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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3)
  • Biological monitoring  (2)
  • Reversed micelle
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 449-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Acetone ; Biological monitoring ; Hexane ; 2 ; 5-Hexanedione ; Toluene ; Ethyl acetate ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate whether metabolic interactions exist between hexane (HEX) and other solvents when co-exposed at the levels below occupational exposure limits. Methods: Workers, 219 men in ten workshops in total, volunteered to participate in the study. They were occupationally exposed to mixtures of HEX and one or more of toluene (TOL), ethyl acetate (EA) and acetone (ACE). Time-weighted average intensity of vapor exposures was monitored by diffusive personal sampling. `Free'- and `total'-2,5-hexanedione (HD) levels in the end-of-shift urine samples were determined by gas chromatography (GC) before and after acid hydrolysis of urine, respectively, and expressed as observed (HDob) or after correction for creatinine concentration (HDcr) or urine specific gravity (HDsg). Possible interaction was examined by multiple regression analysis (MRA), taking either free- or total-HD as a dependent variable, and the four solvent concentrations as independent variables. Results: In most cases, exposure intensity did not exceed the current occupational exposure limits even when additiveness was assumed. In addition that HEX was the most influential independent variable in all cases as expected, the MRA showed that, in cases of free-HD, ACE was also influential to HDob although weakly, but not to HDcr or HDsg. With regard to total-HD, ACE was weakly influential to HDob and HDsg, and EA also weakly to HDcr. The effect of ACE on free- or total-HD was not detected, however, when 22 men exposed only to HEX and ACE were subjected to the same analysis. Similarly, the effect of EA on total-HD was not observed among the remaining 197 men exposed to HEX, TOL and EA only. Conclusions: When the exposures were below occupational exposure limits, the free-HD levels in urine after HEX exposure will not be modified by co-exposures to TOL, EA or ACE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Acrylonitrile ; Adducts ; Biological monitoring ; Gas chromatography ; Hemoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new, simple and fast procedure of measuring acrylonitrile (ACN) in ACN derived mercapturic acids such as S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine(CyEC), and in hemoglobin (Hb) and plasma protein adducts and urinary metabolites in rats and humans exposed to ACN was developed. ACN in mercapturic acids or proteins was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) by liberating ACN at a high-temperature in the injector port of GC with or without oxidizing sulfur atoms of the ACN-bound cysteines into sulfoxide form by hydrogen peroxide in vitro. At 350 °C, more than 90% of ACN in authentic CyEC was recovered by this method. Increasing a single ip dose of ACN from 5 to 50 mg/kg produced proportional increases in ACN bound to Hb 24 hr after the treatment. The alkylation of plasma protein with ACN was about 1/10 as low as that of Hb. After repeated daily ip doses of 1–10 mg/kg, ACN in Hb decreased with a half-life of about 9 days. ACN was also detected in the blood of workers exposed to ACN for 1 to 10 years at a Siberian synthetic rubber factory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 195-199 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Reversed micelle ; W/O microemulsion ; Polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The limiting amounts of solubilization of water in the concentration range 0–200 mmol kg−1 polyoxyethylene (6 and 10) nonylphenyl ethers (NP-6 and NP-10)/cyclohexane solutions were measured by the Karl-Fischer method at 25°C. Utilizing NMR, ESR, and near infrared spectroscopic techniques, the states of water in the solubilization region obtained were examined as a function of the molar ratio of water to surfactants at various surfactant concentrations. In NP-6 system, three solubilized states of water, i.e., water interacted directly with the oxyethylene moiety of surfactant, bound water next to the hydrated oxyethylene moiety, and bulk-like water were built up. However, in NP-10 system only directly interacted water was present. It was found that the directly interacted water is distributed between monomeric surfactants and reversed micelles, and others are distributed to swollen micelles and W/O microemulsions. In addition, the minimum amounts of water required to form reversed and swollen micelles were calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 825-828 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 128 (1969), S. 63-82 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um die Möglichkeit zur Bildung von Polymerkristallen mit gestreckten Ketten, die sich im Verlauf der Polymerisation bilden, zu ergründen, wurde die kationische Polymerisation von Trioxan in Cyclohexan untersucht. Das Polymere - Polyoxymethylen - wurde in Form neuartiger Einkristalle erhalten. Sowohl aus den morphologischen und physikalischen Untersuchungen der erhaltenen Polymeren als auch aus kinetischen Untersuchungen der Polymerisation ging hervor, daß die langen, nadelartigen Keime, die sich zu Beginn der Polymerisation bilden, unter Zwillingsbildung zu federartigen Plättchen wachsen. Aus den Dichtemessungen ergab sich der Kristallinitätsgrad der entstehenden Polymeren zu 100% Die Molekülketten waren völlig gestreckt und regelmäßig in der Richtung des Kristallwachstums angeordnet. Das Wachstum des Kristalls verläuft in dem Maße, wie die Polymerisation fortschreitet. Es wird daher angenommen, daß der Kristall direkt durch das Kettenwachstum weiterwächst, das seinerseits durch die Addition der monomeren Moleküle an die aktiven Kettenenden eintritt, die zweidimensional auf der wachsenden Oberfläche des Kristalls angeordnet sind. Jedoch stimmt die Kettenlänge des gebildeten Polymeren, die aus der Viskosität der Lösung ermittelt wurde, nicht überein mit den Dimensionen des Kristalls, gemessen in der kristallographischen Kettenrichtung, d. h., die viskosimetrisch ermittelte Kettenlänge war viel kleiner. Die obengenannten Ergebnisse werden durch Kettenübertragungsreaktionen und durch die katalytische Zersetzung der polymeren Kette erklärt.
    Notes: In order to pursue the possibility of the extended chain crystals of polymers formed in the course of polymerization, the cationic polymerization of trioxane in cyclohexane has been studied. The polymer, polyoxymethylene, was obtained in the form of a unique single crystal. From the morphological and physical studies of the resultant polymers as well as the kinetical studies of the polymerization, it has been revealed that long, needle-like nuclei formed in the beginning of the polymerization grew into feather-like platelets with twin habit. The degree of crystallinity of the nascent polymer was essentially 100% in terms of their densities. The molecular chains were fully extended and regularly aligned in the direction of the crystal growth. The growth of the crystal occurred as the polymerization proceeded. Thus it is considered that the crystal grows quite successively to the propagation of the chains through direct addition of the monomer molecules onto the reactive chain ends which are aligned two-dimensionally on the growing surface of the crystal. The molecular length of the nascent polymer estimated from the solution viscosity, however, did not agree with the crystal dimensions measured in the direction of the molecular orientation, the former being rather small. The above results are explained in terms of the chain-transfer reaction and the catalytic decomposition of the polymer chain.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 2 (1964), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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