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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Levodopa ; Inotropic drugs ; Congestive heart failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the long-term effects of orally administered levodopa, 11 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (NYHA III–IV) were studied during maintenance therapy (30±1 days) and after withdrawal from levodopa. The daily levodopa dose was 4 g in six patients; because of side effects the levodopa dose was reduced to 2–3 g in the remaining patients. After withdrawal of levodopa, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and mean right atrial pressure increased significantly (from 19±2 to 24±3 and from 7±2 to 9±2 mmHg, respectively). Effective renal plasma flow was 329±57 during levodopa therapy and decreased significantly to 252±27 ml/min after withdrawal of levodopa. The number of ventricular premature contractions and couplets increased during levodopa therapy and decreased again significantly after withdrawal of levodopa. No significant differences between on and off levodopa were observed in resting heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke work index, systemic vascular resistance, sodium and water excretion, or creatinine clearance. Seven patients improved on levodopa therapy by one NYHA class; four of these seven patients deteriorated again by one NYHA class after withdrawal of levodopa. Regarding both clinical and hemodynamic changes after withdrawal of levodopa, three patients were classified as responders to long-term levodopa therapy. All three responders received 4 g levodopa per day. Average dopamine plasma level was 5.3±0.8 ng/ml in the responder group and 2.0±0.5 ng/ml in the nonresponder group. Long-term administration of oral levodopa is associated with beneficial clinical and hemodynamic response in only a minority of patients with chronic congestive heart failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 993-1002 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Congestive heart failure ; Calcium antagonists ; Hemodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although beneficial acute hemodynamic effects of calcium antagonists in heart failure have been reported, their use in this setting is still controversial because of the negative inotropic effects produced by these agents. The direct actions of calcium antagonists, that is direct depression of myocardial contractility and coronary and peripheral vasodilatation, are modulated by systemic hypotension-induced baroreceptor activation of autonomic reflexes. Thus, at clinically relevant dosages, the baroreceptor-mediated cardiac stimulatory effects may counterbalance or override the direct negative-inotropic effects, as usually observed with nifedipine or diltiazem. By contrast, with verapamil significant depression of contractility may occur. Newer calcium antagonists with higher vasoselectivity such as nisoldipine or felodipine may be particularly interesting in the setting of congestive heart failure because of pronounced arterial vasodilatation and their additional effects on coronary blood flow, LV-regional wall motion and diastolic function and peripheral blood flow distribution with negligible myocardial effects. Due to their marked vasodilatating properties, newer derivatives may be advantageous in the treatment of heart failure due to coronary artery disease and hypertension. Although limited data concerning long-term efficacy are available, preliminary studies suggest long-term benefit in selected patients. It appears that verapamil should not be used for vasodilator therapy of severe heart failure, since deterioration of LV function may occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. S5 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Peritonitis ; Candidiasis ; Mycosis ; Fungal infection ; Antifungal therapy ; Schlüsselwörter Peritonitis ; Candidiasis ; Mycosis ; Fungal-Infektion ; Antifungal-Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Obwohl 20% der Bevölkerung eine Pilzkolonisation des Gastrointestinaltrakts aufweisen, spielen Mykosen in der Initialphase der sekundären Peritonitis eine untergeordnete Rolle. Das Risiko für eine Pilzinfektion steigt nach ausgedehnten operativen Eingriffen, bei Breitspektrumantibiose, parenteraler Ernährung, Katheterismus, Immunsuppression etc. deutlich an. Innerhalb der letzten Jahre nahmen bei nosokomialen Infektionen Mykosen (überwiegend Candida spp.) deutlich zu. Intraabdominale Infektionen bei CAPD-Patienten werden in ca. 5% der Fälle durch Pilze verursacht. Bei Peritonitiden aufgrund Anastomoseninsuffizienz steigt die Inzidenz der Mykosen deutlich an, wobei die Letalität bis zu 80% beträgt. Im Verlauf der schweren Pankreatitis tritt bei bis zu 5% der Nekroseinfektionen eine invasive Mykose auf. Die Klinik der invasiven Pilzinfektion gleicht dem septischen Syndrom und ist in diesem Stadium mit einer Häufigkeit von bis zu 50% mit Fungämien vergesellschaftet. Da die meisten fakultativ pathogenen Pilze Teil der physiologischen Flora sind, ist die Interpretation kultureller Nachweise schwierig. Zur Diagnose einer invasiven Mykose können histopathologische Methoden sowie serologische Candidaantigen- und -antikörpernachweis hilfreich sein. Therapeutisch stehen mit Amphotericin B, Flucytosin und Fluconazol 3 hochwirksame Substanzen für die i.v.-Applikation zur Verfügung. Amphotericin B wird in einer Dosierung bis zu 1 mg/kg und Tag, in der liposomalen Galenik bis 3 mg/kg und Tag verabreicht. Flucytosin (0,15–0,2 g/kg und Tag) ist gut liquorgängig und hat in der Kombination mit Amphotericin B eine synergistische Wirkung. Fluconazol stellt bei empfindlichen Pilzen (Ausnahmen C. glabrata und C. krusei) in einer Dosierung von 200–800 mg/Tag eine ähnlich wirksame und nebenwirkungsärmere Alternative dar.
    Notes: Abstract Although there is a 20% yeast colonization in the gastrointestinal tract of the population, fungal infections appear only rarely in secondary peritonitis. The risk of severe mycosis increases after a major operation and when a patient is taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, is on total parenteral nutrition, is catheterized, and/or is immune-suppressed. In the past years the incidence of nosocomial fungal infections (usually Candida spp.) has risen significantly. Five percent of CAPD-related peritonitis is caused by fungi. In enteral anastomosis breakdown, invasive mycosis occurs more often, with an accompanying lethality of up to 80%. In severe pancreatitis, up to 5% of peripancreatic necrosis is infected with fungi. The clinical course of severe mycosis, like the septic syndrome, is associated with fungemia in up to 50% of cases. As most of the facultative pathogenic fungi are part of the physiological flora, it is difficult to interpret mycological cultures. In order to diagnose invasive fungal infections, histopathological techniques and serologic tests for antigens and antibodies are available. Three antifungal agents (amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole) are available for intravenous administration. Amphotericin B is given at doses of up to 1 mg/kg per day, in liposomal galenism up to 3 mg/kg per day. Combining amphotericin B with flucytosine (150–200 mg/kg per day) a synergistic effect is reached. Fluconazole at a dosage of 200–800 mg per day represents an alternative with similar antifungal activity and lower side effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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