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  • Histamine  (7)
  • Airway Resistance  (3)
  • Airway resistance  (2)
  • Bronchial hyperresponsiveness  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 150 (1974), S. 83-96 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Exposure to SO2 ; Airway Resistance ; Time-Concentration Curve ; Obstructive Bronchitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand eigener Ergebnisse und anhand der Literaturangaben werden verschiedene Bereiche der SO2-Belastung von Tier und Mensch beschrieben. Bei geringen Konzentrationen in Bereichen der MIK-Werte kann es zu einer Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit des Bronchialsystems kommen. Der Organismus verfügt über Adaptationsmechanismen. Wahrscheinlich spielen Konzentrationsänderungen pro Zeiteinheit eine größere Rolle als die absoluten Konzentrationen. Höhere Konzentrationen können das Krankheitsbild der chronisch obstruktiven Bronchitis verursachen. Probanden, welche SO2 gegenüber am Arbeitsplatz exponiert sind, sollten mit ihrer Reagibilität des Bronchialsystems überwacht werden.
    Notes: Abstract SO2 shows different reactions on the lung and on the bronchial tree, depending on concentration and on duration of exposure. Low concentration can increase the sensitivity of the bronchial receptors, higher concentrations can directly increase the airway resistance. This reaction depends also on other particles inhaled at the same time. Coal dust (8 mg/m3) has no influence on the SO2 effect. Higher concentrations can cause chronic obstructive bronchitis, as could be shown in dogs. Persons exposed to SO2 at work should be checked for the reaction of their bronchial systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 991-996 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine ; Obstructive air way disease (OAD) ; Oversensitive bronchial system ; Histamine receptors ; Histamin ; Bronchokonstriktion ; überempfindliches Bronchialsystem ; Histamin-Rezeptoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es besteht eine statistisch strenge Korrelation zwischen dem Anstieg der Histaminkonzentration im arteriellen Plasma und dem Anstieg der Strömungswiderstände in den Atemwegen bei experimentell verursachter allergischer Atemwegsobstruktion. Das Histamin wird an sensorischen Rezeptoren im Sinne einer Reflexbronchokonstriktion wirksam. Histamin verursacht in geringen Konzentrationen im Bronchialsystem eine unspezifische Empfindlichkeitssteigerung. Diese kann auch durch Allergene in sehr geringer Konzentration hervorgerufen werden. Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis haben hohe Histamin-Konzentrationen im Sputum. Durch Waschungen der inneren Oberfläche des Bronchialbaums lassen sich hohe Histamin-Konzentrationen in der Spülflüssigkeit nachweisen. Die Gabe gleicher Histamin-Konzentrationen intravenös verursacht Bronchokonstriktion. Es ist anzunehmen, daß Histamin-Rezeptoren nahe der Oberfläche der Bronchialschleimhaut vorhanden sind. Ebenso müssen in der Oberfläche oder auf der Oberfläche der Bronchialschleimhaut Mastzellen vorhanden sein.
    Notes: Summary There is a statistically strong correlation between the increase of the histamine concentration in the arterial plasma and the increase of airway resistance. The histamine causes a reflex bronchoconstriction on the sensory receptors. Histamine in low concentration increases the unspecific reaction in the bronchial system. This can also be achieved using low concentrations of allergen aerosols. Patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis show high concentrations of histamine in the sputum. The bronchoconstrictive potency of this histamine was found to be not always active. Higher concentrations of histamine can be liberated by washing the inner surface of the bronchial tree. Histamine injected in similar concentrations as that measured in the sputum causes bronchoconstriction. There should be high concentrations of histamine receptors as well as mast cells near the surface of the mucosa of the bronchial wall. There are many questions remaining open, which will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine ; Prostaglandin F2α ; Thromboxane B2 ; Mediator release ; Airways reactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with ascaris extract (AE) on airway response to acetylcholine (ACH) and histamine (Hi) was investigated in a series of 24 dogs. AE administered to a restricted area of the trachea resulted in a release of various mediators such as Hi, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α, measured as the metabolite 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2α) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) into the tracheal lumen. This differed from H2O administration which resulted in no increased release of these mediators. The relatively small concentrations of these substances measured in arterial plasma argue for the role of these mediators on a local basis. On the other hand, tracheal lavage with allergen induced changes in airway response to ACH and Hi aerosols which was not observed after tracheal lavage with water. An interaction between this allergen-induced mediator release into the trachea and peripheral airways reactivity could be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Bronchoconstriction ; Direct action on bronchial muscle ; Histamine ; Acetylcholine ; Vagotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During administration of highly concentrated acetyclcholine and histamine aerosol (20–40 min), different effects on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and bronchial tone could be demonstrated. Inhalation after vagotomy neither showed changes in respiratory rate nor in tidal volume. These results point out the importance of the nervus vagus in case of bronchoconstriction caused by mediators. It is discussed to which degree vagus activity is required for the direct effect of different mediators in living animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Pronase ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage in a restricted area, with a proteolytic enzyme (Pronase) on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 15 dogs. Histamine concentrations measured in the tracheal liquid after lavage with Pronase were smaller than the values after tracheal lavage with allergen. Airway response to ACH inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with Pronase. Effects of proteolytic enzymes and allergens on the tracheal wall are compared. Allergens and proteolytic enzymes evidence a different mode of action in increasing reactivity of peripheral airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 183 (1983), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Histamine ; Bronchospastic response ; Acetylcholine ; Tracheal lavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with histamine, and of i.v. administration of histamine on bronchospastic response was studied in 16 dogs. Airway response to acetylcholine inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with high concentrated histamine solution (1%). No influence on airway response was found after (1) tracheal lavage with lower concentrations of histamine and (2) its i.v. administration. The clinical importance of these manifestations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Vagus ; Bronchoconstriction ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine ; Artificial ventilation ; Spontaneous breathing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the vagus nerves on resting respiratory resistance (R1) and dynamic lung elastance (Edyn) and the mechanism of action of inhaled aerosol of histamine (Hist) and acetylcholine (ACH) were studied in anesthetized spontaneously breathing and artificially ventilated dogs. Observations were also extended to study the effect of electrical stimuli to cut ends of both vagi alone and during inhalation of aerosols. Bilateral cervical vagal blockade by local application of novocaine solution (2.5%) or bilateral vagotomy reduced resting R1 and Edyn and prevented increase of these parameters following inhalation of aerosols of Hist or ACH in spontaneously breathing dogs. However, the similar vagal blockade or vagotomy in artificially ventilated animals showed neither an influence on resting R1 and Edyn nor could it prevent their increase following the exposure to aerosol of Hist or ACH. Electrical stimuli to the peripheral cut ends of vagi induced slight increase in R1 and Edyn, but the effect on heart rate and systemic blood pressure was very strong. The combined effects of aerosol of Hist or ACH and electrical stimuli were additive. It is concluded that inhalation of aerosol of Hist or ACH produced two kinds of effects on respiration: (1) Increased respiratory rates with reduced tidal volume and with bronchoconstriction which were vagusdependent (spontaneous breathing model), and (2) bronchoconstriction which was a direct response of smooth muscle without involving a reflex (artificial ventilation model).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 171 (1977), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Airway resistance ; Vagus blockade ; Bronchoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response to prolonged antigen exposure and the potentation of airway resistance increase to ACH challenge, after this exposure, were studied on sixteen boxer dogs. One group of animals presented fatigue to A. E. after 3 hours of exposure. This group developed an increased response to ACH aerosol after fatique to antigen was present. In a second group of dogs, absence of fatigue during prolonged exposure to allergen was observed. A growing tendency of Edyn (as an index of airway resistance) was observed after 5 hours of exposure. The therapeutical influence of bilateral vagus blockade was tested in these last animals. Blockade of nervus vagus released airway obstruction during prolonged allergen exposure and no bronchoconstriction was observed after ACH challenge during blockade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 38 (1976), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: NO2 ; Airway resistance ; Acetylcholine-sensitivity ; NO2 ; Atemwegswiderstand ; Acetylcholin-Überempfindlichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Klimakammer wurden unter konstanten Temperatur-und Feuchtigkeitsbedingungen 16 gesunde Versuchspersonen mit O (= Kontrolle), 1 (= 1,8 mg/m3), 2,5 (= 4,5 mg/m3), 5 (= 9 mg/m3) and 7,5 (= 13,5 mg/m3) ppm NO2 über 2 h und 8 gesunde Probanden mit 5 ppm NO2 über 14 h belastet. Erfaßt wurden der Bronchialwiderstand (Rt), das endexspiratorische Thoraxgas volumen (IGV) und der arterielle O2-(PaO2) and CO2-(PaCO2) Partialdruck sowie die Bronchialwiderstandsänderung nach Acetylcholininhalation (ΔRt nach ACH) als Maß der bronchialen Reaktionsbereitschaft gegenüber bronchokonstriktorischen Reizen. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. NO2 ≥ 2,5 ppm fahrte im Mittel zu einem signifikanten Rt-Anstieg. Für die geprüften Konzentrationen ≥ 2,5 ppm ließ sich keine eindeutige Dosis-Wir kungsrelation ermitteln. 2. Der Verlauf der Rt-Änderung unter NO2 zeigte einen initialen Gipfel, dann bis zur zeigten Belastungsstunde eine Tendenz zur Rückbildung und anschließend eine erneute ausgeprägtere Zunahme, die mit der weiteren Expositionszeit kor reliert war. 3. Das Ausmaß der individuellen Rt-Zunahme unter NO2 war signifikant mit dem vorbestehenden individuellen ΔRt nach ACH korreliert. 4. Δ Rt nach ACH nahm nach Belastung mit 7,5 ppm NO2 über 2 h and mit 5 ppm NO2 über 14 h signifikant zu, nicht nach 2-stündiger Belastung mit 2,5 und 5 ppm NO2. 5. Das mittlere IGV stieg unter NO2 ≥ 2,5 ppm an; die Steigerung war nur imspäten Verlauf der 14-stündigen Belastung mit 5 ppm NO2 statistisch signifikant. 6. PaO2 und PaCO2 zeigten unter No2 im Vergleich zum Kontrollversuch keine überzufälligen Abweichungen. Es wird angenommen, daß NO2 den bronchialen Vagusreflex durch Stimulation und/oder Sensibilisierung der sensorischen Rezeptoren beeinflußt.
    Notes: Summary Sixteen healthy persons were exposed to O (= control), 1 (= 1.8 mg/m3), 2.5 (= 4.5 mg/m3), 5 (= 9 mg/m3), and 7.5 (= 13.5 mg/m3) ppm NO2 for 2 h and 8 healthy persons to 5 ppm NO2 for 14 h in an airconditioning plant. Temperature and humidity were kept constant. We determined the airway resistance (Rt), the endexspiratory thoracic gas volume (IGV), the arterial O2- (PaO2) and CO2-(PCO2) tension, and the bronchial susceptibility to bronchoconstricting irritants by considering the increase of the Rt-value after inhalation of acetylcholine (ΔRt after ACH). The following results were obtained: 1. A significant increase of mean Rt-values was observed by exposure to ≥ 2.5 ppm NO2. The concentrations ≥ 2.5 ppm tested, did not show a significant dose-response dependence. 2. The changes of the Rt-values during NO2-exposure showed an initial peak, then a decreasing tendency until the second hour, concluding with a new, more pronounced increase, which was correlated with the further time of exposure. 3. The individual amount of the increase of Rt during exposure to NO2 was significant related to the individual ΔRt after ACH. 4. ΔRt after ACH increased significantly after exposure to 7.5 ppm NO2 over 2 h and to 5 ppm NO2 over 14 h, but not after exposure to 2.5 and 5 ppm NO2 over 2 h. 5. During NO2 ≥2 2.5 ppm the mean values of IGV increased, but the augmentation was significant only in the later stages of the exposure to 5 ppm NO2 over 14 h. 6. No significant differences of PaO2 and PaCO2 were observed in relation to control. We assume, that NO2 influences the bronchial vagus-reflex by stimulation and/or sensitisation of the irritant receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 478-483 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Carbon black dust exposure ; Lung function testing ; Obstructive airway diseases ; Confounding variables ; Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spirometry, full-bodyplethysmography, and inhalation challenge tests are the most frequently used methods for lung function testing. In all, 677 examinations were performed among exposed employees at the Degussa carbon black plant in Kalscheuren/Germany using the above mentioned methods, in order to detect whether there is a measurable impact of carbon black fine dust on pulmonary function, or a higher prevalence of obstructive air-way diseases among the study candidates, and whether fine dust exposure is related to the prevalence of bronchial hyperresposiveness. Within the smokers' group carbon black dust exposure reveals a (minimal) impact upon the lung function of the study subjects. However, the impact of fine dust exposure within that group is less significant than the influence of smoking on pulmonary function. Nevertheless, smokers are displaying significant more frequently signs of obstructive airway diseases compared with nonsmokers. In the smokers' group we found 7.3% of study subjects with signs of obstructive airway diseases compared with 3.9% in the group of nonsmokers. No significant impact of fine dust exposure on lung function could be detected within former-and nonsmokers. The overall percentage of 5.1 % is not higher than that of subjects with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in other comparable studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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