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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; HIV encephalitis ; HIV-specific antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To establish a reliable procedure for the early detection of central nervous system involvement in HIV infection, paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples of 59 patients were analysed. Fifteen were HIV antibody positive without clinical symptoms (stage I), 12 had lymphadenopathy syndrome or AIDS-related complex (stage II), and 32 had AIDS (stage III). Intrathecal synthesis of HIV antibodies was determined by a modified ELISA. Antibodies in CSF and serum were evaluated at identical immunoglobulin G levels to correct for the actual blood-CSF-barrier permeability. A CSF/serum quotient above 1.5 is indicative of intrathecal antibody synthesis, which was found in 47% of the patients in stage I, 67% in stage II, and 84% in stage III. These findings indicate an early and frequent invasion of the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 26-31 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: AIDS ; Dementia ; HIV encephalitis ; Neuropsychiatric symptomatology ; Psychological testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Combined medical, neurological, and serological investigations were carried out in 59 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In stage I clinical and neuropsychiatric testing did not reveal evidence for HIV encephalitis as diagnosed by local antibody production in CSF. Neuropsychiatric abnormalities, brain atrophy, memory and cognitive impairment reliably indicated HIV encephalitis in later stages. The commonest symptoms were cerebellar and brainstem signs, followed by dementia. Epileptic fits and hemipareses always were associated with cerebral toxoplasmosis. A polyneuropathy was frequently found but other causes have to be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Creutzfeldt-Jakob Krankheit (CJD) ; Spongiforme Enzephalopathie ; Prion ; Diagnose ; Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) ; Spongiform encephalopathy ; Prion ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since its first description by H.G. Creutzfeldt and A. Jakob, six forms of human spongiform encephalopathies have been described. Besides Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a new variant CJD (nvCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and potentially familial progressive subcortical gliosis have been reported. The most likely causative agent of these and at least six animal-transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) is a structurally altered form of a regular cellular protein, designated prion. The best known animal forms are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie. The clinical spectrum of human spongiform encephalopathies has been expanded in recent years by the discovery of new, partially genetically determined forms. The currently available clinical, neurophysiological, neuroradiological, biochemical and molecular-biological methods permit only a probable diagnosis of CJD. A definite diagnosis can only be achieved by the neuropathological demonstration of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc). The transmission of BSE to humans has neither been shown nor definitely excluded.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit der Erstbeschreibung durch Creutzfeldt und Jakob sind bisher 6 humane spongiforme Enzephalopathien, die Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit (CJD), eine new variant CJD (nvCJD), das Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker-Syndrom (GSS), die fatale familiäre Insomnie (FFI) und möglicherweise die familiäre progressive subkortikale Gliose beschrieben worden. Als wahrscheinlichster Auslöser dieser und von im Tierreich vorkommenden transmissiblen spongiformen Enzephalopathien (TSE), wie der bovinen spongiformen Enzephalopathie (BSE) und von Scrapie, gilt heute ein körpereigenes, im Krankheitsfall in seiner Struktur verändertes Eiweiß, das das Akronym Prion trägt. Das klinische Spektrum menschlicher spongiformer Enzephalopathien hat durch die Beschreibung neuer, teilweise genetisch bedingter Varianten in den letzten Jahren eine deutliche Ausweitung erfahren. Mit den bisher zur Verfügung stehenden klinischen, neurophysiologischen, neuroradiologischen, biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Verfahren läßt sich intra vitam lediglich eine wahrscheinliche Diagnose einer CJD stellen. Eine sichere Diagnose einer humanen spongiformen Enzephalopathie ist nur durch den neuropathologischen Nachweis des pathologischen Prionproteins (PrPSc) möglich. Eine Übertragung der BSE auf den Menschen ist bisher nicht bewiesen, läßt sich gegenwärtig aber auch nicht mit Sicherheit ausschließen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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