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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 883-891 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Renin ; Angiotensin II ; ACE inhibitors ; Renal function ; Blood pressure ; Diabetes mellitus ; Renin ; Angiotensin II ; ACE-Hemmer ; Nierenfunktion ; Blutdruck
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht gegeben über in der Literatur berichtete Befunde bei Diabetikern bezüglich der Aktivität der Komponenten des Renin-Angiotensin Systems (RAS), der Organansprechbarkeit auf Angiotensin II (ANG II), des ANG II-Rezeptorbestandes und der Auswirkungen einer Hemmung des RAS durch Angiotensin I Konversionsenzym (ACE)-Hemmer. Die Literaturübersicht zeigt, in Übereinstimmung mit eigenen Befunden, daß die Aktivität des RAS bei Diabetikern mit ausreichender Stoffwechselkontrolle normal oder eher gesteigert ist. Auch beim nephropathischen Diabetiker wird eine erhöhte, aber auch eine verringerte Aktivität des RAS angegeben. Dies widerspricht der häufig vorgetragenen Vermutung, daß das RAS bei Diabetes mellitus generell supprimiert und funktionell inaktiv ist. Letzteres wurde vor allem aus Befunden eines erniedrigten ANG II-Rezeptorbestandes bei anorektischen, schwerst hyperglykämischen Ratten geschlossen. Diese Befunde lassen sich beim Menschen nicht bestätigen, wo eher ein erhöhter ANG II-Rezeptorbestand beobachtet wurde. Dies steht im Einklang mit den häufigen Berichten, daß die Pressorantwort auf infundiertes ANG II beim Diabetiker deutlich gesteigert ist. Die gesteigerte Ansprechbarkeit hat wahrscheinlich funktionelle Bedeutung, da beim Diabetiker trotz eines erhöhten Körper-Natriumbestandes das RAS dennoch nicht, wie erwartet, supprimiert ist. Eine Reihe von Befunden sprechen auch dafür, daß die Widerstandsgefäße der Niere beim Diabetiker auf AN-G II vermehrt ansprechen. Hier könnte möglicherweise eine Ursache für die Hyperfiltration liegen. Jedenfalls wird übereinstimmend eine Verminderung der Mikroalbuminurie nach Hemmung des RAS mit ACE-Hemmern gefunden, ein möglicher indirekter Hinweis auf eine Verminderung des glomerulären kapillären Drucks.
    Notes: Summary We review available data on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), responsiveness to angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG II receptor number, and effects of inhibition of the RAS by angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. Most authors, including ourselves, observed a normal or enhanced activity of the RAS in metabolically stable diabetics. Increased but also reduced activity of the RAS was described in nephropathic diabetes. This is in contrast to the common suggestion that the RAS of diabetics is generally suppressed and functionally inactive. The last assumption was mainly based on the finding of reduced ANG II receptor numbers in anorectic, severely hyperglycemic rats. These findings could not be reproduced in man, and a higher ANG II receptor concentration on platelets of diabetics goes in parallel with the frequent finding of an enhanced pressor response to infused ANG II in diabetes. This increased responsiveness is most probably of functional importance since the RAS is not suppressed — as one would expect — in the face of a supranormal body sodium content. A number of data also indicate that renal resistance vessels display increased responsiveness to ANG II in diabetics. This may be a reason for hyperfiltration. This notion is further supported by the reduction of albuminuria which is usually observed following inhibition of the RAS with ACE inhibitors, and which may be an index of reduction of glomerular capillary pressure in human diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; blood pressure ; salt sensitivity ; plasma renin activity ; atrial natriuretic factor ; circadian blood pressure profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) elevated exchangeable sodium (Na) levels are found even in the absence of hypertension, but it is not known whether this is associated with increased sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium level. To clarify this issue we compared 30 patients with IDDM (19 without and 11 with microalbuminuria, i.e. more than 30 mg albumin/day) and 30 control subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index. The subjects were studied on the 4th day of a low-salt diet (20 mmol/day) under in-patient conditions and were subsequently changed to the same diet with a high-salt supplement, yielding a total daily intake of 220 mmol Na/day. Circadian blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma atrial natriuretic factor (p-ANF), plasma cyclic guanosine 5′-phosphate (p-cGMP) and urinary albumin were measured. The proportion of salt-sensitive subjects, i.e. showing increment of mean arterial pressure ≥ 3 mmHg on high-salt diet, was 43% in diabetic patients (50% of diabetic patients with and 37% without microalbuminuria) and 17% in control subjects (p〈0.05). Lying and standing PRA levels on low- or high-salt diet were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in control subjects. Salt-sensitive diabetic patients had significantly higher lying ANF on high-salt (38.7±4.2 pmol/l vs 20.1±2.3 pmol/l, p〈0.005) than on low-salt diet. The results suggest that (i) the prevalence of sodium sensitivity is high in IDDM (ii) sodium sensitivity is found even in the absence of nephropathy as indicated by albuminuria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; diabetic nephropathy ; blood pressure ; metabolic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The respective rôles of arterial blood pressure and metabolic control in different stages of diabetic nephropathy were analyzed retrospectively in 52 sequentially-followed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. A negative correlation was found between median post-prandial blood glucose and median duration of diabetes until onset of persistent proteinuria (p〈0.01). Systolic blood pressure was higher in patients who subsequently developed persistent proteinuria than those who did not (140 versus 121 mmHg; p〈0.05), but duration of the interval until onset of persistent proteinuria was not related to blood pressure. After onset of persistent proteinuria, hypertensive diabetic patients developed elevated serum creatinine concentrations more frequently than normotensive diabetic patients (67% versus 14%, p〈0.05). In these patients, the delay until elevation of serum creatinine concentration was negatively correlated with blood glucose (p〈0.01). Once serum creatinine was raised, decay of renal function occurred faster in patients with persistent than intermittent hypertension (p〈0.05). No effect of metabolic control was demonstrable at this stage of nephropathy. It is concluded that metabolic control determines the early course of diabetic nephropathy, whereas blood pressure is more important in advanced stages of nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 48 (1995), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Moxonidine ; Renal haemodynamics ; imidazoline receptors ; natriuresis ; blood pressure ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Moxonidine and related compounds have been recently introduced into antihypertensive therapy. It is thought that these drugs exert their blood pressure lowering effect through interaction with nonadrenergic receptors in the central nervous system, i.e. imidazoline receptors, although the contribution of specific interaction with α2-receptors is still under debate. Imidazoline receptors have recently been documented in the renal proximal tubule. In experimental studies, interaction of imidazolines with these receptors decreased the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter and induced natriuresis. To quantitate the effect of the imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine on renal sodium handling and renal haemodynamics in man, we examined ten healthy normotensive males (aged 25 ± 4 years) in a double blind placebo-controlled study using a crossover design. Subjects were studied on a standardized salt intake (50 mmol per day). On the 7th and 10th study day they were randomly allocated to receive either i.v. placebo or i.v. 0.2 mg moxonidine. Urinary electrolyte excretion, lithium clearance (as an index of proximal tubular sodium handling), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma noradrenaline (NA) levels were assessed. Injection of moxonidine did not increase fractional sodium excretion or lithium clearance. Specifically, antinatriuresis was not observed after injection of moxonidine despite a significant decrease in MAP from 91 to 85 mmHg and a significant increase in PRA. MAP and PRA did not change with administration of placebo. Injection of moxonidine did not affect GFR and RVR; ERPF decreased slightly but not significantly. Acute administration of 0.2 mg i.v. moxonidine decreased blood pressure in healthy volunteers on standardized salt intake, but did not affect natriuresis, proximal tubular sodium reabsorption or glomerular filtration rate. The absence of an antinatriuretic response despite a decrease in blood pressure suggests a direct facilitation of natriuresis by moxonidine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 575-580 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Nephrolithiasis ; Hypercalciuria ; Natrium ; Blutdruck ; Phosphat ; Risikofaktoren ; Nephrolithiasis ; Hypercalciuria ; Sodium ; Hypertension ; Riskfactors ; Plasma phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present investigation 238 randomly selected male individuals of the general population (age 19–41 years) and 42 age-matched male patients with recurrent renal stone formation (calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate) were studied under outpatient conditions without dietary restrictions. Urinary Na excretion was 207 ± 82 mmol/24 h (range 55–570) in controls and 208 ± 100 (range 76–575) in recurrent renal stone formers. Both in controls (r=0.36;p 〈 0.01) and in stone formers (r=0.4;p 〈 0.01) a significant correlation was observed between urinary excretion of sodium and calcium. Urinary sodium excretion was unrelated to systolic or diastolic blood pressure in normotensive or hypertensive individuals. This finding indicates that factors other than sodium are involved in the maintenance of hypertension. Urinary sodium, presumably an index of intake of nutrients, was significantly correlated to several coronary risk factors, e.g. fasting glucose, cholesterol and overweight. There existed a significant inverse relationship between fasting plasma phosphate and urinary sodium, but not between fasting plasma phosphate and serum iPTH or urinary cAMP. This finding points to some function of sodium excretion as one determinant of plasma phosphate.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden 238 randomisiert ausgewählte männliche Individuen der Normalbevölkerung (Alter: 19–41 Jahre) und 42 altersgleiche Patienten mit rezidivierender Calcium-Oxalat- und/oder Calcium-Phosphat-Nephrolithiasis verglichen. Die Untersuchungen fanden unter ambulanten Bedingungen ohne diätetische Restriktionen statt. Die Urin-Natriumausscheidung betrug 207 ± 82 mmol/24 h (Bereich 55–570) bei Kontrollen und 208 ± 100 mmol/24 h (Bereich 75–574) bei Stein-Patienten. Sowohl bei Kontrollen (r=0,36,p 〈 0,01) und Patienten (r=0,4,p 〈 0,01) bestand eine signifikante Beziehung zwischen der Natrium- und Calcium-Ausscheidungsrate. Weder bei normotensiven noch bei hypertensiven Individuen konnte eine Beziehung zwischen Urin-Natrium-Ausscheidung zu systolischem oder diastolischem Blutdruck gefunden werden. Das Urin-Natrium als Index der Nahrungsaufnahme war signifikant korreliert mit verschiedenen coronaren Risikofaktoren, z.B. Glukose, Cholesterin und Übergewicht. Es konnte eine signifikante inverse Relation zwischen Urin-Natrium und Plasma-Phosphat gefunden werden, es bestand jedoch keine Beziehung zwischen Plasma-Phosphat und iPTH oder Urin-cAMP. Dieser Befund deutet darauf hin, daß die Natrium-Ausscheidung eine Determinante des Plasma-Phosphates darstellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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