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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (5)
  • N2-fixation  (3)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth and acetylene reduction activity ofAzolla caroliniana Willd. as influenced by split applications of urea fertilizer and their response on rice yield (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Azolla caroliniana ; N2-fixation ; rice yield ; crop N uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Experiment with different split applications of 40 kg N ha−1 of urea (U) at transplanting:30 days after transplanting:40 days before crop maturity with different proportions of 50:25:25, 25:50:25 and 0:50:50 splits, with and without Azolla, carried out for two consecutive seasons, revealed that fresh weight (FW), N2-fixation measured by acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and N yield of newly introducedAzolla caroliniana were higher with 0:50:50 treatment followed by 25:50:25 and 50:25:25.Azolla was unincorporated and left for self decomposition. The crop yield (grain yield, straw yield) and crop N uptake data indicated that among the no Azolla treatments, the use of 50:25:25 split resulted in highest crop yield and crop N uptake followed by 25:50:25 and 0:50:50 treatments, while these parameters recorded maximum value with 25:50:25 split in combination with Azolla followed by 50:25:25 and 0:50:50 treatments. The use of Azolla increased crop yield and crop N uptake significantly over no Azolla treatments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049513
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of Azolla management on the growth, yield of rice and soil fertility (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azolla pinnata ; dual cropping ; N2-fixation ; spacing ; rice yield
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A field experiment conducted at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, during three successive seasons showed that with the 120-day-duration variety Ratna two dual crops ofAzolla pinnata R. Brown (Bangkok isolate) could be achieved 25 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT) by inoculating 2.0 t ha−1 of fresh Azolla 10 and 30 DAT respectively. One basal crop of Azolla could also be grown using the same inoculum 20 days before transplanting (DBT) in fallow rice fields. The three crops of Azolla grown—once before transplanting and twice after transplanting—gave an average total biomass of 38–63 and 43–64 t ha−1 fresh Azolla containing 64–90 and 76–94 kg N ha−1 respectively in the square and rectangular spacings. Two crops of Azolla grown only as a dual crop, on the other hand, gave 26–39 and 29–41 t ha−1 fresh Azolla which contained 44–61 and 43–59 kg N ha−1 respectively. Growth and yield of rice were significantly higher in Azolla basal plus Azolla dual twice incorporated treatments than in the Azolla dual twice incorporation, Azolla basal plus 30 kg N ha−1 urea and 60 kg N ha−1 urea treatments. Azolla basal plus 30 kg N ha−1 urea and 60 kg N ha−1 urea showed similar yields but Azolla dual twice incorporation was significantly lower than those. The different spacing with same plant populations did not affect growth and yield significantly, whereas Azolla growth during dual cropping was 8.3 and 64% more in the rectangular spacing than in the square spacing in Azolla basal plus Azolla dual twice incorporation and Azolla dual twice incorporation treatments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370898
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of varying periods of inoculation ofAzolla pinnata R. Brown on its growth, nitrogen fixation and response to rice crop (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 98 (1987), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azolla pinnata ; Inoculation ; Intercropping ; N2-fixation ; Rice yield ; Rice N-uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Inoculation of water fernAzolla pinnata R. Brown (Bangkok isolate) at the rate of 500kg fresh weight ha−1 in rice fields at weekly intervals after planting in addition to 30 kg N ha−1 as urea showed a decrease in its growth and N2-fixation with delay in application. Use of Azolla up to 3 weeks after planting (WAP) during wet and 4 WAP during dry season produced significantly more grain yield than 30 kg N ha−1, whereas its application upto one WAP produced more grain yield than 60 kg N ha−1. Grain yield with Azolla applied at the time of planting was similar to that of 60 kg N treatment during the wet season. Higher grain yields in zero and one WAP Azolla treatments resulted due to increase in both number of panicles m−2 and number of grains/panicle while the subsequent Azolla inoculations increased grain yield mainly by producing more number of grains/panicle. Dry matter and total N yields at maturity of rice crop were more with Azolla application upto 3 WAP during wet and 2 WAP during dry season while the reduction in sterility (%) was observed upto one WAP over 30 kg N ha−1 during both seasons. Number of tillers m−2 and dry matter production at maximum tillering and flowering were more than 30 kg N ha−1 with the use of Azolla upto one WAP. Increased grain N yield was observed with the use of Azolla upto 4 WAP during two seasons whereas straw N yield increased upto one WAP during wet and 2 WAP during dry season.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374829
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural Studies on Indium and Tin Thiobenzoates (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 1093-1098 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Indium tris(thiobenzoate) ; Triethylammonium tetrakis(thiobenzoato)indate ; Tin, butyl-, tris(thiobenzoate) ; Tin, dichloro-, bis(thiobenzoate) ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Indium(III) and tin(IV) thiocarboxylates were prepared and characterized on the basis of their IR, 13C- and 19Sn-NMR data. Indium tris(thiobenzoate) (1) decomposes into a sulfido complex In (S)[S(O)CPh] (2a). The corresponding tris(thioacetate) In[S(O)CMe]3 is thermally too unstable to be isolated. The anionic tetrakis complex [Et3NH]{In[S(O)CPh]4} (3) was characterized by X-ray crystallography which revealed a distorted tetrahedral coordination at the In atom. X-ray diffraction analysis of the complexes BuSn[S(O)CPh]3 (4) and Cl2Sn[S(O)CPh]2 (7) showed distorted tetrahedral and cis-octahedral structures, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290918
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microstructure and mechanical behavior of reinforced reaction injection molded (RRIM) polyurethane (1987)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 1258-1264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A study was carried out to characterize the microstructure and distribution of some mechanical properties in reinforced reaction injection molding panels (RRIM). The panels were prepared under a variety of processing conditions. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared analysis were employed for microstructure characterization. The following mechanical tests were carried out: dynamic mechanical, tensile, and impact. The results indicate significant relationships between processing conditions, microstructure, and mechanical properties. In particular, the skin/core structure of the panels and the size distribution of bubbles in the matrix have an important effect on the impact properties. Furthermore, the balance between the distributions of cure and crystallinity, which is difficult to define clearly, plays an important role in determining panel behavior.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760271609
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of processing variables on microstructure of injection molded short fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (1989)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 10 (1989), S. 344-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Injection molded composites of polypropylene reinforced with short glass fibers were obtained under a variety of injection molding conditions. The microstructure of the moldings was determined using a variety of experimental techniques, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Thus, it was possible to obtain a detailed characterization of the crystallinity, morphology, and orientation distribution in the matrix, in addition to the distribution of fibers and their orientation of the fibers in the composite. The influence of molding conditions on the above microstructural characteristics is summarized in an effort to explain the experimental observations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750100511
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on the Hydrazine Complexes of Some Bivalent Metal Ions in aqueous solution (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 349 (1967), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Für die Hydrazin-Komplexe von Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) und Zn(II) werden Zusammensetzung und Bildungskonstanten nach der Methode von Rossotti und Rossotti ermittelt, wobei experimentell pH-Titrationen in Lösungen durchgeführt wurden, die Metall-perchlorat, Hydrazin-diperchlorat und Natriumperchlorat (Ionenstärke μ = 1, t = 30°C) enthalten. In entsprechender Weise wurden die Bildungskonstanten für die Protonisierung von Hydrazin bestimmt. Selbst bei den höchsten Verhältnissen: Gesamt-Hydrazin/Gesamt-Metall (etwa 60) haben die höchsten Komplexe nur bei Co(II) und Zn(II) das Verhältnis:Metall/Hydrazin = 1 : 2, während in allen anderen Fällen in Lösung nur 1 : 1-Komplexe zu existieren scheinen.Die Werte der Bildungskonstanten (30°C, μ = 1) siehe „Summary“.Die nach Bjerrum berechneten β1-Werte sind mit den gefundenen in recht guter Übereinstimmung mit Ausnahme für Co(II). Die Grenzen für die Bjerrum-Methode werden diskutiert.
    Notizen: The compositions and formation-constants of the complexes formed by Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with hydrazine have been evaluated graphically following the method of Rossotti and Rossotti using the necessary data from the results of pH titration of solutions containing the metal perchlorate, hydrazinium diperchlorate and sodium perchlorate at an ionic strength of unity at 30°C. The values of the successive equilibrium constants for the protonation of hydrazine, which were also needed, have been evaluated separately by similar procedure. Even at the rather high ratio of ca. 60 of (total hydrazine)/(total metal) the highest complexes which appear to be formed in the systems investigated have the ratio of metal:hydrazine of 1:2 for Co(II) and Zn(II), while in all the other cases only 1: 1 complexes appear to exist in solution.The values of the formation-constants (at 30°C; μ = 1) obtained are: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l} \log \beta _1 :{\rm Mn(II), 4}{\rm .76; Co(II), 1}{\rm .78; Ni(II),3}{\rm .18; Cu(II),6}{\rm .67;Zn(II), 3,69}{\rm.} \\ \log \beta _2 :{\rm Co(II), 3}{\rm .34; Zn(II), 6}{\rm .69}. \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}β1 values obtained from the Bjerrum relation are in fairly good agreement with those given above except for Co(II). The limitations of Bjerrum's method are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19673490314
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular addition compounds of tin(iv) chloride. I. Preparation and infrared spectra of the complexes of stannic chloride with certain amides (1964)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 332 (1964), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Additionsverbindungen des SnCl4 mit N, N-Dimethylformamid, Acetamid, Acetanilid und Benzamid werden mitgeteilt. Neben der Analyse zeigen auch Donator-Acceptor-Titrationen in Dichloräthan die allgemeine Formel SnCl4 · 2 Amid. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen in Nitromethan und Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen lassen auf das Vorliegen von monomeren Additionsverbindungen schließen. Aus den IR-Spektren geht an Hand einer Erniedrigung der (C—O)- und einer Erhöhung der (C—N)-Valenzschwingung eine Bindung der organischen Liganden an das Zinn über Sauerstoff hervor. Die relativen Basenstärken nehmen in der Reihe Dimethylformamid, Benzamid, Acetanilid, Acetamid ab.
    Notizen: The molecular addition compounds of tin (iv) chloride with N, N-dimethyl formamide, acetamide, acetanilide, and benzamide have been prepared. They are of the type SnCl4 · 2 amide. This composition type has been confirmed by indicator titrations of stannic chloride against amides in dichloroethane. Conductivity measurements in nitromethane and molecular weight determinations show that they are true molecular addition compounds being monomeric.The infrared spectra of the adducts show that there are metal-to-oxygen bonds in all these compounds as is evidenced by a negative shift of the carbonyl stretching frequency and a positive shift of the C—N stretching frequency. The relative donor ability of the amides towards stannic chloride has been found to be: dimethyl formamide 〉 benzamide 〉 acetanilide 〉 acetamide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19643320112
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on MM″(NCS)4 [M=Ni(II), Fe(II), Zn(II), and M″=Hg(II) Zn(II)] complexes (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 423 (1976), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Untersuchungen an MM″ (NCS)4-Komplexen (M = NiII, FeII, ZnII; M″ = HgII, ZnII)Komplexe des Typs MM′(NCS)4 · xL M = NiII, FeII, ZnII; M″ = HgII, ZnII; x = 2, 4, 6; L = Nicotinamid (nia), Isonicotinsaiurehydroxid (inh) 2-Aminopyrimidin (2apm)] wurden dargestellt und charakterisiert durch Elementaranalyse, molare Leitfähigkeit, magnetisches Moment, IR- und Elektronenspektren.
    Notizen: Coordination complexes of the type MM″(NCS)4 · xL M = Ni(II), Fe(II), Zn(II), M″ = Hg(II), Zn(II), x = 2, 4, 6 and L = nicotinamide (nia), 3-cyanopyridine (3-cpy), 4-cyanopyridine (4cpy), 4-aminopyridine (4apy), isonicotinic acid hydrazide (inh), 2-aminopyrimidine (2apm)l have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment, infrared and electronic spectral studies. Molar conductance data of NiZn(NCS), complexes are equivalent to 1:1 electrolyte. The infrared spectral studies indicate that only bridged thiocyanate groups are present in the complexes of the type NiHg(SCN)4 · 4L [L=3 and 4cpy, inh] and FeHg(SCN)4 · 2L [L = nia, 2apm], whereas both bridged and terminal thiocyanates are present in the complexes of the type NiHg(SCN)4 · 4L [L = nia, 3apy and ZnHg(SCN)4 · 2(inh). BOHR magneton values and electronic spectral data indicate an octahedral environment around nickel and iron in their complexes. Symmetry and group theory have also been used to establish the structure of the complexes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19764230211
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative softness parameters and their application in elucidation of Structure of Bimetallic Tetrathiocyanate Complexes (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 461 (1980), S. 222-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Quantitative „Softness“ Parameter und ihre Anwendung in der Strukturaufklärung von Bimetalltetracyanat-Komplexen〉2M(NCS)2M′(SCN)2〈 und [Ml6][M′(SCN)4], (M = COII und NiII; M′ = ZnII, CdII und HgII, L = Anilin, p-Toluidin, Pyridin, Nicotinamid, 2,2′-Bipyridin und 4-Aminopyridin) wurden dargestellt und charackterisiert. Die Strukturen werden auf Grund von Leitfähigkeits-, magnetischen und spektroskopischen (IR und VIS) Messungen, sowie durch gruppentheoretische Berechnungen und Ligandenfeldparametern vorgeschlagen. Diese Strukturvorschläge werden gestützt durch quantitative „Softness“ - Werte „\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm E}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +},{\rm E}_{\rm m}^{_{\rm +}^{\rm +}} $\end{document}“. Die totale „Softness“ von M und M′ und ihre Differenz \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \Delta {\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm M} - {\rm M}'} \right) $\end{document} wurden abgeleitet (Gleichungen siehe Abstract) und mit der Struktur der Komplexe in Verbindung gebracht.
    Notizen: 〉2M(NCS)2M′(SCN)2〈 and [ML6][M′(SCN)4], (M = Co(II) and Ni(II), M′ = Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) and L = aniline(ani), p-toluidine(tol), pyridine(py), nicotinamide(nia), 2,2′-bipyridine(bipy) and 4-aminopyridine (apy)) have been prepared and characterized. Their structure have been proposed on the basis of molar conductance, magnetic moment, group theoretical calculations, ligand field parameters, infrared and electronic spectral studies. The proposed structures have also been supported by quantitative values of softness „\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm E}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +},{\rm E}_{\rm m}^{_{\rm +}^{\rm +}} $\end{document}“,. Total softness of M and M′ and their difference \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \Delta {\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm M} - {\rm M}'} \right) $\end{document} have also been derived by the following equations and related to the structure of the complexes. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({\rm M} \right) = {\rm E}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({\rm M} \right) + \sum {\rm E}_{\rm m}^{_ + ^ +} \left({\rm L} \right) + \sum {\rm E}_{\rm m}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm NCS}} \right) $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm M}}^\prime \right) = {\rm E}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm M}}^\prime \right) + \sum {\rm E}_{\rm m}^{_ + ^ +} \left({\rm L} \right) + \sum {\rm E}_{\rm m}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm SCN}} \right) $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm M} - {\rm M}^\prime} \right) = \,|\,{\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({\rm M} \right) - {\rm TE}_{\rm n}^{_ + ^ +} \left({{\rm M}}^\prime \right)$$\end{document}.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19804610134
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