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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origins of the adrenergic fibres which innervate the internal anal sphincter, the rectum, and other tissues of the pelvic region in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520326
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the anatomy and amine histochemistry of the nerves and ganglia which supply the pelvic viscera and on the associated chromaffin tissue in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 85-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Chromaffin cells ; Pelvic viscera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organs of the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of the guinea-pig receive nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and pelvic plexuses. The inferior mesenteric ganglia connect with the sympathetic chains, the superior mesenteric ganglia, the pelvic plexuses via the hypogastric nerves, and with the gut. Each pelvic plexus consists of anterior and posterior parts which send filaments to the internal generative organs and to the rectum, internal anal sphincter and other pelvic organs. The pelvic nerves enter the posterior plexuses, which also receive rami from the sacral sympathetic chains. The adrenergic neurons of the pelvic plexuses are monopolar, do not have dendrites and are supplied by few varicose adrenergic axons. Nearly all the nerves contain adrenergic fibres. After exposure to formaldehyde vapour the chromaffin cells appear brightly fluorescent with one or two long, often varicose, processes. Most of the chromaffin cells are in Zuckerkandl's organ or in chromaffin bodies associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia. Groups of chromaffin cells are found along the hypogastric nerves and in the pelvic plexuses; they become smaller and fewer as regions more posterior to Zuckerkandl's organ are approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520720
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520721
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in surviving nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries following extrinsic denervation of the small intestine (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 647-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Vascular innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Small intestine ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropeptide content of nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in the small intestine of guinea pigs was studied in whole-mount preparations using immunohistochemical methods. Tissues were obtained from normal animals or animals in which the small intestine had been extrinsically denervated. In normal animals, submucosal arteries are innervated by extrinsic sensory nerve fibers which contain both substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and by sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers. In preparations obtained from animals 5–9 days after denervation, nerve fibers which contained substance P without detectable calcitonin gene-related peptide were associated with a few submucosal arteries. Nerve fibers which contained vasoactive intestinal peptide were also associated with some arteries. By 42–48 days after extrinsic denervation, substance P-containing fibers (without calcitonin gene-related peptide) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing fibers were associated with nearly every blood vessel. The extrinsic sympathetic nerve fibers did not regenerate during the course of this study. The nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in denervated tissues were not sensitive to capsaicin treatment. The alteration in the innervation of submucosal arterioles that follows extrinsic denervation of the gut may reflect either an increase in the neuropeptide content of the fibers, synthesis of a new peptide, or an increase in the number of fibers as a result of axonal sprouting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219756
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and distribution of intrinsic adrenergic neurones in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 346-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Enteric ganglia ; Sympathetic denervation ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method has been used to examine the adrenergic innervation of the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. Previous investigations have shown that the adrenergic fibres of the gastrointestinal tract arise from extrinsic ganglia. However, in this work it is shown that adrenergic nerve cells are found in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon and that these cells provide varicose terminals about ganglion cells in the nodes of the plexus. About 75% of the nodes of the myenteric plexus in the proximal colon contain adrenergic cells. A few cells are also observed along the internodal strands. The cells have a cytoplasmic fluorescence, which is of different intensity in different cells, but there is no fluorescence of the nucleus. Processes can be traced from most cells and in some cases these are seen to become varicose. Interruption of extrinsic nerve pathways to the intestine causes a disappearance of the fluorescence reaction of the adrenergic terminals in the ileum, most of the distal colon and in the submucosal and perivascular plexuses of the proximal colon. In contrast, about 60% of the adrenergic terminals in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon survive extrinsic denervation. From cell counts, it is estimated there are about 10000 adrenergic cells in the proximal colon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324897
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine: their projections and relationships to other enteric neurons (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 607-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Galanin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Neuropeptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Galanin immunoreactivity was observed in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres, but not in enteroendocrine cells, in the small intestine of the guinea-pig. Nerve terminals were found in the myenteric plexus, in the circular muscle, in submucous ganglia, around submucous arterioles, and in the mucosa. Lesion studies showed that all terminals were intrinsic to the intestine; those in myenteric ganglia arose from cell bodies in more orally placed ganglia. Myenteric nerve cells were also the source of terminals in the circular muscle. Galanin (GAL) was located in a population of submucous nerve cell bodies that also showed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and in a separate population that was immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY). Processes of the GAL/VIP neurons supplied submucous arterioles and the mucosal epithelium. Processes of GAL/NPY neurons ran to the mucosa. It is concluded that galanin immunoreactivity occurs in several functionally distinct classes of enteric neurons, amongst which are neurons controlling (i) motility, (ii) intestinal blood flow, and (iii) mucosal water and electrolyte transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218954
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distributions and coexistence of peptides in nerve fibres of large bowel affected by Hirschsprung's disease (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 6 (1991), S. 322-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Coexistence ; Hirschsprung's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distributions of nerve fibres immunoreactive for the peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), enkephalin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied in healthy colon and samples of ganglionic and aganglionic colon from cases of proven Hirschsprung's disease. Studies of coexistence of reactivities in nerve fibres were performed to predict the possible origins of fibres that are found in the aganglionic bowel, e. g., from sensory or sympathetic ganglia. The muscularis externa of the ganglionic colon contained many nerve fibres immunoreactive for ENK, SP, and VIP, fewer for NPY, and only rare fibres reactive for CGRP, SOM, or TH. In ganglionic colon reactivities for SP and ENK coexisted in nerve fibres in the muscularis externa but in aganglionic colon no ENK immunoreactivity was found and most SP fibres were double-labelled with CGRP reactivity, indicating their probable sensory nature. Abnormally increased numbers of somatostatin-reactive fibres and noradrenergic fibres (marked by TH) were noted in the external muscle, but no coexistence was seen between these reactivities and only a small proportion of the noradrenergic fibres in the muscle showed NPY reactivity although almost all around blood vessels did. Many fibres in the diseased segment had coexistence of NPY and VIP reactivities; these may arise from more orally located intrinsic cell bodies or from pelvic parasympathetic ganglia. In the mucosa of aganglionic colon there was a striking lack of SP-reactive fibres while other fibre types were often normal in number. It is concluded that nerve fibres from sensory ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, nerve cells located more oral in the ganglionated part, and possibly from pelvic parasympathetic ganglia invade the aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178648
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, pathways and reactions to drug treatment of nerves with neuropeptide Y- and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig digestive tract (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 71-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Noradrenergic nerves ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (PPLI) has been localized in nerves of the guinea-pig stomach and intestine with the use of antibodies raised against avian, bovine and human pancreatic polypeptide (PP), the C-terminal hexapeptide of mammalian PP, and against the related peptide, NPY. Each of the antibodies revealed the same population of neurones. Reactive cell bodies were found in both myenteric (5% of all neurones) and submucous ganglia (26% of all neurones) of the small intestine, and varicose processes were observed in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, mucosa and around arterioles. The nerves were unaffected by bilateral subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy, but the staining of the periarterial nerves disappeared after treatment of animals with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine and was also absent after mesenteric nerves had been cut and allowed to degenerate. Vascular nerves showing immunoreactivity for dopamine it-hydroxylase and PPLI had the same distribution. It is concluded that PPLI is located in periarterial noradrenergic nerves. However, other noradrenergic nerves in the intestine do not show PPLI, and PPLI also occurs in nerves that are not noradrenergic. Analysis of changes in the distribution of terminals after microsurgical lesions of pathways in the small intestine showed that processes of myenteric PP-nerve cells provide terminals in the underlying circular muscle and in myenteric ganglia up to about 2 mm more anal. Submucous PP-cell bodies provide terminals to the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217403
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and projections of neurons with immunoreactivity for both gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin in the guinea-pig small intestine (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Neuropeptides ; Gastrin releasing peptide ; Bombesin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bombesin-like and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-like immunoreactivities were localized in nerves of the guinea-pig small intestine and celiac ganglion with the use of antibodies raised against the synthetic peptides. The anti-bombesin serum (preincubated to avoid cross reactivity with substance P) and the anti-GRP serum revealed the same population of neurons. Preincubation of the antibombesin serum with bombesin abolished the immunoreactivity in nerves while absorption of the anti-GRP serum with either bombesin or the 14–27 C-terminal of GRP only reduced the immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity was abolished by incubation with GRP 1–27. Immunoreactive nerves were found in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, submucous plexus and in the celiac ganglion. Faintly reactive nerve cell bodies were found in the myenteric ganglia (3.2% of all neurons) but not in submucous ganglia. After all ascending and descending pathways in the myenteric plexus had been cut, reactive terminals disappeared in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle (including the deep muscular plexus) and the submucous plexus on the anal side. After the mesenteric nerves were cut no changes were observed in the intestinal wall but the reactive fibres in celiac ganglia disappeared. It is deduced that GRP/bombesin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in myenteric ganglia project from the myenteric plexus to other myenteric ganglia situated further anally (average length 12 mm), anally to the circular muscle (average length 9 mm), anally to submucous ganglia (average length 13 mm) and external to the intestine to the celiac ganglia. It is concluded that the GRP/bombesin-reactive neurons in the intestinal wall represent a distinct population of enteric neurons likely to be involved in controlling motility and in the coordination of other intestinal functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217852
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation of the large arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) by adrenergic and peptide-containing neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Perivascular nerves ; Cardiac innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Neuropeptide Y ; Substance P ; Adrenergic nerves ; Amphibia, Anura (Bufo marinus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the major arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) was examined by use of glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and peptide immunohistochemistry. All arteries possessed a moderate to dense plexus of adrenergic axons, which also showed neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). Some adrenergic axons in the intracardiac vagal trunks showed NPY-LI, but the varicose adrenergic axons innervating the cardiac muscle of the atria and ventricle, and the coronary blood vessels did not display NPY-LI. About half of the nerve cell bodies in the anterior sympathetic chain ganglia with dopamine-β-hydroxylase-LI (DBH-LI) also contained NPY-LI. The nerve cell bodies with DBH-LI alone were generally larger (median diameter 30 μm) than those with both DBH-LI and NPY-LI (median diameter 20 μm). Some cell bodies showing DBH-LI alone were surrounded by boutons with NPY-LI but not DBH-LI. Axons that displayed simultaneously both substance P-LI (SP-LI) and calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI (CGRP-LI) also formed a plexus around all arteries studied, being particularly dense around the mesenteric and pulmonary arteries. These axons are most likely sensory since SP-LI was reduced by capsaicin treatment, and nerve cell bodies with both SP-LI and CGRP-LI were found in dorsal root ganglia and the vagal ganglion. A dense plexus of axons showing somatostatin-LI was located around the pulmonary artery and its main intrapulmonary branches. A few nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-LI were found around the dorsal aorta and pulmonary artery. No perivascular nerves with enkephalin-LI were observed. Reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography of acid extracts of the large arteries showed that the major peaks of NPY-LI and SP-LI coeluted with porcine NPY (1–36) and synthetic SP (1–11), respectively. Thus, the location and structure of these peptides in perivascular nerves has been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221866
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