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  • Electroconvulsive shock  (5)
  • Physical Chemistry  (4)
  • rat  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antinociceptive effects of the stereoisomers of nicotine given intrathecally in spinal rats (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 80 (1990), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Nicotine enantiomers ; pain ; spinal analgesia ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinalized rats received an intrathecal injection of either (−)-nicotine or (+)-nicotine in order to study the stereoselectivity of antinociception. Pain threshold was measured using the tail-flick test. Both stereoisomers had antinociceptive effects, but (−)-nicotine was up to 970 times more potent, depending on test conditions. The antinociceptive action of (−)-nicotine was antagonized by mecamylamine and yohimbine but not by naloxone and atropine. The findings show that spinal mechanisms are highly stereoselective toward nicotine, and suggest that primarily nicotinergic andalpha-adrenergic receptors are involved in its central antinociceptive effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245120
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of tranylcypromine enantiomers on monoamine uptake and release and imipramine binding (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 65 (1986), S. 135-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Tranylcypromine enantiomers ; monoamine uptake ; monoamine release ; dopamine ; noradrenaline ; serotonin ; synaptosome ; imipramine binding ; blood platelet ; stereoselectivity ; rat ; rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies were carried outin vitro to determine effects of tranylcypromine enantiomers ([+]- and [−]-TCP) on uptake and release of 5-HT, DA and NA in rat synaptosomes and on imipramine binding to rabbit platelets. (+)-TCP was more potent than (−)-TCP as inhibitor of 5-HT uptake and imipramine binding, whereas (−)-TCP was more potent than (+)-TCP as inhibitor of DA and NA uptake. The enantiomers differed only slightly in their effects on monoamine release. The findings agree with previous reports on the stereoselectivity of monoaminergic mechanisms toward TCP enantiomers, and support the notion that the 5-HT uptake site may be associated with the imipramine binding site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01256489
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock on corticosterone responses to centrally acting pharmacological stimuli in the male rat (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 71 (1980), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Electroconvulsive shock ; Corticosterone ; Muscarinic agonists ; Serotoninergic agonists ; α-Adrenoceptor agonists ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of repeated and single electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) on the corticosterone response to pharmacological stimuli has been studied in male rats. Plasma corticosterone concentrations are elevated by oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, and by 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin. Both these agonists probably stimulate corticotrophinreleasing-factor release from the hypothalamus. The log dose-response curves of the corticosterone response to oxotremorine and to 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan are shifted to the left after a single ECS given daily for 10 days compared with sham-shocked controls. Plasma corticosterone concentrations are elevated by treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (400 mg/kg IP). This rise is suppressed by clonidine. The log dose-response curve for the corticosterone response to clonidine after α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester is also shifted to the left by repeated ECS, compared with controls. There is no difference in the corticosterone response of ECS and sham-treated groups given vasopressin, which is thought to act directly on the pituitary to release ACTH. A single ECS produces a slight enhancement of the response to 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, a slight decrease in the response to oxotremorine and no change in the response to clonidine after α-methyl-p-tyrosine. The disappearance of the difference in response between ECS and sham-treated animals was also studied 1,3, and 6 days after a series of ten ECS or sham procedures. Significant differences in the corticosterone responses to oxotremorine, 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan and clonidine after α-methyl-p-tyrosine between ECS and sham-treated animas were found 24 h after the last ECS or sham shock. These differences were in decline 3 days after the last procedure and had completely disappeared by day 6. The decline was largely due to an increase in plasma corticosterone responsiveness to pharmacological stimuli of the shamshocked controls. Responses in the ECS-treated groups remained constant. It is apparent that the anaesthetic procedure suppresses the effect of oxotremorine, 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan and clonidine after α-methyl-p-tyrosine on corticosterone concentrations in plasma. This effect is spontaneously reversible. Repeated ECS reverses the effect of the anaesthetic procedure but produces no reversible enhancement of its own.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433053
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated behavioural responses in rats following repeated electroconvulsive shock: Relevance to the mechanism of the antidepressive effect of electroconvulsive therapy (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Electroconvulsive shock ; Electronvulsive therapy ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of rats with one electroconvulsive shock (ECS) per day for 10 days enhanced the hyperactivity syndrome produced by administration of tranylcypromine (10 mg kg-1) and l-tryptophan (50 mg kg-1) given 24 h after the final shock. Similar enhancement was seen whether the shock was alternating sinusoidal or direct current (fractionated), whether it was given through unilaterally or bilaterally placed electrodes and whether or not a neuromuscular blocking agent (fazadinium) was used. Five shocks spread over 10 days or 8 shocks spread over 17 days were similarly effective, whilst 8 shocks in 1 day were ineffective. Therefore when ECS are given to rats in ways similar to those in which electroconvulsive therapy is given to patients with depression, enhancement of behavioural responses to increased 5-HT function is produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426732
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shocks on growth hormone secretion and growth hormone responses to clonidine in the intact rat (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 76 (1982), S. 98-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Electroconvulsive shock ; Growth hormone ; Clonidine ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) on growth hormone (GH) secretion was studied in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley animals were given one ECS daily for 10 days under halothane anaesthesia. Control animals were anaesthetised only. GH secretion was studied 24 h after the last ECS or sham procedure. Background GH secretion was significantly greater in ECS-treated than in sham-treated animals (P〈0.001). The GH response to IV clonidine (0.01–0.1 mg/kg) did not differ between the two groups. The size of the GH response was not directly related to the basal GH secretion and could not be explained in terms of it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430767
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated ECS enhances dopamine D-1 but not D-2 agonist-induced behavioural responses in rats (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 110-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Electroconvulsive shock ; Dopamine receptor subtypes ; SKF 38393 ; RU 24213 ; Apomorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the effect of acute and repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on behaviours induced by various dopamine agonists in rats. Components of behavioural arousal induced by the dopamine D-1 agonist SKF 38393, the dopamine D-2 agonist RU 24213 and the mixed D-1/D-2 agonist apomorphine were assessed using a behavioural check-list method. Also, the overall behavioural syndrome produced by these drugs was measured using rating scales. Rats receiving repeated (5 times over 10 days) but not a single ECS showed enhanced grooming and sniffing in response to SKF 38393 (7.5 mg/kg) when compared to controls. Repetitive sniffing induced by apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) was also enhanced by repeated ECS. Neither repeated nor a single ECS significantly changed behaviours induced by RU 24213 (0.75 mg/kg), although a downward trend was evident. The behaviour rating scale measurements also demonstrated that repeated administration to ECS increased behavioural responsiveness to SKF 38393 and apomorphine but not RU 24213. These results suggest that the increase of dopamine-mediated behaviour in rats seen after chronic ECS relates to an increase in central dopamine D-1 receptor function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further observations on the effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock on the behavioural resposes of rats produced by increases in the functional activity of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 52 (1977), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Electroconvulsive shock ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Following repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) (once daily for 10 days), rats display enhanced hyperactivity responses to tranylcypromine and l-tryptophan, a procedure which increases brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentrations, or to the suggested 5-HT agonist quipazine. The enhanced responses last for about 6 days following the last shock. Repeated sub-convulsive shocks did not produce this behavioural enhancement. Administration of indomethacin (2 mg/kg) 25 min before the ECS did not prevent the enhanced 5-HT response suggesting that the enhanced response is not the result of the reported rise in prostaglandins F following ECS. Repeated ECS shortened the time to loss of righting following pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) but did not alter the total sleeping time. Repeated ECS enhances locomotor activity produced by methamphetamine. It also enhances circling produced by methamphetamine and apomorphine in unilateral nigrostriatal lesioned rats, suggesting an enhanced postsynaptic response. No evidence was found for ECS altering the response of striatal adenylate cyclase to dopamine nor for any alteration of striatal cyclic AMP concentration. These data taken with our previous study reinforce the suggestion that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) produces increased responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine receptor stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439110
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 3,N,N′-trimethyl-2-phenyl-1,4-piperazine diastereomers on monoamine uptake and monoamine oxidase in rat brain (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 88 (1992), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Phenylpiperazine ; monoamine uptake ; NA ; DA ; 5-HT ; MAO ; phenylethylamine ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The diastereomers of 3,N,N′-trimethyl-2-phenyl-1,4-piperazine dihydrochloride (TPP) were tested for their effects on NA, DA and 5-HT uptake in synaptosomes prepared from hypothalamus, corpus striatum, and frontal cortex, respectively. The diastereomers differed with respect to their inhibitory properties. (2R, 3R)-TPP was more potent than the other diastereomers on NA and DA uptake, whereas (2S, 3S)-TPP was least potent. In contrast, the (2S, 3S)- and (2 S, 3R)-diastereomers of TPP were more potent than (2R, 3R)- and (2R, 3S)-TPP as inhibitors of 5-HT uptake. None of the diastereomers affected monoamine oxidase activity. The findings show that the diastereomers of TPP interact stereoselectively with neuronal mechanisms for monoamine uptake, and that the (S)-configuration at the 2 carbon is important for inhibitory actions of TPP on 5-HT uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244731
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and mechanism of the atmospheric oxidation of Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 24 (1992), S. 199-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) is being proposed as an additive for use in reformulated gasolines. In this study, experiments were performed to examine the kinetics and mechanism of the atmospheric removal of ETBE. The kinetics of the reaction of ETBE with OH radicals were examined by using a relative rate technique with the photolysis of methyl nitrite to generate OH radicals. With n-hexane as the reference compound, a value of (9.73 ± 0.33) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was obtained for the rate constant. The OH rate constant for t-butyl acetate, a product of the oxidation of ETBE, was (4.4 ± 0.4) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K.The primary products and molar yields for the OH reaction with ETBE in the presence of NOx were t-butyl formate (0.64 ± 0.03), t-butyl acetate (0.13 ± 0.01), ethyl acetate (0.043 ± 0.003), acetaldehyde (0.16 ± 0.01), acetone (0.019 ± 0.002), and formaldehyde (0.53 ± 0.04). Under the described reaction conditions, the formation of t-butyl nitrite was also observed. From these molar yields, approximately 98% of the reacted ETBE could be accounted for by paths leading to these products. Chemical mechanisms to explain the formation of these products are presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550240208
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The photooxidation of methyl tertiary butyl ether (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 23 (1991), S. 907-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) has been proposed and is being used as an additive to increase the octane of gasoline without the use of tetraethyl lead and alkylbenzenes. The present experiments have been performed to examine the kinetics and mechanisms of the atmospheric removal of MTBE. The kinetics of the reaction of OH with MTBE was examined by using a relative rate technique in which photolysis of methyl nitrite was used as the source of OH. With n-butane as the reference compound a value of (2.99 ± 0.12) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at a temperature of 298 K was obtained for the rate constant. The products (and product yields) for the OH reaction with MTBE in the presence of NOx were also determined and found to be t-butyl formate (0.68 ± 0.05), methyl acetate (0.14 ± 0.02), acetone (0.026 ± 0.003), t-butanol (0.062 ± 0.009), and formaldehyde (0.48 ± 0.05) in mols/mol MTBE converted. The OH rate constant for the major product formed, t-butyl formate was also measured and found to be (7.37 ± 0.05) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Mechanisms to rationalize the formation of the products are presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550231006
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