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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurochemically similar myenteric and submucous neurons directly traced to the mucosa of the small intestine (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Cholecystokinin ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Neuropeptide Y ; Somatostatin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY) gave an intense immunohistochemical reaction of certain nerve cells in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine. Each nerve cell had up to 20 branching, tapering processes that were less than ∼50 μm long and a long process that could be followed for a considerable distance. This morphology corresponds to that of the type-III cells of Dogiel. The long process of each myenteric cell ran through the circular muscle to the submucosa, and in most cases the process could be traced to the mucosa. The submucous nerve cell bodies also had processes that extended to the mucosa. These cell bodies, in both plexuses, also stained with antisera raised against calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and somatostatin (SOM), but did not stain with antibodies against enkephalin, substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide. Thus, it has been possible for the first time to trace the processes of chemically specified neurons through the layers of the intestinal wall and to show by a direct method that CGRP/CCK/ChAT/NPY/ SOM myenteric and submucous nerves cells provide terminals in the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214637
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The source of the nerve fibres forming the deep muscular and circular muscle plexuses in the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 497-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Nerves, degeneration ; Neuronal connections ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative ultrastructural study was made of the neuntes forming the deep muscular and circular muscle plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine following microsurgical lesions designed to interrupt intrinsic and extrinsic nerve pathways within the intestinal wall. Removal of a collar of longitudinal muscle with attached myenteric plexus from the circumference of a segment of small intestine resulted in the subsequent disappearance of 99.3% of neurites in the underlying circular muscle. The few surviving neurites in the deep muscular plexus and circular muscle disappeared completely from lesioned segments that were, in addition, extrinsically denervated surgically. These results indicate that the majority of nerve fibres in the deep muscular and circular muscle plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine is intrinsic to the intestine and originates from nerve cell bodies located in the overlying myenteric plexus. At the light-microscopic level, nerve bundles were traced from the myenteric plexus to the circular muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215742
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections of neurons with neuromedin U-like immunoreactivity in the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromedin U ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuromedin U immunoreactivity was located histochemically in the guinea-pig small intestine. Projections of immunoreactive neurons were determined by analysing patterns of degeneration following nerve lesions. The co-localization of neuromedin U immunoreactivity with immunoreactivity for substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide and calbindin was also investigated. Neuromedin U immunoreactivity was found in nerve cells in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and in nerve fibres in these ganglionated plexuses, around submucous arterioles and in the mucosa. Reactive fibres did not supply the muscle layers. Most reactive nerve cells in the myenteric ganglia had Dogiel type-II morphology and in many there was co-localization of calbindin, although some Dogiel type-II neuromedin U neurons were calbindin negative. Lesion studies suggest that these myenteric neurons project circumferentially to local myenteric ganglia. Projections from myenteric neurons also run anally in the myenteric plexus, while other projections extend to submucous ganglia, and still further projections run from the intestine to provide terminals in the coeliac ganglia. In the submucous ganglia neuromedin U was co-localized in three populations of nerve cells: (i) those with vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity, (ii) neurons containing neuropeptide Y, and (iii) neurons containing substance P. Each of these populations sends nerve fibres to the mucosa. Neuromedin U immunoreactivity is thus located in a variety of neurons serving different functions in the intestine and therefore probably does not have a single role in intestinal physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261844
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons and their projections in the guinea-pig colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calretinin ; Enteric nervous system ; Calcium-binding protein ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nerve cells and fibres with immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calretinin, was studied in the distal colon of the guinea-pig. The projections of the neurons were determined by examining the consequences of lesioning the myenteric plexus. Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons comprised 17% of myenteric nerve cells and 6% of submucous nerve cells. Numerous calretinin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were located in the longitudinal and circular muscle, and within the ganglia of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. Occasional fibres were found in the muscularis mucosae, but they were very rare in the lamina propria of the mucosa. Lesion studies revealed that myenteric neurons innervated the underlying circular muscle and provided both ascending and descending processes that gave rise to varicose branches in myenteric ganglia. Calretinin-immunoreactive fibres also projected to the tertiary component of the myenteric plexus, and are therefore likely to be motor neurons to the longitudinal muscle. Varicose fibres that supplied the submucous ganglia appear to arise from submucous nerve cells. Arterioles of the submucous plexus were sparsely innervated by calretinin-immunoreactive fibres. The submucous plexus was the principal source of immunoreactive nerve fibres in the muscularis mucosae. This work shows that calretinin-IR reveals different neuronal populations in the large intestine to those previously reported in the small intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306121
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of inputs to longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 549-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calretinin ; Calbindin ; Bombesin ; Small intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Light- and electron-microscopic studies were used to investigate connections between specific subgroups of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guineapig small intestine. Inputs to two classes of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons, were examined. Inputs from calbindin-IR primary sensory neurons and from three classes of descending interneurons were studied. Electron-microscopic analysis showed that calbindin-IR axons formed two types of inputs, synapses and close contacts, on calretinin-IR neurons. About 40% of inputs to the longitudinal muscle motor neurons and 70% to ascending interneurons were calbindin-IR. Approximately 50% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons were surrounded by bombesin-IR dense pericellular baskets and 40% by closely apposed varicosities. At the electron-microscope level, the bombesin-IR varicosities were found to form synapses and close contacts with the motor neurons. Dense pericellular baskets with bombesin-IR surrounded 36% of all ascending interneurons, and a further 17% had closely apposed varicosities. Somatostatin-and 5-HT-IR descending interneurons provided no dense pericellular baskets to calretinin-IR nerve cells. Thus, calretinin-IR, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons receive direct synaptic inputs from intrinsic primary sensory neurons and from non-cholinergic, bombesin-IR, descending interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318359
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5- hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414180
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities are colocalized in a subset of inhibitory motor neurons of the guinea-pig small intestine (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 284 (1996), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Small intestine ; Inhibitory motor neurons ; γ-Aminobutyric acid ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Simultaneous immunofluorescence labelling was used to determine the patterns of colocalization of immunoreactivity for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA-IR) with immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and tachykinins (TK) in nerve cells and fibres of the guinea-pig small intestine. GABA-IR nerve cell bodies were located in the myenteric plexus and varicose fibres innervated the circular and longitudinal muscle, but did not form pericellular endings in the myenteric ganglia. GABA-IR nerve cells comprised 4–5% of all nerve cells in the myenteric ganglia. Of GABA-IR myenteric nerve cells, about 85% had NOS-IR and of GABA-IR nerve fibres in both muscle layers, about 75% were NOS-IR. Conversely, 20% of NOS-IR nerve cells were GABA-IR. About 6% of GABA-IR nerve fibres innervating the circular muscle, but none innervating the longitudinal muscle, were TK-IR. Most GABA-IR fibres supplying the circular muscle, but none of those supplying the longitudinal muscle, were VIP-IR. From this study, and previous studies of projections of enteric neurons, it is concluded that most GABA-IR neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine are inhibitory motor neurons that also contain NOS-IR. A small proportion represents anally directed excitatory motor neurons that innervate the circular muscle and are also immunoreactive for TK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050564
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive terminals synapse exclusively with VIP cell bodies in the submucous plexus of the guinea-pig ileum? (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nitric oxide synthase ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Submucous plexus ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In the submucous plexus of the guinea-pig ileum, previous light-microscopic studies have revealed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive terminals are found predominantly in association with VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. In this study, double-label immunohistochemistry at the light-microscopic level demonstrated co-localization of NOS-immunoreactivity and VIP-immunoreactivity in axon terminals in submucous ganglia. About 90% of nerve fibres with NOS-immunoreactivity or VIP-immunoreactivity were immunoreactive for both antigens; only about 10% of labelled varicosities contained only NOS-immunoreactivity or VIP-immunoreactivity. The VIP/NOS varicosities were more often seen in the central parts of the ganglia, close to the VIP-immunoreactive cell bodies. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with antibodies to VIP was used to determine if NOS/VIP terminals synapse exclusively with VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. We examined the targets of VIP-immunoreactive boutons in two submucous ganglia from different animals. Serial ultrathin sections were taken through the ganglia after they had been processed for VIP immunocytochemistry. For each cell body, the number of VIP inputs (synapses and close contacts) was determined. The number of VIP-immunoreactive synapses received by the cell bodies of submucous neurons varied from 0–4 and the number of VIP-immunoreactive close contacts varied from 3–10. There was no significant difference between VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and non-VIP nerve cell bodies in the number of VIP-immunoreactive synapses and close contacts they received. Thus, the implication from light microscopy that NOS/VIP terminals end predominantly on VIP nerve cells was not vindicated by electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050443
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of subgroups of noradrenaline neurons in the coeliac ganglion of the guinea-pig (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Coeliac ganglion ; Vascular innervation ; Intestinal innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions within the coeliac ganglion of different chemically coded subgroups of noradrenaline neurons, and the relationships between these neurons and nerve fibres projecting to the ganglion from the intestine, have been assessed quantitatively by use of an immunohistochemical double-staining method. Noradrenaline (NA) neurons made up 99% of all cell bodies. Of these, 21% were also reactive for somatostatin (NA/SOM neurons), 53% were also reactive for NPY (NA/NPY neurons), and 26% were not reactive for either peptide. NA neurons without reactivity for any of the peptides whose localization was tested have been designated NA/-. A small percentage, about 1%, of neurons were reactive for both NPY and SOM. The three major types of NA neurons were arranged in clumps or ribbons throughout the ganglia, with a tendency for NA/SOM neurons to be medial and NA/NPY neurons to be lateral in the ganglia. A small group of neurons (〈1%) encoded with dynorphin, NPY and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was encountered. VIP-immunoreactive nerve terminals, projecting to the ganglion from cell bodies in the intestine, ended around NA/SOM and NA/neurons but not around NA/NPY neurons. Thus, the VIP axons from the intestine end selectively around neurons that modify intestinal function (NA/SOM and NA/-neurons) but not around neurons, the terminals of which supply blood vessels (NA/NPY neurons).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218395
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine: their projections and relationships to other enteric neurons (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 607-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Galanin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Neuropeptides ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Galanin immunoreactivity was observed in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres, but not in enteroendocrine cells, in the small intestine of the guinea-pig. Nerve terminals were found in the myenteric plexus, in the circular muscle, in submucous ganglia, around submucous arterioles, and in the mucosa. Lesion studies showed that all terminals were intrinsic to the intestine; those in myenteric ganglia arose from cell bodies in more orally placed ganglia. Myenteric nerve cells were also the source of terminals in the circular muscle. Galanin (GAL) was located in a population of submucous nerve cell bodies that also showed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and in a separate population that was immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY). Processes of the GAL/VIP neurons supplied submucous arterioles and the mucosal epithelium. Processes of GAL/NPY neurons ran to the mucosa. It is concluded that galanin immunoreactivity occurs in several functionally distinct classes of enteric neurons, amongst which are neurons controlling (i) motility, (ii) intestinal blood flow, and (iii) mucosal water and electrolyte transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218954
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