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  • GABA  (2)
  • Essential hypertension  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Essential hypertension ; Hereditary salt sensitivity ; Membrane transport ; Intracellular electrolytes ; Essentielle Hypertonie ; Hereditäre Salzsensitivität ; Membrantransport ; Intrazelluläre Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von oszillometrischer Blutdrucklangzeitmonitorisierung und biochemischen Untersuchungen an einer großen Anzahl von normotensiven Probanden mit und ohne positiver Familienanamnese von Hochdruck, sowie an einer großen Anzahl von unbehandelten Hochdruckkranken, die wir alle vor und nach diätetischer Intervention mit Änderung der Natriumzufuhr untersucht haben, haben wir Vorstellungen zur Pathogenese der essentiellen Hypertonie entwickelt, die in einigen Punkten von den heute gängigen Hypothesen abweichen: Wir konnten demonstrieren, daß normotensive Probanden mit familiärer Hochdruckbelastung nach Kochsalzrestriktion von 200 mmol auf 50 mmol täglich über zwei Wochen mit einem minimalen Blutdruckabfall von im Mittel 2,9±0,7 mmHg (±SEM) reagieren, während Normotensive ohne familiäre Hochdruckbelastung keine Blutdruckänderung nach Kochsalzrestriktion zeigen (Blutdruckänderung des arteriellen Mitteldrucks −0,93±0,67 mmHg, n.s.). Diese Blutdruckänderung nach Salzrestriktion bei Probanden mit hereditärer Hochdruckbelastung war nur durch die oszillometrische Monitorisierung des Blutdrucks, nicht jedoch durch sphygmomanometrische Messung derselben erfaßbar. Entgegen unserem Erwarten zeigten jedoch weder Gesunde mit familiärer Hochdruckbelastung noch Probanden, die einen Blutdruckabfall auf Kochsalzrestriktion aufwiesen, eine Veränderung der intrazellulären Natriumkonzentration, der Natrium-Kalium-Pumpe und des Natrium-Kalium-Contransports. Auch konnten wir bei familiärer Hochdruckdisposition keine plasmatische Beeinflussung der Natrium-Kalium-Pumpe nachweisen. Hingegen fanden wir bei Gesunden mit familiärer Hochdruckbelastung bei identischen Plasmaund Harnkatecholaminen eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber infundiertem Noradrenalin. Zusätzlich fanden wir indirekte Hinweise dafür, daß salzsensitive Probanden effektivere Mechanismen der Natriumrückresorption proximal vom distalen Tubulussystem aufweisen. Wir propagieren, daß eine intrinsisch erhöhte noradrenerge Empfindlichkeit des Menschen, die eventuell auch zusätzlich durch psychologische Faktoren ausgelöst oder verstärkt werden könnte, zur Salzsensitivität prädestiniert, indem dadurch die Rückresorption von Natrium an der Niere verstärkt wird. Bei Hochdruckkranken fanden wir jedoch in Übereinstimmung mit anderen ausgeprägte Zellmembrandefekte. So fand sich bei etabliertem Hochdruck eine erhöhte Permeabilität der Zellen gegenüber Rubidium (und damit gegenüber Kalium), sowie eine wahrscheinlich kompensatorisch erhöhte Pumprate der Natrium-Kalium-ATPase. Die Pumprate war umso höher, je höher der basale Blutdruck der Patienten war. Bei Hochdruckkranken läßt sich auch tatsächlich nachweisen, daß die im artefiziellen Medium erhöhte Pumprate der Na — K-Pumpe durch die Inkubation der Erythrozyten in ihrem eigenen Plasma auf die Norm zurückgebracht („gehemmt“) wird. Aus der Tatsache, daß sich die beschriebenen Veränderungen des Membrantransportes nicht bei Familienangehörigen von Hochdruckkranken, sondern erst bei etabliertem Hochdruck nachweisen lassen und dann mit dem Schweregrad der Hypertonie progressiv zunehmen, schließen wir, daß diese Veränderungen nichtUrsache sondernFolge des Hochdruckes sind, was sicher zu einer weiteren Verschlechterung des Hochdruckleidens beitragen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Based on oscillatory long-term blood pressure recordings and on biochemical findings in 62 normotensive and 54 untreated hypertensive subjects, who were investigated during their usual high sodium diet and after moderate salt restriction, we have developed a concept for the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, which differs from current concept proposed by others: We demonstrated that normotensive subjects with a positive family history of hypertension respond to sodium restriction from 200 to 50 mmol/day over 2 weeks with a minute fall of mean blood pressure of 2.9±0.7 mmHg (±SEM), whereas in subjects with a negative family history of hypertension blood pressure remained unchanged (−0.93±0.67 mmHg). This difference was only revealed by computing the “basal blood pressure average” from 240 heart beats, but not by conventional sphygmomanometric blood pressure measurements. Normotensives with heredity of hypertension or “salt sensitive” normotensive subjects were not different from subjects with a negative family history in the sodium pump, Na-K-cotransport or intracellular sodium and potassium of erythrocytes. In contrast, the former group had an increased sensitivity to infused noradrenaline, which might be responsible for enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption in subjects with a positive family history of hypertension (or “salt sensitive” subjects). We only found an increased K-permeability of red cells in established hypertension, which was compensated for by a an increased activity of the sodium pump. These cell membrane defects were more pronounced in more severe hypertension. In the course of essential hypertension a cell membrane defect may develop as a consequence rather than a cause of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chemical transmission ; multiple messengers ; synapse ; neuropeptides ; immunohistochemistry ; 5-HT ; catecholamines ; GABA ; somatostatin ; enkephalin ; NPY ; CCK ; CGRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present article the fact is emphasized that neuropeptides often are located in the same neurons as classical transmitters such as acetylcholine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, catecholamines, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) etc. This raises the possibility that neurons produce, store and release more than the one messenger molecule. The exact functional role of such coesisting peptides is often difficult to evaluate, especially in the central nervous system. In the periphery some studies indicate apparently meaningful interactions of different types with the classical transmitter, but other types of actions including trophic effects have been observed. More recently it has been shown that some neurons contain more than one classical transmitter, e.g. 5-HT plus GABA, further underlining the view that transfer of information across synapses may be more compex than perhaps hitherto assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Median eminence ; Tanycyte ; Dopamine ; Noradrenaline ; GABA ; Neurotensin ; Galanin ; GRF ; Dynorphin ; Enkephalin ; POMC ; Somatostatin ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neuropeptide K ; DARPP-32 ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry and receptor autoradiography were used to study the localization of transmitter-/peptidecontaining neurons and peptide binding sites in the mediobasal hypothalamus in normal rats and in rats treated neonatally with repeated doses of the neurotoxin monosodium-glutamate (MSG). In the arcuate nucleus, the results showed a virtually complete loss of cell bodies containing immunoreactivity for growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), galanin (GAL), dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and neuropeptide K (NPK). Tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-, glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)-, neurotensin(NT)- and somatostatin(SOM)-immunoreactive (IR) cells were, however, always detected in the ventrally dislocated, dorsomedial division of the arcuate nucleus. In the median eminence, marked decreases in numbers of GAD-, NT-, GAL-, GRF-, DYN-and ENK-IR fibers were observed. The numbers of TH-, SOM-and NPY-IR fibers were in contrast not or only affected to a very small extent, as revealed with the immunofluorescence technique. Biochemical analysis showed a tendency for MSG to reduce dopamine levels in the median eminence of female rats, whereas no effect was observed in male rats. Autoradiographic studies showed high to moderate NT binding sites, including strong binding over presumably dorsomedial dopamine cells. In MSG-treated rats, there was a marked reduction in GAL binding in the ventromedial nucleus. The findings implicate that most neurons in the ventrolateral and ventromedial arcuate nucleus are sensitive to the toxic effects of MSG, whereas a subpopulation of cells in the dorsomedial division of the arcuate nucleus, including dopamine neurons, are not susceptible to MSG-neurotoxicity. The results indicate, moreover that the very dense TH-IR fiber network in the median eminence predominantly arises from the dorsomedial TH-IR arcuate cells, whereas the GAD-, NT-, GAL-, GRF-and DYN-IR fibers in the median eminence to a large extent arise from the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus. Some ENK-and NPK-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus seem to project to the lateral palisade zone of the median eminence, but most of the ENK-IR fibers in the median eminence, located in the medial palisade zone, seem to primarily originate from an area(s) located outside the arcuate nucleus, presumably the paraventricular nucleus. The NPY-positive fibers in the median eminence contain to a large extent immunoreactive dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), and do not arise from the ventromedial arcuate nucleus. SOM-IR cells in the dorsal periventricular arcuate nucleus do not send major projections to the median eminence. The present findings thus show that MSG treatment represents a valuable tool to clarify the organization of chemically identified neuron populations in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex and provide further information for understanding the neuroendocrine effects of neonatal MSG treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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