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  • Chemistry  (10)
  • Glomus aggregatum  (2)
  • Oxisol  (2)
  • cyclophosphamide  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiac effects of high-dose epirubicin and cyclophosphamide in women with poor prognosis breast cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 10 (1999), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cardiotoxicity ; cyclophosphamide ; epirubicin ; high dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the long term cardiac effects of high-dose epirubicin and cyclophosphamide given to women with early stage, poor prognosis breast cancer. Patients and methods: Women with stage 2 breast cancer and 10+ nodes or 4+ nodes and estrogen receptor negative tumor, or stage 3 breast cancer received three cycles of epirubicin 200 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 4 gm/m2 with peripheral blood progenitor cell and filgrastim support. Treatment was given every 28 days (n = 79) or 21 days (n = 20). Fifty patients received radiotherapy to the chest wall or breast, 25 of to the left side. Patients were assessed clinically regularly during chemotherapy and at least three times yearly after completion of treatment. Cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was assessed by radionuclide scan before therapy, after each cycle of chemotherapy, three months and six months after completion of chemotherapy, and yearly thereafter until relapse. Results: Ninety-nine women were treated, and 92 completed all three cycles of chemotherapy. The median age was 43 years (range 24 to 60 years). All patients were included in this analysis. The median relapse-free survival was 39 months (11 to 68 months). There was a significant fall in LVEF during chemotherapy. In general, there was no further deterioration in cardiac function from the third month after cessation of treatment, however there was substantial variation between individuals. 35 patients had at least one LVEF measure less than normal (〈50%), but the LVEF returned to normal in 20 of these with further follow-up. Cardiac dysfunction was not increased in women who received radiotherapy and was not different between cohorts given chemotherapy every three or every four weeks. One patient died of acute myocardial necrosis following the third cycle of chemotherapy. Two patients developed clinical evidence of cardiac failure, and another had radiological signs but was asymptomatic. One woman died of progressive cardiac failure, one recovered clinically but also developed recurrent breast cancer, while the third recovered after commencement of medical therapy. Conclusions: During follow-up after high-dose epirubicin and cyclophosphamide as delivered in this study, the LVEF fell to below normal in approximately one third of patients. However, in over half of these patients the LVEF subsequently recovered to the normal range, and the incidence of clinically evident chronic cardiac failure was low. Further follow-up is required to assess the long- term safety. A randomized comparison with standard-dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy is needed to determine whether this regimen is associated with an increased risk of clinical cardiac toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008390203340
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leucaena leucocephala seedling response to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in soils with varying levels of inherent mycorrhizal effectiveness (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Pinnule ; P status ; Tropical soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The symbiotic effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi present in widely differring tropical soils was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Small volumes of field soil, a standard inoculum (Glomus aggregatum) or both were introduced into a fumigated sand-soil medium amended with nutrients for optimum VAM activity. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit var. K8 was grown in the medium as an indicator plant. VAM effectiveness was monitored as a function of time by determining the P status of pinnules. The soils differed from each other with respect to the time their endophytes required for the expression of initial and maximum effectiveness and in the level of maximum effectiveness they exhibited. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation, calculated as the ratio of the areas enclosed by the effectiveness curve of G. aggregatum to that enclosed by the effectiveness curves of test soils, was found to be a good indicator of the response of L. leucocephala to inoculation of soils with G. aggregatum
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257753
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubility and availability to sugarcane (Saccharum Spp.) of two silicate materials (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 3-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: dicalcium orthosilicate ; calcium metasilicate ; mini-granulation ; extractable Si ; Si in saturation extract ; Oxisol ; Andept
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Silicate materials, dicalcium orthosilicate (Ca2SiO4), calcium metasilicate (CaSiO3), and mini-granulated CaSiO3, were incorporated into three highly weathered, low-Si soils. The mixtures were moistened to field moisture-holding capacity and incubated in plastic bags for 60 days at approximately 25°C, after which Si was extracted. Application rates of silicate materials were 0, 460, 920, and 1380 mg Si per kg soil. Two ranges of particles sizes, 0.25 to 0.84 mm and 0.074 to 0.15 mm CaSiO3 and Ca2SiO4 were compared. The soils were a Typic Gibbsiorthox, pH 4.6; a Humoxic Tropohumult, pH 4.2; and a Typic Hydrandept, pH 5.0. Materials were evaluated by four extraction procedures: shaking in water, water displacement from saturated soil, shaking in ammonium acetate solution, and biologically by roots of sugarcane (Saccharum Spp. hybrid). Silicate from the CaSiO3 materials were generally more readily extracted chemically and biologically than silicate from the Ca2SiO4. Solubility and availability of Si usually increased as primary particle size of the silicate materials decreased. The exceptions were associated with the most acid (pH 4.2) Ultisol. Mini-granulation did not reduce the effectiveness of CaSiO3 thus confirming agronomic feasibility of mini-granulation. Plant uptake of Si was most closely related to water-extractable soil Si, followed by Si in saturation extracts and then by NH4 OAc-extractable Si.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053310
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase I and subsequent phase II study of filgrastim (r-met-HuG-CSF) and dose intensified cyclophosphamide plus epirubicin in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and advanced solid tumors (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 10 (1999), S. 907-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: cyclophosphamide ; dose-escalation ; epirubicin ; filgrastim ; G-CSF ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: To define a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for the combination of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide with filgrastim (r-met-HuG-CSF) in patients with advanced solid tumors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Patients and methods: Thirty-five patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled in stages I and II. Twenty-one patients were treated in stage I in sequential cohorts of at least three patients at increasing dosage levels of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin, for up to six cycles every 21 days. At the completion of stage I, a MTD for epirubicin was established. Fourteen patients were treated in stage II, in cohorts of three or more. The epirubicin dose remained constant at the MTD dosage from stage I. Cyclophosphamide was further dose-escalated to establish its MTD. Twenty-one patients with previously untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated in stage III with the MTD established in the prior stages. Results: The MTD in stage I was epirubicin 150 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m2 with cumulative neutropenia as the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Cumulative thrombocytopenia prevented further dose-escalation of cyclophosphamide in stage II. The stage III regimen consisted of six, 21-day cycles of epirubicin 150 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m2, vincristine 2 mg, and prednisolone 100 mg for five days with filgrastim support. Nineteen of twenty-one patients (90%) completed six cycles of treatment, eight (38%) without dose reduction. Common toxicity criteria (CTC) grade 4 neutropenia (neutrophil nadir 〈0.5 × 109/l) was documented in 85 of 118 cycles (72%). Neutropenic fever was documented in 17 of 21 patients (81%) on at least one occasion. Severe thrombocytopenia (〈25 × 109/l) was seen in fourteen of 118 cycles (12%) and increased with cycle number. There was no significant non-hematological toxicity. Conclusion: Significant dose-escalation of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide was possible with filgrastim support. The MTD achieved was approximately double that of standard-dose therapy. This study forms the basis of an ongoing randomized study evaluating dose-intensification in intermediate grade NHL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008353522601
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effectiveness of VAM fungi in nonsterile soils before and after optimization of P in soil solution (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; indigenous ; Leucaena leucocephala ; propagules ; tropical soils ; VAMF inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five tropical soils were either not inoculated or inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus aggregatum. The degree to which VAM effectiveness was expressed in the soils was evaluated prior and after solution P status was adjusted for optimal VAM activity. VAM effectiveness determined by monitoring P concentrations of pinnules of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as a function of time and as dry matter yield determined at the time of harvest, indicated that in three of the soils VAM effectiveness was either very restricted or altogether unexpressed irrespective of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) inoculation if soil solution P was not optimized for VAM effectiveness. After P optimization, effectiveness was significantly increased by VAMF inoculation although in four of the soils, densities of indigenous VAMF propagules greatly exceeded that attained by the inoculum after it was mixed with soil. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation effects varied from soil to soil, depending on the extent to which the effectiveness of indigenous and introduced endophytes was enhanced by P optimization and the similarity of inherent soil solution P concentrations to the range known to be optimum for VAM effectiveness. Of the indicator variables monitored, VAMF colonization was least sensitive to treatment effects followed by shoot P concentration measured at the time of harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016287
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of soil pH, nutrients and moisture on phytophthora root rot of avocado (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Avocado ; Ca ; Mn ; Oxisol ; P ; pH ; Phytophthora root rot ; Soil water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This experiment employed a factorial design combining 4 soil pH levels, 3 soil moisture levels, with and without the addition ofPhytophthora cinnamomi to the soil to evaluate the conditions that lead to Phytophthora root rot of avocado. An inverse relation between soil pH and leaf production (and root-weight) was observed in nondiseased plants. In soil infested withP. cinnamomi, plant growth and root weights were much depressed by low soil pH, and especially by low soil pH coupled with high soil moisture contents. These interactions were statistically highly significant. Root weights in pots withP. cinnamomi were closely related to the incidence of disease. A disease index was used to visually assess the conditions of roots. Isolation of the pathogen from diseased plant roots confirmed the accuracy of the disease index. A process of elimination suggsts that favorable soil Ca level and not high pHper se was responsible for disease suppression and that the devastating effects of low soil pH was produced by high Mn (and possibly Al) and associated low levels of Ca and P in soil solutions, which led to breakdown of biological control mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197148
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of agitation on the morphology and penicillin production of Penicillium chrysogenum (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 35 (1990), S. 1011-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillium chrysogenum strain P1 was grown on complex media in 10 and 100 L agitated fermenters at various aeration rates and stirrer speeds. Samples were removed at intervals for measurements of the culture morphology. At high stirrer speeds (1000 and 1200 rpm) in 10-L fermentations the rate of decrease in the mean effective hyphal length was faster and the rate of penicillin production was lower than fermentations done at 800 rpm. At similar power inputs per unit volume in 100-L fermentations, the change in mean effective hyphal length was less and higher penicillin production rates were observed. This work comparing the results at two scales has shown that neither of the concepts of impeller tip speed or the dissipation rate of turbulence have general validity as a measure of hyphal damage. Our results are reasonaby well correlated by groups similar to circulation rate (NDi3/V) with lower circulation rates being beneficial. An adaptation of the van Suijdam and Metz relationship, expressed as P/Di3tc, was most successful. Our data are insufficient to demonstrate the generality of the relationship but do support the concept of a dispersion zone around the impellers in which mycelia may be damaged. The greater the frequency of circulation of mycelia through the zone the greater the damage and the lower the rate of penicillin synthesis by the culture.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260351009
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic modeling of a fluidized-bed reactor (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 992-998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work dispersive mixing and chemical reactions are treated simultaneously by resorting to the theory of stochastic processes. A fluidized-bed reactor is modeled by discretizing it into ideally stirred tanks of various sizes corresponding to bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases. All parameters in the model are correlated with known or experimentally obtainable quantities. Examples using a complex chemical reaction are given to demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310616
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic sequence effects in polyurethane-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) mixtures: Grafting and mechanical properties (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1281-1298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Morphology, stress-strain properties, and grafting have been investigated in highly phase-separated polyurethane (PU)-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) mixtures as a function of the sequence of formation of the components, both linear (l) and crosslinked (x), in the presence of each other. In the range of 0.3-0.7 weight fraction of PU, a morphology of PBMA particles in a PU matrix results. Particle size depends on matrix viscosity at the time of PBMA formation, decreasing as viscosity increases. The PBMA (l) particles are spherical; PBMA (x) particles are irregular in shape when formed in a fluid medium but tend to become spherical as the delay time before the onset of their formation is increased. Grafting, decreasing with increasing delay time, is observed between PBMA (l) particles and the PU (x) or PU (l) matrix. The grafting results from transesterification between BMA and the polyol precursors to the PU. Two families of mechanical properties are found, depending generally more on particle shape than size. Systematic trends of property values through a series of samples of constant composition, but increasing delay times, are observed with greater variation in the series with PBMA (x) particles; the trends are explainable in terms of matrix immobilization by the particles.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410536
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical properties of some polyurethane-acrylic copolymer interpenetrating polymer networks (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical properties have been investigated for interpenetrating-network systems based on polyol-cured polyurethanes (PU) and 2 to 1 n-butyl acrylate-n-butyl methacrylate (Ac) networks. The systems were formed simultaneously (SIN) from all of the precursors and reactants for both networks in the same vessel, and sequentially (SIPN) by swelling a precured PU with the reactants that will form the Ac network. If the Ac network is formed after gelation of the PU, the IPNs are transparent and appear to have single T (tan δmax) between those of the homonetworks; visible-phase separation occurs if the Ac is intentionally polymerized prior to PU gelation. Damping curves were lower and broader and the T (tan δmax) and rubber moduli were higher for the SIN than for the SIPN systems. Up to 65 percent Ac, the T (tan δmax) data for both SIN and SIPN fit the Gordon-Taylor equation if a T (tan δmax) for the Ac homonetwork 7°C higher than observed is used, suggesting a higher crosslink density for the Ac network under these conditions. The differences in properties of the SIN and SIPN are assumed to be dependent on sample homogeneity and upon the presence of a tin catalyst in the SIN preparation. This can result in limited Ac-network formation and consequent phase separation before PU gelation has occurred, and the catalyst may also increase the extent of interaction, such as grafting or hydrogen-bond formation between the networks.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250303
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