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  • Chemistry  (51)
  • General Chemistry  (5)
  • Neurotoxicity  (3)
  • Friedreich's ataxia  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotoxicity of long-term low-level exposure to carbon disulphide: results of questionnaire, clinical neurological examination and neuropsychological testing (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 332-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Carbon disulphide ; TTCA ; Neurotoxicity ; Neurological disturbances ; Occupationally induced neurological disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Carbon disulphide (CS2) is highly neurotoxic. There is ample evidence of damage to the peripheral and central nervous system. The air concentration at which such adverse effects can first be observed is presently a subject of controversy. Methods. In a cross-sectional study of CS2-exposed workers from the viscose industry and healthy controls, data on neurological complaints, basic laboratory diagnosis, clinical neurological examination and neuropsychological testing were evaluated. Data were from 222 workers in the viscose industry exposed to CS2 and 191 employees from the same factory with similar physical and psychological stress factors but without occupational contact with neurotoxic substances. Multiple linear or multiple logistic regression analysis was used to check for statistical differences. Results. The median of the CS2-measurements using personal air sampling was below the current maximum concentration permissible (MAK value) in Germany (10 ppm) in all departments. The threshold limit value was, however, exceeded in almost 10% of the persons investigated. Exposure fluctuated between 〈0.2 and 65.7 ppm (median of all departments was 4.02 ppm). As a parameter of internal exposure, CS2-metabolite 2-thio1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) concentrations in the urine of the exposed persons were between 〈0.16 and 10.9 mg/g creatinine (median 1.43 mg/g). Conclusions. Neither an increase in subjective complaints nor an increase in pathological findings in clinical-neurological and neuropsychological examination could be found in persons exposed to CS2 at the exposure levels described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050156
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiological investigation of central, peripheral and autonomic nerve function in workers with long-term low-level exposure to carbon disulphide in the viscose industry (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 70 (1997), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Carbon disulphide ; Neurotoxicity ; Polyneuropathy ; Peripheral and autonomic nerve ; function ; Occupationally induced neurological disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Neurotoxicity of carbon disulphide (CS2) is well known. The air concentration at the workplace at which such adverse effects can first be observed is the subject of controversial discussion. Methods: In a cross-sectional study on CS2-exposed workers peripheral motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, somatosensory evoked potentials, thermotesting and investigation of forced respiration sinus arryhtmia have been carried out. The data from 222 workers exposed to CS2 in the viscose industry were evaluated and compared with data from 191 employees from the same factory with similar physical and psychological stress factors but without detectable occupational contact to neurotoxic substances. Median exposure to CS2 was below the currently valid occupational-medical threshold limit value (MAK-value) of 10 ppm. Multiple linear or multiple logistic regression analysis was used to check for statistical differences. Results: Binary evaluation (comparison of exposed persons versus controls after multiple linear regression) revealed a slightly lower value in the exposed group for the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV, –0.76 m/s, median 48 m/s), but a long way from pathological thresholds. No dose-response relationship could be found within the exposed group for any evaluation criteria of CS2-exposure. Somatosensory evoked potentials, thermotesting and analysis of heart rate variability yielded no indication of a neurotoxic effect of CS2. Conclusion: Isolated decrease of MNCV in binary evaluation is, with regard to the known mechanism of CS2-neurotoxicity and the lack of a dose-response relationship, obviously not due to toxic effects. We interpret our results as showing that an adverse effect of carbon disulphide at the exposure ranges found was not detectable in the exposed group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050215
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-sectional epidemiological study on neurotoxicity of solvents in paints and lacquers (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Neurotoxicity ; Organic solvents ; Painters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a multi-disciplinary retrospective study we examined 105 house painters employed for at least ten years (median 27 years, range 10–36 years). Fifty-three workers from various professions (non-painters), who were matched with regard to age, occupational training and socio-economic status served as the control group. In both groups no cases of a clinically manifest polyneuropathy or encephalopathy were found. The neurophysiological examinations (EEG and NCV-measurement) showed no differences in painters and controls that would indicate adverse effects of organic solvents. There were no cases with neuroradiological findings of a diffuse cerebral atrophy. Furthermore the evaluation of certain brain structures (ventricular diameter, cella media index) of the CAT films did not reveal any significant differences. In the neurobehavioral tests significant differences in the results were only found in the subtests “change of personality” and “short term memory capacity” in a subgroup of painters with repeated prenarcotic symptoms at the workplace. Ambient air monitoring measurements at 30 representative work-places showed that the concentrations of the main components of the solvent-mixtures were well below the MAK-values. The results of the “Erlangen Painter Study” does not confirm former epidemiologic findings from other countries, mainly Denmark. However, there are some aspects, such as minor solvent exposure in German house painters, insufficient diagnostic and etiological procedures as well as mis-classifications which may explain the different experiences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378470
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer-Tomografie bei Atrophien im Bereich der hinteren Schädelgrube (1980)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 229 (1980), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Computerized tomography ; Friedreich's ataxia ; Cerebellar atrophy ; Nonne-Marie's spastic ataxia ; Computertomographie ; Friedreich-Ataxie ; Kleinhirnatrophien ; Nonne-Marie-Syndrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Differenzierung verschiedener Formen von Kleinhirnatrophien wurden axiale Computer-Tomogramme (CT) des Schädels bei 69 Patienten durchgeführt. Die größten Gruppen umfassen 45 Patienten mit Friedreichscher Ataxie und 14 Patienten mit idiopathischer oder symptomatischer Kleinhirnatrophie. Bei 4 Patienten konnte Morbus Nonne-Pierre Marie, einmal olivo-ponto-cerebelläre Atrophie diagnostiziert werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß das CT eine wesentliche Hilfe zur Unterscheidung der verschiedenen Krankheitsgruppen intra vitam darstellt und darüber hinaus eine recht sichere Differenzierung gegenüber anderen Krankheiten erlaubt. Die Atrophien sind unterschiedlich und zum Teil charakteristisch verteilt. Schwere Formen von Friedreichscher Ataxie gehen oft mit Atrophie von Oberwurm und Paravermis einher, sind also nicht rein spinal lokalisiert, was methodisch bedingt auch bei Sektionen oft makroskopisch nicht wahrzunehmen ist.
    Notes: Summary Cranial computerized tomography was carried out in 69 patients with cerebellar ataxia (45 with Friedreich's ataxia, 4 with Marie's spastic ataxia, 14 with cerebellar atrophy, and one patient with olivo-pontocerebellar atrophy). In CT scans cerebellar atrophy is found to be of various localisation and partially of characteristic distribution. CT, therefore, greatly helps to distinguish different types of cerebellar and spino-cerebellar atrophy and also distinguishes separate cerebellar atrophy of various origin from other diseases like multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343081
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamat- und GABA-Konzentration in Gehirn und Liquor Cerebrospinalis von Ratten unter Behandlung mit Phosphatidylcholin (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Phosphatidylcholine ; Glutamate ; GABA ; Brain ; CSF ; Friedreich's ataxia ; Phosphatidylcholin ; Glutamat ; GABA ; ZNS ; Liquor cerebrospinalis ; Friedreichsche Ataxie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um zu untersuchen, ob die Gabe von Phosphatidylcholin, die den zentralnervösen Azetylcholingehalt erhöht, einen Einfluß auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA hat, wurde 17 von 32 Ratten über 14 Tage 1,5g/kg Lethicon® pro die peroral gegeben. Die fluorometrische Messung der Konzentrationen von Glutamat und GABA in frontalem Cortex, Striatum, Nigra, Kleinhirnrinde sowie von Glutamat im Liquor cerebrospinalis ließ keine signifikanten Unterschiede gegenüber Kontrolltieren erkennen. Nach zweiwöchiger Gabe von Phosphatidylcholin konnte keine zentralnervöse Interaktion des cholinergen Systems mit den Neurotransmittern Glutamat und GABA nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Phosphatidylcholine increases CNS concentrations of acetylcholine. In rats we investigated whether or not phosphatidylcholine also influences the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. In 17 rats 1.5g/kg Lethicon perorally was administered daily for 2 weeks, 15 rats served as controls. In tissue from frontal cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, cerebellar cortex no significant differences between treated and untreated animals were found in glutamate or GABA concentrations. A central nervous interaction between the cholinergic system and the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, therefore, could not be demonstrated after 2 weeks of phosphatidylcholine intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343363
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Halogenierte Pyridine und 1,8-Naphthyridine. VI (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 60 (1977), S. 907-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Halogenated pyridines and 1,8-naphthyridines. VI.The principle of the synthesis of 3-halomethyl-2,6-dichloro-pyridines has been extended to compounds with side chains of more than one carbon atom in the 3-position. Feasible synthetic routes are outlined starting from cheap, commercially available α-methylideneglutaronitrile and trichloroalkyl functional compounds which yield the intermediate 1,3,5-trisubstituted alkanes. These are cyclized by aqueous mineral acid or by hydrogen bromide in an organic solvent to 2-substituted glutarimids or hexahydronaphthyridinones, depending on the mode of cyclization. The final aromatization provides a simple route to pyridines or 1, 8-naphthyridines.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19770600321
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eine einfache Methode zur Herstellung von Benzoxazolen (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 63 (1980), S. 413-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Facile Method for the Synthesis of BenzoxazolesThe preparation of benzoxazoles by a facile one-pot reaction is reported. The reaction of carboxylic acids with 2-chloro-N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium chloride in an excess of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone afforded carboxylic acid chlorides which were converted subsequently to their 2-hydroxyanilides by addition of 2-aminophenols. Cyclization of the 2-hydroxy-anilides at elevated temperatures furnished the benzoxazoles in high yield and purity.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19800630212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über den mechanismus der anionischen polymerisation von acrylnitril mit triäthylphosphin, 87. Mitt.: cf.1.Herrn Professor Dr. Heinrich Hellmann zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet. Über makrozwitterionen (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1329-1357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The anionic polymerization of acrylonitrile with triethylphosphine as initiator in dimethylformamide was studied at different temperatures and various monomer/initiator ratios.1H-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography as well as emission spectra analysis of phosphorus were employed on both the crude polymer and the polymer samples obtained by reprecipitation and by gel permeation chromatography. In addition, the number of polymer anions was determined by spectroscopic end group analysis. Thus, it was possible to show the occurrence of a polymerization via macrozwitterions besides the dominant transfer mechanism and also the necessity of minimum values of the polymerization temperature as well as the monomer/initiator ratio for the formation of macrozwitterions, . If these conditions are not realized, a transfer reaction to the monomer through proton abstraction takes place by means of the zwitterion , which is formed by the interaction of triethylphosphine and acrylonitrile, and the resulting anion, , initiates the polymerization chain.As a result ofthe increase ofthe initiator concentration as well as that of the temperature, more side-reactions in the polymerization occur, as can be noted by IR- or UV-spectroscopical analysis of the polymer.
    Notes: Die anionische Polymerisation von Acrylnitril mit Triäthylphosphin als Initiator in Dimethylformamid wurde bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und unterschiedlichem Verhältnis der Monomer/Initiator-Konzentrationen untersucht.Ergänzt durch spektroskopische Endgruppenbestimmung der Polymeranionen konnte mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie und Gelchromatographie (GPC) sowie emissionsspektralanalytischer Phosphorbestimmung an den rohen und den durch Umfällungen bzw. GPC fraktionierten Polymerproben gezeigt werden, daß hier neben einer übertragung teilweise eine Polymerisation Über Makrozwitterionen auftritt. Für die Bildung von Makrozwitterionen, , sind jedoch Mindestwerte des Monomer/Initiator-Verhältnisses sowie der Polymerisationstemperatur erforderlich; sind diese Voraussetzungen nicht erfüllt, findet durch das Zwitterion , gebildet aus Triäthylphosphin und Acrylnitril, unter Protonenabstraktion eine Übertragungsreaktion auf das Monomere statt. So entstandene Anionen, , lösen dann Polymerisationsketten aus.Die durch Erhöhung der Initiatorkonzentration sowie der Temperatur vermehrt auftretenden Nebenreaktionen lassen sich durch IR- bzw. UV-spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Polymeren erfassen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1974.021750501
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of α,α-disubstituted β-propiolactones and lactams, 12. Properties and crystalline structure of poly(β-propiolactam)s (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 429-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of α,α-disubstituted β-propiolactams (substituted nylon 3 polymers) was prepared from non-optically active lactams. Their thermal characteristics, densities, and x-ray fiber diffraction patterns were recorded. One of the α-substituents was always a methyl group while the other was either CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, or n-C4H9. The melting point for the dimethyl substituted polymer was 268°C; the others were respectively 76, 74, and 72°C. X-ray fiber diffraction data on all four samples yielded the same fiber repeat of ≈8,4 Å. A minimum energy based conformational analysis for the α,α-dimethyl derivative indicates that two conformations correspond to this repeat, each of which is a 21 helix.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1979.021800216
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochrome prozesse zur untersuchung der kettenbeweglichkeit in polymerenVortrag beim „Hamburger Makromolekularen Symposium“ vom 14.-16. September 1978 in Hamburg. (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1979.021800234
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