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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk among African-American women (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Blacks ; breast carcinoma ; oral contraceptives ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent epidemiologic studies, most of them in predominantly White populations, have suggested that long duration of oral contraceptive (OC) use may increase the risk of breast cancer at young ages. We assessed the relationship of OC use to the risk of breast cancer in African-American women aged 25 to 59 years, using interview data from a multipurpose hospital-based case-control study. Five hundred and twenty-four cases hospitalized for invasive breast cancer were compared with 1,021 controls with nonmalignant conditions unrelated to OC use. Relative risks (RR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were estimated relative to a reference category of use for less than 12 months; potential confounders were controlled by multiple logistic regression analysis. Among women under age 45, three or more years of OC use was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: the RR estimate was 2.8 (CI=1.5–5.0) for three to four years of use, and declined to 1.5 (CI=0.8.3.0) for 10 or more years of use. Recency and timing of use did not explain the observed association. Among women aged 45 to 59, OC use was associated with little or no increase in risk: the RR estimate for three or more years of use was 1.3 (CI=0.7–2.4). The findings add to the evidence from studies of White women and a recent study of Black women which have suggested an increased risk of breast cancer at young ages for moderate or long duration use of OCs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental ages at birth in relation to a daughter's risk of breast cancer among female participants in the Framingham study (United States) (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; cohort study ; daughters ; maternal age ; paternal age ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Data from the Framingham Heart Study, collected in Framingham, MA (United States) during 1948–86, were used to evaluate the relation of parental age at birth to the risk of breast cancer among daughters. After 38 years of follow-up, 149 breast cancer cases occurred among 2,662 women. All but two cases were confirmed by histologic report. The rate of breast cancer increased among daughters with increasing maternal age at birth up to the mid-30s, where the rate levelled off. A similar pattern was observed with paternal age. After adjustment for other confouding factors and paternal age, the rate ratios for breast cancer in daughters whose mothers were aged 26 to 31 years and 32 or more years at their birth, relative to women whose mothers were aged 25 years or younger, were 1.5 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.0–2.4) and 1.3 (CI=0.8–2.2), respectively. However, there was no longer an association between paternal age at birth and risk of breast cancer after controlling for maternal age and other risk factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051677
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract and renal cell cancer in relation to acetaminophen use (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Acetaminophen ; kidney neoplasms ; renal cell carcinoma ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experimental and epidemiologic evidence have suggested that phenacetin use increases the risk of transitional cell cancers of the urinary tract. The drug is no longer marketed but a commonly used metabolite, acetaminophen, has been linked recently to an increased risk of renal cancer. We assessed the relation of acetaminophen use to the risk of transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract and of renal cell cancer with data from a hospital-based study of cancers and medication use conducted from 1976-96 in the eastern United States. We compared 498 cases of transitional cell cancer and 383 cases of renal cell cancer with 8,149 noncancer controls and 6,499 cancer controls and controlled confounding factors with logistic regression. For transitional cell cancer, the relative risk (RR) estimate for regular acetaminophen use that had begun at least a year before admission was 1.1 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.6-1.9) based on noncancer controls, and 0.9 (CI = 0.5-1.6) based on cancer controls. RR estimates for use that lasted at least five years, and for nonregular use, were also close to 1.0. For renal cell cancer, the corresponding estimates were again close to 1.0. Our results suggest that acetaminophen, as used in present study population, does not influence the risk of transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract or of renal cell cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008805505154
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced and spontaneous abortion in relation to risk of breast cancer (United States) (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 841-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Abortion ; breast carcinoma ; risk factors ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relation of induced and spontaneous abortion to the risk of breast cancer is evaluated in a hospital-based case-control interview study conducted in three cities in the United States from 1985 through 1995. Cases were 1,803 women aged 25 to 64 years with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer; controls were 4,182 women of the same ages admitted for conditions unrelated to reproductive factors. Other breast cancer risk-factors were controlled through multiple logistic regression. The reference for allanalyses was women who had never had an abortion, either induced or spontaneous. Among parous women, the relative risk (RR) estimate was 1.1 (95percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-1.5) for induced abortion overall, 1.0(CI = 0.7-1.4) for abortion before the first birth, and 1.3 (CI = 1.0-1.8)for abortion after at least one birth. Among nulliparous women, the relative risk estimate for induced abortion was 1.3 (CI = 0.9-1.9). There was no trend of increased risk with number of abortions, nor was there consistent evidence of an increased risk in any particular subgroup. Spontaneous abortion was not associated with increased risk of breast cancer, either among nulliparous women or among parous women. These findings provide little support for the hypothesis that induced abortion increases breast cancer risk overall or in particular subgroups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018408211089
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macromolecules in solution, Hertbert Morawetz, Interscience, New York, 1965. 495 pp. + xvi, $16.50 (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1053-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040912
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamic properties of proteoglycan subunit from bovine nasal cartilage. Self-association behaviour and interaction with hyaluronate studied by laser light scattering (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 18 (1979), S. 1727-1747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of translational diffusion coefficients by quasielastic laser light scattering, sedimentation coefficients, and intrinsic viscosities at zero shear of proteoglycan subunit fraction A1-D1-D1 isolated from bovine nasal septa are reported. Molecular weights and hydrodynamic dimensions are compared with those expected on the basis of structural models previously proposed. Comparison of the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient in the presence of NaCl and GdnHCl leads to the conclusion that significant self-association behaviour of subunit occurs in the absence of GdnHCl. In the absence of added salt, anomalous nonlinear concentration dependence of Dt estimated from wide-angle light-scattering experiments is observed. In addition, Dt apparently becomes angle dependent. These results are interpreted in terms of the perturbation of normal translational diffusion of the monomer by strong repulsive intermolecular interactions due to the combined effects of long-range electrostatic forces and macromolecular congestion at higher concentrations. By carrying out experiments at small scattering angles, it is possible to determine Dt0 for proteoglycan subunit in the absence of supporting electrolyte. Titration of a dilute solution of subunit with hyaluronic acid results in a sigmoidal behaviour of the Stokes radius, indicating the formation of complexes of higher molecular weight results from the noncovalent association of proteoglycan subunits with hyaluronate. Observation of Dt appears to provide a useful method for studying the proteoglycan subunit-hyaluronate interactions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1979.360180711
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic and rheological properties of concentrated solutions of proteoglycan subunit and proteoglycan aggregate (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1587-1592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oscillatory and steady shear rheological properties of concentrated solutions of proteoglycan subunit (PGS) and aggregate (PGA) from bovine articular cartilage have been studied using a Rheometrics fluids spectrometer. At comparable concentrations in the physiological range tan δ increases from 0.5 to 1.0 for PGA as the oscillation frequency (ω) increases from 10-1 to 102 rads / s, compared to a decrease from 40 to 5 for PGS. Thus PGA solutions exhibit predominantly elastic response whereas those of PGS exhibit primarily viscous behavior. PGA solutions show pronounced shear-thinning behavior at all shear rates (γ) in the range 10-2 〈 γ (s-1) 〈 10 2, whereas PGS solutions exhibit predominantly Newtonian flow. For PGA, the small-strain complex viscosity η* (ω) is substantially smaller than the steady-flow viscosity η (γ) at comparable values of ω and γ. These observations indicate that the presence of proteoglycan aggregates leads to formation of a transient or weak-gel network. Since aggregation leads to a large increase in molecular hydrodynamic volume and hence in the relaxation times for macromolecular rotation, it appears that role of aggregate formation is to shift the linear viscoelastic response from the terminal viscous flow into the plateau elastomeric regime of relaxational behavior. Normal or pathological changes that produce a decrease in aggregation will result in a loss of elastomeric behavior of the proteoglycan matrix.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360291208
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermodynamics of hydrogen isotope exchange in lysozyme: The influence of glycerol (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1175-1183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope exchange rates for lysozyme in 5 molal aqueous glycerol and for poly (D,L-alanine) in a range of glycerol concentrations from 0 molal to 8 molal have been determined. The activation enthalpy of base-catalyzed exchange for poly (D,L-alanine) in water is 4 kcal/mol and passes through a minimum at about 2 molal glycerol before returning to a value of 4 kcal/mol at 4 molal glycerol. Exchange rates for lysozyme have been analyzed with transition state and Kramers's theories. The activation parameters for exchange of protons in lysozyme in the presence of 5 molal glycerol show a similar qualitative behavior to those determined for exchange in the absence of glycerol [R. B. Gregory et al. (1982) Biochemistry 24, 6523-6530]. The activation enthalpies and entropies for the fast-exchanging protons show a gentle increase as H(t), the number of hydrogens remaining unexchanged, decreases. By contrast, the activation parameters for the slowest exchanging protons [H(t) 〈 20] increase dramatically as H(t) decreases. As in water, the activation parameters for exchange of the fast- and slow-exchanging protons in glycerol solution are characterized by two distinct compensation temperatures (510 ± 100 K for the fast protons and 340 ± 40K for the slow protons). These values are not significantly different from those determined for exchange in water.The activation parameters, ΔH
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360290808
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1,2,3-Tricarbonylverbindungen, XII. Konstitutionsermittlung der Reaktionsprodukte von Ninhydrin mit 2-Aminophenol bzw. 2-Aminothiophenol (1977)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 110 (1977), S. 3954-3958 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,2,3-Tricarbonyl Compounds, XII. Elucidation of the Constitution of the Reaction Products of Ninhydrin with 2-Aminophenol and 2-AminothiophenolNinhydrin (1) reacts with 2-aminophenol (2) and 2-aminothiophenol (6) to give products the constitutions of which were elucidated by means of the 1H- and 13C NMR spectra to be 10a-hydroxy-indeno[2,1-b]benz[1,4]oxazine-11(10aH)-one (3) and 10a-hydroxy-indeno[2,1-b]benz-[1,4]thiazine-11(10aH)-one (7), respectively. Structures mentioned in the literature are on the one hand corrected and on the other hand doubtless established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19771101229
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mikrobiologische Umwandlungen nichtsteroider Strukturen, V. Mikrobiologische Reaktionen von substituierten 1-Äthyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydrochinolin-3-carbonsäuren (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 106 (1973), S. 2636-2642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbiological Transformations of Nonsteroidal Structures, V. Microbiological Reactions of Substituted 1-Ethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acids1-Ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (1) is transformed to the methyl ester by Streptomyces surinam. Penicillium adametzi hydroxylates the substrate at the 7-methyl substituent, whereas 1 -ethyl-8-methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo- 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (4) is hydrolyzed to the free phenol by the same fungi. l-Ethyl-4-oxo-1,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[g]quinolinc-3-carboxylic acid (6) is hydroxylated in 7 - and 8-position by Penicillium adametzi, in 6- and 7- (or 8-) position by Streptomyces achromogenes and in 6-position by Sporotrichum sulfurescens. 5-Ethyl-8-oxo-2,3,5,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid (10) undergoes only a hydrolytic cleavage of the dihydrofuranering.
    Notes: 1-Äthyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydrochinolin-3-carbonsäure (1) wird durch Streptomyces surinam in den Methylester umgewandelt. Penicillium adametzi hydroxyliert das Substrat am 7-Methylsubstituenten, während bei der 1 -Äthyl-8-methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo- 1, 4-dihydrochinolin-3-carbonsäure (4) mit dem gleichen Pilz nur eine Phenolätherspaltung eintritt. 1-Äthyl-4-oxo-l,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[g]chinolin-3-carbonsäure (6) wird von Penicillium adametzi in 7- und 8-, von Streptomyces achromogenes in 7-(oder 8-) und 6- sowie von Spororrichum sulfurescens in 6-Stellung hydroxyliert. 5-Äthyl-8-oxo-2,3,5,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-g]-chinolin-7-carbonsäure (10) zeigt nur eine hydrolytische Spaltung des Dihydrofuranringes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19731060827
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