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  • Differential diagnosis  (4)
  • Chronic myeloproliferative disorders  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 437-439 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Joint chondromatosis ; Recurrence ; Differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of chondromatosis of the upper ankle joint in childhood is described. It is a monoarticular disease with a good prognosis, frequently without known prior trauma or inflammation, although often free fragments of cartilage are seen in the joint cavities. It originates from the synovium of the joint, and is known in the literature as Reichel syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 370 (1976), S. 273-289 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bone marrow biopsy ; Hairy cell leukemia ; Differential diagnosis ; Myelofibrosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 24 patients with hairy cell leukemia, histological and fine structural findings from biopsies of the bone marrow are reported and their validity is compared with other diagnostic procedures available. Diagnosis by light microscopy of anterior iliac crest biopsies obtained by the method of myelotomy is possible with a high degree of accuracy. The differentiation of hairy cell leukemia from other myelo- or lymphoproliferative disorders based on cytomorphology as well as patterns of growth is emphasized. Morphological differences between fibrosis in this entity and other lesions such as malignant lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, osteomyelofibrosis and -sclerosis are emphasized. Electron microscopy of the bone marrow shows single fibroblastic cells with numerous slender cytoplasmic processes randomly dispersed among the hairy cells. These fibroblasts are probably responsible for the synthesis of the reticulin and collagen fibres in their surroundings. Moreover fine structure of the hairy cells demonstrates pinocytic activity but no apparent phagocytosis in contrast to the phagocytic reticulum cells (histiocytes, macrophages). In the bone marrow the precursor cells and the many immature forms of hairy cells exhibit an overall lymphocytoid appearance during their maturation, suggesting a lymphocytic origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chronic myeloproliferative disorders ; Thrombocytosis ; Primary Thrombocythaemia ; Granulo ; Erythrocytopoiesis ; Reticulin Fibers ; Circular Deviation ; Histomorphometry ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histomorphometric analysis was performed on trephine biopsies of the bone marrow in 55 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs) and marked thrombocytosis (platelet count exceeding 600 × 109/l). This study aimed at discriminating primary (essential) thrombocythaemia (PTH) from the various other subtypes of CMPDs presenting with thrombocytosis. Following the diagnostic requirements postulated by the Polycythemia-vera-Study-Group for PTH and polycythaemia vera rubra (P.vera) and the generally accepted criteria for the establishment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), our cohort of 55 patients was divided into the following subgroups: CML (16 cases), P.vera (11 cases), AMM (13 cases) and finally PTH (15 cases). Histomorphometric measurements revealed that PTH was distinguishable from the other subtypes of CMPDs with respect to several histological variables: patients with PTH had a normal amount of neutrophilic granulo- and erythrocytopoiesis as well as a non-increased content of reticulin (argyrophilic) fibers in contrast to the findings in CML, P.vera and of course AMM. Moreover, sizes of megakaryocytes and their nuclei were significantly greater in PTH and internalization of haematopoietic cells (emperipolesis) was more frequently encountered in comparison with the other subtypes of CMPDs. Deviation of the circular perimeter of megakaryocyte shape was most prominently expressed in CML and AMM, and consequently generated an increased number of a-nuclear cytoplasmic fragments. In contrast to this feature aberration of the nuclei from a circular outline occurred in a less pronounced way in CML, but was excessive in P.vera, AMM and PTH. Our morphometric evaluation demonstrates that certain histological features may serve as a valuable aid in discriminating PTH from the other occasionally thrombocythaemic subtypes of CMPDs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 16 (1995), S. 106-119 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Maligne Lymphome ; Fokale reaktive lymphoide Hyperplasie ; Knochenmark ; Differentialdiagnose ; Histotopographie ; Fasergehalt ; Immunhistochemie ; Key words Malignant lymphomas ; Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia ; Bone marrow ; Differential diagnosis ; Histotopography ; Fiber content ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of this study was to provide criteria for the differentiation of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) and focal involvement of the bone marrow by malignant lymphoma (ML). Using trephine bone-marrow biopsy specimens embedded in paraffin wax and unequivocally established samples with ML for comparison, all patients with questionable lymphoid or lymphohistiocytic marrow aggregates were re-examined, together with obviously reactive lesions. Following this procedure, a number of characteristics were found that differed in validity with regard to diagnosis. In addition to cytology, which is preferably assessed in Giemsa-stained specimens and evaluated by the Kiel classification, histotopography, fiber content, and immunohistochemical reactions are the most valuable tools for differential diagnosis. RLH is consistent with a central-perivascular localization, a distinctive border and the presence of germinal centers, no or only minimal reticulin fibrosis and a polyclonal reaction pattern with a mixed population of B- and T-lymphocytes, following staining with appropriate antibodies. In uncertain cases (i. e., extensive lymphoproliferations in HIV-myelopathy) the results of immunohistochemical staining are of definite importance for the diagnostic evaluation of these lesions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt das Ziel, Kriterien für die differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung zwischen fokaler reaktiver lymphatischer Hyperplasie (RLH) und nodulären Infiltraten von malignen Lymphomen (ML) im Knochenmark festzulegen. Im Vergleich zu klinisch und histologisch gesicherten Fällen von ML und offensichtlich reaktiven Veränderungen wurden alle in ihrer diagnostischen Zuordnung fraglichen lymphoiden bzw. lymphohistiozytären Läsionen anhand von Beckenkammbiopsien nach Paraffineinbettung noch einmal untersucht. Als wesentliches Ergebnis konnte eine Reihe von diagnostischen Merkmalen herausgearbeitet werden, die allerdings von sehr unterschiedlicher Wertigkeit waren. Neben der Zytologie, welche besonders gut in nach Giemsa gefärbten Präparaten auswertbar ist und sich problemlos nach den entsprechenden Maßgaben der Kiel-Klassifikation zuordnen läßt, sind Histotopographie, Fasergehalt und Immunhistochemie von besonderer nosologischer Bedeutung. Für eine RLH sprechen eine zentral-perivaskuläre Lokalisation mit scharfer Abgrenzung sowie Keimzentren, keine oder allenfalls eine minimale Retikulinfibrose sowie schließlich nach Anwendung immunhistochemischer Verfahren ein polyklonales Reaktionsmuster mit einer Mischpopulation aus B- und T-Lymphozyten. Im Zweifelsfall (z. B. bei ausgedehnter Lymphoproliferation im Rahmen einer HIV-Myelopathie) ist alleine die Immunhistochemie in der Lage, diagnostisch wegweisende Anhaltspunkte zu geben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thrombozytose ; Thrombozythämie ; Chronische myeloproliferative Erkrankungen Megakaryopoese ; Myeloisches Stroma ; Key words Thrombocytosis ; Thrombocythemia ; Chronic myeloproliferative disorders ; Megakaryopoiesis ; Myeloid stroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Differentiation of an elevated, repeatedly determined platelet count (≥500×109/l) includes the discrimination between reactive causes generated by a variety of underlying conditions and a neoplastic myeloprolifera-tive disorder (CMPD). In addition to clinical findings, the evolution of laboratory data during follow-up and histology of the bone marrow exerts a significant diagnostic impact. Characteristic features are not only expressed by hematopoiesis, but also by the myeloid stromal compartment. While the megakaryocyte-rich subtype of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and the 5q– syndrome (MDS) are dominated by abnormal micromegakaryocytes, in polycythemia vera (PV) this cell lineage reveals a pleomorphous appearance. In essential thrombocythemia (ET), a prevalence of giant megakaryocytes with deeply lobulated (staghorn-like) nuclei may be encountered. A clear-cut discrimination of ET from early (hypercellular) stages of idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis (IMF) presenting with thrombocythemia becomes possible, provided the conspicuous atypical features of megakaryopoiesis characterizing the latter entity are taken into account. Moreover, CML displays a predominance of the granulocytic lineage whereas PV shows a panmyelosis or trilineage proliferation, involving erythropoiesis, in particular. In contrast, erythropoiesis is markedly reduced in CML and to a lesser degree also in IMF. In CMPDs extreme values of iron deposits may be found, ranging from a total lack (PV) to minor amounts (CML) and a normal staining reaction (ET). Similar results are exhibited regarding reticulin fibrosis, which is usually not present in ET, rarely observed in PV and detectable to a variable degree in CML and IMF.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Differentialdiagnose eines erhöhten Thrombozytenwertes (≥500×109/l), der insbesondere bei wiederholter Bestimmung gefunden wird, beinhaltet eine Abgrenzung zwischen reaktiven Ursachen im Rahmen ganz unterschiedlicher Grundleiden und einer neoplastischen bzw. myeloproliferativen Systemerkrankung (CMPE). Neben hämatologischen Befunden, vor allem jedoch der Entwicklung der einzelnen Laborparameter im Verlaufe der Erkrankung kommt der Histopathologie des Knochenmarks eine wegweisende diagnostische Bedeutung zu. Charakteristische Veränderungen betreffen nicht nur die Megakaryopoese, sondern auch die übrigen Zellreihen und das Interstitium. Während bei dem megakaryozytenreichen Subtyp der chronischen myeloischen Leukämie (CML) und beim 5q–-Syndrom (MDS) abnorm differenzierte Mikromegakaryozyten vorherrschen, ist die Polycythämia vera (PV) durch einen pleomorphen Aspekt dieser Zellreihe und die essentielle Thrombozythämie (ET) durch zahlreiche Riesenformen gekennzeichnet, die einen stark gelappten Kern (sog. Hirschgeweih-Kerne) aufweisen. Die klare Trennung einer ET von thrombozythämisch verlaufenden Formen der idiopathischen Myelofibrose (IMF) ist durchaus möglich, vorausgestzt man beachtet die ausgeprägten Atypien der Megakaryopoese, welche letztere Entität auszeichnen. Zudem besitzt die CML eine vorherrschende granulozytäre Zellreihe, während die PV durch eine trilineare Proliferation (Panmyelose) mit prominenter erythropoetischer Proliferation gekennzeichnet ist. Eine signifikante Reduktion dieser Zelllinie ist bei der CML und weniger bei der IMF vorhanden. Die CMPE lassen eine deutliche Spannbreite der Retikulumzellsiderose erkennen, die von fehlendem Eisenspeicher (PV) über ganz spärliche Ablagerungen (CML) bis hin zur Normalverteilung (ET) reicht. Ähnliche Befunde sind hinsichtlich einer (retikulären) Myelofibrose zu erheben, die gewöhnlich bei der ET fehlt, vereinzelt bei der PV besteht und bei der CML und IMF in ganz unterschiedlicher Ausprägung vorhanden ist.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Apoptose ; Proliferation ; Hämatopoetischer Zellumsatz ; Topoisomerase II α ; PCNA ; Chronische myeloproliferative Erkrankungen ; Prognose ; Reaktive Läsionen ; Key words Apoptosis ; Proliferation ; Hematopoietic turnover index ; Topoisomerase II α ; PCNA ; Chronic myeloproliferative disorders ; Prognosis ; Reactive lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Apoptosis and proliferation are important regulators of normal development and homeostasis in the bone marrow. Therefore, dynamics of hematopoiesis is mainly defined by these two parameters. However, since only few data are available from previous studies, we performed a retrospective analysis to elucidate some aspects of this complex pathomechanism. A total of 400 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs) and corresponding reactive bone marrow lesions were enrolled into this study. Apoptosis was detected in bone marrow tissue by the ISEL-technique and topoisomerase II α expression was demonstrated by the monoclonal antibody Ki-S1. Furthermore, by determination of the proliferating-cell nuclear antigen labeling (PCNA) index, we were able to calculate the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, because both nuclear antigens are expressed in different phases of the cell cycle. Patients with IMF, PV, and ET revealed a normal range of apoptosis, whereas in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) a significant increase could be observed. On the other hand, IMF and PV were characterized by a raised proliferative activity. Dynamics of hematopoiesis was assessed by calculation of the so called hematopoietic turnover index. In CML and reactive lesions no alterations of this parameter were detectable, but IMF and PV showed a significant increase. Survival analysis disclosed a relevant worsening of life expectancy for patients with reduced apoptosis and proliferation. In conclusion, our in-situ results confirm and extend previous experimental data on hematopoietic cell kinetics. In this context, a greater regenerative capacity of hematopoiesis may be reflected by an increased rate of apoptosis and/or proliferation and therefore is associated with a more favorable outcome.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Apoptose und Proliferation stellen im Rahmen einer funktionsgerechten Regelung der Hämatopoese einen integralen Bestandteil für die Aufrechterhaltung des zellulären Gleichgewichts im Knochenmark dar. Insofern ist die Dynamik des hämatopoetischen Zellumsatzes durch diese beiden Parameter gekennzeichnet. Da weiterführende Untersuchungen in dieser Hinsicht lediglich vereinzelt am Knochenmark durchgeführt worden sind, haben wir im Rahmen einer retrospektiven Analyse versucht, einige Aspekte dieses komplexen Mechanismus zu beleuchten. Insgesamt wurden 400 Patienten mit chronischen myeloproliferativen Erkrankungen (CMPE) sowie korrespondierenden reaktiven Veränderungen in die Untersuchung aufgenommen. Neben dem direkten Nachweis der Apoptose im Knochenmark durch die ISEL-Technik haben wir die Topoisomerase II α Expression mittels des monoklonalen Antikörpers Ki-S1 gemessen. Zusätzlich konnten wir durch die Bestimmung der PCNA-Markierung aufgrund der Zellzyklus-spezifischen Färbereaktion beider nukleärer Antigene den Anteil der in G2-/M-Phase befindlichen Zellen ermitteln. Während die IMF, die PV sowie die ET eine im Normbereich liegende Apoptoserate erkennen ließen, war dieser Wert bei der CML signifikant erhöht. Auf der anderen Seite wiesen IMF und PV eine deutlich gesteigerte proliferative Aktivität im Knochenmark auf. Bei der Berechnung eines hämatopoetischen Zellumsatz Index (HZI) zeigten diese beiden CMPE-Subtypen einen signifikanten Anstieg, wohingegen bei der CML sowie den reaktiven Läsionen keine relevante Verschiebung dieses Parameters festzustellen war. Im Rahmen prognostischer Analysen hatten IMF und PV Patienten mit reduzierter Proliferation und Apoptoserate jeweils eine signifikant kürzere Überlebenszeit. Unsere in-situ Ergebnisse erweitern und bestätigen vorausgegangene experimentelle Studien zur hämatopoetischen Zellkinetik. Darüber hinaus lassen sich aus unseren Daten prognostische Überlegungen ableiten, da insbesondere bei der PV und IMF Apoptose und Proliferation signifikanten Einfluß auf das Überleben der Patienten hatten. In diesem Zusammenhang spiegelt eine vermehrte Apoptose- und Proliferationsrate im Knochenmark offenbar eine größere regenerative Kapazität der Hämatopoese wieder und könnte daher für einen günstigeren Verlauf verantwortlich gemacht werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 369-380 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy ; Bone marrow involvement ; Histopathology ; Differential diagnosis ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 23 cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILAP) diagnosed by lymph node biopsy were investigated with regard to bone marrow involvement, using plastic embedding technique. 14 patients (61%) out of 23 displayed a granuloma-like focal or extended infiltrate, predominantly in the center of the bone marrow spaces. This lesion contained lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytic reticulum cells and sometimes immunoblasts with whorls of arborizing vessels and increased reticulin fibers. The different types of cellular infiltration in lymph nodes in AILAP are not encountered in bone marrow. Further, there is only a relatively slight increase of vessels which are not always as thick-walled in the bone marrow as in the lymph nodes of AILAP patients. 7 out of 14 (50%) cases with marrow involvement died with recurring lymphomas and infiltration of liver and spleen after 4 to 54 months after the first biopsy. This demonstrates the unfavorable clinical outcome of AILAP with bone marrow infiltration, since only 2 of 9 patients (22%) without marrow involvement at the time of biopsy have died to date: one had toxic heart failure following chemotherapy and another developed septicaemia. Early marrow lesions of Hodgkin's disease and granulomas in hyperergic myelitis of rheumatic origin have a very similar appearance and may therefore be confused with AILAP infiltrates. Histopathology of lymph nodes is therefore an essential requirement in differentiating between these disorders. The outstanding value of bone marrow biopsy in AILAP-patients is firstly, in staging the disease and secondly, in early recognition of systemic spread connected with an unfavorable prognosis.
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