanism of action of inhaled aerosol of histamine (Hist) and acetylcholine (ACH) were studied in anesthetized spontaneously breathing and artificially ventilated dogs. Observations were also extended to study the effect of electrical stimuli to cut ends of both vagi alone and during inhalation of aerosols. Bilateral cervical vagal blockade by local application of novocaine solution (2.5%) or bilateral vagotomy reduced resting R1 and Edyn and prevented increase of these parameters following inhalation of aerosols of Hist or ACH in spontaneously breathing dogs. However, the similar vagal blockade or vagotomy in artificially ventilated animals showed neither an influence on resting R1 and Edyn nor could it prevent their increase following the exposure to aerosol of Hist or ACH. Electrical stimuli to the peripheral cut ends of vagi induced slight increase in R1 and Edyn, but the effect on heart rate and systemic blood pressure was very strong. The combined effects of aerosol of Hist or ACH and electrical stimuli were additive. It is concluded that inhalation of aerosol of Hist or ACH produced two kinds of effects on respiration: (1) Increased respiratory rates with reduced tidal volume and with bronchoconstriction which were vagusdependent (spontaneous breathing model), and (2) bronchoconstriction which was a direct response of smooth muscle without involving a reflex (artificial ventilation model).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 171 (1977), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Airway resistance ; Vagus blockade ; Bronchoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response to prolonged antigen exposure and the potentation of airway resistance increase to ACH challenge, after this exposure, were studied on sixteen boxer dogs. One group of animals presented fatigue to A. E. after 3 hours of exposure. This group developed an increased response to ACH aerosol after fatique to antigen was present. In a second group of dogs, absence of fatigue during prolonged exposure to allergen was observed. A growing tendency of Edyn (as an index of airway resistance) was observed after 5 hours of exposure. The therapeutical influence of bilateral vagus blockade was tested in these last animals. Blockade of nervus vagus released airway obstruction during prolonged allergen exposure and no bronchoconstriction was observed after ACH challenge during blockade.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 38 (1976), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: NO2 ; Airway resistance ; Acetylcholine-sensitivity ; NO2 ; Atemwegswiderstand ; Acetylcholin-Überempfindlichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Klimakammer wurden unter konstanten Temperatur-und Feuchtigkeitsbedingungen 16 gesunde Versuchspersonen mit O (= Kontrolle), 1 (= 1,8 mg/m3), 2,5 (= 4,5 mg/m3), 5 (= 9 mg/m3) and 7,5 (= 13,5 mg/m3) ppm NO2 über 2 h und 8 gesunde Probanden mit 5 ppm NO2 über 14 h belastet. Erfaßt wurden der Bronchialwiderstand (Rt), das endexspiratorische Thoraxgas volumen (IGV) und der arterielle O2-(PaO2) and CO2-(PaCO2) Partialdruck sowie die Bronchialwiderstandsänderung nach Acetylcholininhalation (ΔRt nach ACH) als Maß der bronchialen Reaktionsbereitschaft gegenüber bronchokonstriktorischen Reizen. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. NO2 ≥ 2,5 ppm fahrte im Mittel zu einem signifikanten Rt-Anstieg. Für die geprüften Konzentrationen ≥ 2,5 ppm ließ sich keine eindeutige Dosis-Wir kungsrelation ermitteln. 2. Der Verlauf der Rt-Änderung unter NO2 zeigte einen initialen Gipfel, dann bis zur zeigten Belastungsstunde eine Tendenz zur Rückbildung und anschließend eine erneute ausgeprägtere Zunahme, die mit der weiteren Expositionszeit kor reliert war. 3. Das Ausmaß der individuellen Rt-Zunahme unter NO2 war signifikant mit dem vorbestehenden individuellen ΔRt nach ACH korreliert. 4. Δ Rt nach ACH nahm nach Belastung mit 7,5 ppm NO2 über 2 h and mit 5 ppm NO2 über 14 h signifikant zu, nicht nach 2-stündiger Belastung mit 2,5 und 5 ppm NO2. 5. Das mittlere IGV stieg unter NO2 ≥ 2,5 ppm an; die Steigerung war nur imspäten Verlauf der 14-stündigen Belastung mit 5 ppm NO2 statistisch signifikant. 6. PaO2 und PaCO2 zeigten unter No2 im Vergleich zum Kontrollversuch keine überzufälligen Abweichungen. Es wird angenommen, daß NO2 den bronchialen Vagusreflex durch Stimulation und/oder Sensibilisierung der sensorischen Rezeptoren beeinflußt.
    Notes: Summary Sixteen healthy persons were exposed to O (= control), 1 (= 1.8 mg/m3), 2.5 (= 4.5 mg/m3), 5 (= 9 mg/m3), and 7.5 (= 13.5 mg/m3) ppm NO2 for 2 h and 8 healthy persons to 5 ppm NO2 for 14 h in an airconditioning plant. Temperature and humidity were kept constant. We determined the airway resistance (Rt), the endexspiratory thoracic gas volume (IGV), the arterial O2- (PaO2) and CO2-(PCO2) tension, and the bronchial susceptibility to bronchoconstricting irritants by considering the increase of the Rt-value after inhalation of acetylcholine (ΔRt after ACH). The following results were obtained: 1. A significant increase of mean Rt-values was observed by exposure to ≥ 2.5 ppm NO2. The concentrations ≥ 2.5 ppm tested, did not show a significant dose-response dependence. 2. The changes of the Rt-values during NO2-exposure showed an initial peak, then a decreasing tendency until the second hour, concluding with a new, more pronounced increase, which was correlated with the further time of exposure. 3. The individual amount of the increase of Rt during exposure to NO2 was significant related to the individual ΔRt after ACH. 4. ΔRt after ACH increased significantly after exposure to 7.5 ppm NO2 over 2 h and to 5 ppm NO2 over 14 h, but not after exposure to 2.5 and 5 ppm NO2 over 2 h. 5. During NO2 ≥2 2.5 ppm the mean values of IGV increased, but the augmentation was significant only in the later stages of the exposure to 5 ppm NO2 over 14 h. 6. No significant differences of PaO2 and PaCO2 were observed in relation to control. We assume, that NO2 influences the bronchial vagus-reflex by stimulation and/or sensitisation of the irritant receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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